Pirates & Privateers Newsletter.

https://pub47.bravenet.com/bravemailer/v2/online.php?id=861&usernum=3977197897&e=historicaltrekker%40gmail.com&cname=Keith

Origins of the Tomahawk Name. PDF.

https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1908.10.2.02a00090

Survival Prepper Forum

I am constantly looking for a decent Australian survival forum, so far no luck. The Australian survival forums I have found so far are no better than the American ones. America is different from Australia in many ways, so the discussions on those forums are not of much use if you live in Australia or the UK. Australian forums have other problems, the forum managers & moderators are slack & do not control the forum members when they get out of line. The other factor with Australian forums is that they often look at someone's post, but do not comment. It does not take much to comment, preferably a nice comment. Fair enough if you think the post is totally pointless, just say nothing or politely point out where you think they are wrong. But to say nothing when in fact it was a good post is not very encouraging for the person who made the post.

Anyway, not commenting can be a problem on all forums, but some forums are better than others. I decided to register on two forums, one is an American forum on which I am a moderator, & the other is a UK forum on which I am a forum manager https://www.preppersforum.uk/  I find that on this UK forum we have more in common than any American one. For the most part members are friendly & the managers & moderators do a good job of keeping spammers out & controlling disagreeable people.

Anyway, if you are in Australia or America or the UK & are looking for a decent survival prepper forum, come & check this one out. Frankly I could do with a few more Aussies on this forum!

https://www.preppersforum.uk/

Regards, Keith. 

Flintlock Hunting Sword.

German hunting sword with flintlock pistol, 18th century but no information on which part of the 18th century.

Royal Museum Greenwich collections.

http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html#!cbrowse

British Museum Shot Pouch. Undated!

 Museum number

Am1991,09.4

Full: Front

Rectangular flat pouch or bag, with strap, fingerwoven of wool. The flat bag is constructed from one or two pieces of red wool plaited cloth, with a central resist [undyed] paler horizontal stripe across the front. The vertical edges include black wool.

Rectangular flat pouch or bag, with strap, fingerwoven of wool. The flat bag is constructed from one or two pieces of red wool plaited cloth, with a central resist [undyed] paler horizontal stripe across the front. The vertical edges include black wool, with a line of opaque white beads and stitching in a brown vegetal thread. The bottom seam also includes stitching in a brown vegetal thread, with a line of quill wrapped wool fringing, each ending in a red hair filled metal comb, the colour of the quills being alternating black and white bands. The front of the bag is further decorated, just above the resist dyed strip, with a further fringe similar to that at the bottom. Woven into the front of the bag is a geometric design in irregular opaque white beads: two vertical lines of chevrons, with a double zig zag line up the centre and single zig-zag lines up both vertical edges. The points of the chevrons face downwards. The back and less faded side of the bag is decorated with a double row, vertical, each of butterfly-like geometric designs, each row being 3 high; the vertical seams each have rows of five small diamonds. All the patterns are in the same opaque white glass beads. The top of the bag is edged with green tape, enclosed in lines of white beads, back and front. The bag is lined with a coarse reddish manufactured cloth. // The strap is also plaited, in two greenish colours, that at the edge being slightly yellower than the reddish green colour of the body of the strap. The strap is attached by sewing with the brown vegetable thread at the two top corners of the pouch opening. The strap finishes on both sides with a plaited wool fringe, on the left [from the front] with six plaits, and on the right with five plaits. Woven into these plaits or braids are white beads, incorporating slightly darker green wool. The main body of the strap incorporates in the weaving a diamond pattern of white beads, with along the slightly contrasting colour edges, rows of white beads, at the absolute edge and at the boundary between the two colours. Repairs to the beadwork seem to have been carried out with this darker green wool.

http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=110978001&objectid=516326;

An 18th century Asian sword has been found on a Welsh riverbed!

© Provided by Independent Print Limited The sword features a distinctive wavy blade patterning that helped Mr Evans identify its origins (Gavin Evans)

https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/%E2%80%9818th-century%E2%80%99-asian-sword-discovered-on-welsh-riverbed-by-local-boatman/ar-BBAMWG2?li=BBoPWjQ

The Kris sword has a distinct ornate bird on its handle, which may be made of bone (Photo: Carmarthenshire County Museum)

More information here: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/mystery-surrounds-asian-sword-found-12981767;

The use of Bow, Arrows and Slings. Colonial America.

Photo credit: https://medicinebows.com/2016/08/16/hornbows/

Article on NECLHG Forum: http://eighteenthcenturylivinghistory.freeforums.org/unusual-weapons-in-the-colonial-period-t1568.html

Wooden Practice fencing swords found in a latrine.

More Information Here: http://archaeofeed.com/2016/12/wooden-spades-from-a-18th-century-latrine/

More On OTZI The Iceman.

Bearskin Cap.

http://www.iceman.it/en/clothing/;

Shoes.

http://08sainje-theiceman.blogspot.com.au/;

Reproduction Tools & Pouch.

http://www.crystalinks.com/otzi.html;

Axe & other tools.

http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/archaeology/otzi_the_iceman.html;

Bow, quiver & arrows.

http://woodtrekker.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/tool-kit-of-otzi-iceman.html;

More Information Here: http://www.primitiveways.com/Otzi's_bow.html
http://www.iceman.it/en/equipment/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi

18th Century Colonial Spanish Dagger.

Spanish Colonial Dagger 18th century. Flamboyant blade with gold inlaid design including the letters "R.S." Excellent brass-mounted horn hilt with pommel in crown form. 14 7/8" overall, blade 9 1/2".

https://www.antiqueswords.com/product/BQ1037/Fine-18th-Century-Colonial-Spanish-Dagger.html;

17th Century Supplies and Provisions List For Immigrants.

Provisions List 1630 A Catalog of such needefull things as every Planter doth or ought to provide to go to New-England Victuals for a whole yeere for a man... 8 Bushels of meale 2 Bushels of Otemeale. 1 Gallon of Aquavitae 1 Firkin of Butter 2 Bushels of pease. 1 Gallon of Oyle. 2 Gallons of Vinegar. Apparell. 1 Monmouth Cap. 1 Wast-coat. 1 Suit of Frize. 2 Paire of Sheets. 3 Falling Bands. 1 Suit of Canvas. 3 Paire of Stockings. 1 Paire of Blankets. 3 Shirts. 1 Suit of Cloth. 4 Paire of Shooes. 1 Course Rug. 7 Ells of Canvase to make a bed and boulster. Armes. 1 Armor compleat. 1 Sword. 1 Bandilier. 60 Pound of Lead. 1 Long peece. 1 Belt. 20 Pound of Powder. 1 Pistoll and Goose shot. Tooles. 1 Broad Howe. 1 Shovell. 1 Felling Axe. 1 Grindstone. 1 Narrow Howe. 1 Spade. 1 Gimblet. 1 Pickaxe. 1 Steele Handsawe. 2 Augers. 1 Hatchet. Nayles of all sorts 1 Whipsawe. 4 Chissels. 2 Frowes. 1 Hammer. 1 Broad Axe. 1 Hand-Bill. Household Implements. 1 Iron Pot. 1 Gridiron. Trenchers. Dishes. 1 Kettel. 2 Skellets. Wooden Platters. Spoons. 1 Frying pan 1 Spit. Spices Sugar. Cloves. Mace. Fruit. Pepper. Cinnamon. Nutmegs. Also there are divers other things necessary to bee taken over to this Plantation, as Bookes, Nets, Hookes and Lines, Cheese, Bacon, Kine, Goats, &c. From: New England’s Plantation, or, A short and True Description of the Commodities and Discommodities of that Country. By Reverend Francis Higginson, London, 1630.

Provision Suggestions 1639 What Provision is made for a Journey at Sea and what to carry with us for our use at Land by William Wood from New-England's Prospect, being a true, lively and experimental Description of that part of America commonly called New-England, London 1639 Many peradventure at the looking over of these relations, may have inclinations or resolutions for the voyage; to whom I wish all prosperity in their undertakings; although I will use no forcive arguments to persuade any, but leave them to the relation; yet by way of advice, I would commend to them a few lines from the pen of experience. And because the way to New-England is over the sea, it will not be amiss to give you directions what is necessary to be carried. Many I suppose, know as well, or better than myself; yet all do not; to those my directions tend. Although every man have ship-provisions allowed him for his five pounds a man, which is salt beef, pork, salt fish, butter, cheese, pease pottage, water grewel, and such kind of victuals, with good biskets, and six shilling beer; yet it will be necessary to carry some comfortable refreshing of fresh victuals. As first, for such as have ability, some conserves, and good claret wine to burn [burnt wine is brandy] at sea; or you may have it by some of your vintners or wine-coopers burned here, and put up into vessels, which will keep much better than other burnt wine; it is a very comfortable thing for the stomach, or such as are sea-sick; sallad-oil likewise, prunes are good to be stewed, sugar for many things; white biskets, eggs, and bacon, rice, poultry, and some weather sheep to kill aboard the ship, and fine flour baked meats will keep about a week or nine days at sea. Juice of lemons, well put up, is good either to prevent or cure the scurvy. Here it must not be forgotten to carry small skillets, or pipkins, and small frying-pans, to dress their victuals in at sea. For bedding, so it be easy, and cleanly, and warm, it is no matter how old or coarse it be for the use of the sea; and so likewise for apparel, the oldest cloaths be the fittest, with a long coarse coat, to keep better things from the pitched ropes and planks. Whosoever shall put to sea in a stout and well-conditioned ship, having an honest master, and loving seaman, shall not need to fear but he shall find as good content at sea as a land... Now for the encouragement of his men, he [the head of a family with servants] must not do as many have done (more through ignorance than desire) carry many mouths and no meat; but rather much meat for a few mouths. Want of due maintenance produceth nothing but a grumbling spirit with a sluggish idleness; when as those servants be well provided for, go through their employments with speed and chearfulness. For meal, it will be requisite to carry a hogshead and an half for every one that is a labourer, to keep him till he may receive the fruit of his own labours, which will be a year and a half after his arrival, if he land in May or June. He must likewise carry malt, beef, butter, cheese, some pease, good wines, vinegar, strong-waters, &c. Whosoever transports more of these than he himself useth, the overplus being sold, will yield as much profit as any other staple commodity. Every man likewise must carry over good store of apparel; for if he come to buy there, he will find it dearer than in England. Woollen cloth is a very good commodity, and linen better; as holland, lockram, flaxen, hempen, callico stuffs, linsey woolsies, and blue callico, green sayes for housewife's aprons, hats, boots, shoes, good Irish stockings, which if they be good, are much more serviceable than knit ones; all kind of grocery wares, such as sugar, prunes, raisins, currants, honey, nutmegs, cloves, &c soap, candles, and lamps, &c. All manner of household stuff is very good trade there, as pewter and brass, for the use of that country; warming-pans and stewing pans be of necessary use, and good traffick there. All manner of iron wares, as all manner of nails for houses, and all manner of spikes for building of boats, ships, and fishing stages; all manner of tools for workmen, hoes for planters, broad and narrow for setting and weeding; with axes, both broad and pitching axes. All manner of augers, piercing bits, whip-saws, two handed saws, froes, both for the riving of pailes, and laths, rings for beetle heads, and iron wedges; though all these be made in the country (there being divers blacksmiths) yet being a heavy commodity, and taking but a little storage, it is cheaper to carry such commodities out of England. Glass ought not to be forgotten of any that desire to benefit themselves, or the country; if it be well leaded, and carefully packed up, I know no commodity better for portage or sale. Here likewise must not be forgotten all utensils for the sea, as barbels, splitting knives, leads, and cod-hooks, and lines, mackrel hooks and lines, shark-hooks, seines, or bass-nets, large and strong, herring nets, &c. Such as would eat fowl, must not forget their six foot guns, their good powder, and shot of all sorts; a great round shot called Barnstable shot, is the best; being made of a blacker lead than ordinary shot. Furthermore, good pooldavies [a heavy canvas] to make sails for boots, roads, anchors for boats and pinnaces, are good; sea-coal, iron, lead, and mill-stones, flints, ordnances, and whatsoever a man conceive is good for the country, that will lie as ballast, he cannot be a loser by it. And lest I should forget a thing of so great importance, no man must neglect to provide himself, or those belonging to him, his ammunition, for the defence of himself and the country. For there is no man there that bears a head, but that bears military arms; even boys of fourteen years of age are practiced with men in military discipline, every three weeks. Whosoever shall carry over drums and English colours, pattesons [spear that is carried in front of troops], halberds, pikes, muskets, bandeleroes, with swords, shall not need to fear good gain for them; such things being wanting in the country.

Provisions List 1675 Provisions List from An Account of Two Voyages to New-England by John Josselyn 2d edition, London, 1675 The common proportion of victuals for the Sea to a Mess, being 4 men, is as followeth; Two pieces of Beef, of 3 pound and 1/4 per piece. Four pounds of Bread. One pint 1/2 of Pease. Four Gallons of Beer, with Mustard and Vinegar for three flesh dayes in the week. For four fish dayes, to each mess per day. Two pieces of Codd or Habberdine, making three pieces of a fish. One quarter of a pound of Butter. Four pound of Bread. Three quarters of a pound of cheese. Beer as before. Oatmeal per day, for 50 men, Gallon I. and so proportionable for more or fewer. Thus you see the Ships provision, is Beef or Porke, Fish, Butter, Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Watergruel, Bisket, and six shilling Beea. For private fresh provision, you may carry with you (in case you, or any of yours should be sick at Sea) conserves of Roses, Clove-Gilliflowers, Wormwood, Green-Ginger, Burnt-Wine [brandy], English Spirits, Prunes to stew, Raisons of the Sun, Currence, Sugar, Nutmeg, Mace, Cinnamon, Pepper and Ginger, White Bisket, or Spanish rusk, Eggs, Rice, juice of Lemmons well put up to cure, or prevent the Scurvy. Small Skillets, Pipkins, Porrengers, and small Frying pans... Apparel for one man, and after the rate for more L S D One Hatt 0 3 0 One Monmouth Cap 1 10 0 Three falling bands 0 1 3 Three Shirts 0 7 6 One Wastcoat 0 2 6 One suit of Frize 0 19 0 One suit of Cloth 0 15 0 One suit of Canvas 0 7 6 Three pair of Irish Stockins 0 5 0 Four pair of Shoos 0 8 0 One pair of Canvas Sheets 0 8 0 Seven ells of course Canvas to make a bed at Sea for two men, to be filled with straw 0 5 0 One coarse Rug at Sea for two men 0 6 0 Sum total 4 0 0

http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/ce_packing_for_america.htm

Supplies for Virginia colonists, 1622

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-colonial/5338

Arms, Accouterments, Bayonets, Carriages. A Link.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/263586390/Arms-Accoutrements-Bayonets-Carriages

Early To Mid 18th Century Male Scottish Clothing.

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/552816922981724204/;

http://www.thescotsforum.com/forum/special-interests/historic-garb-re-enactment/2441-1745-highlander-basic-clothing-guide

lhttp://www.macfarlanescompany.org/guidelines/mensclothing.html

http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/scottish-articles/the-evolution-of-the-kilt-the-18th-century-and-the-kilt.html

http://www.1745rising.org/articledress.html

http://www.historichighlanders.com/attire.htm
http://www.scottish-kilts.co.uk/

http://www.clangregor.com/the-clothing-of-our-ancestors/

The 1640s Picturebook. Coach and Sedan.

Note that the carter on the left is carrying a sword. Very important when considering what items this character would be likely to carry with him if he travelled to the New World.
Keith.

http://the1642goodwyfe.wordpress.com/2014/04/14/coach-and-sedan/

My Hunting Sword Scabbard Finished.

My leatherwork is very basic, I have seen some lovely work over the years, but I can not even come close to matching it. Still what I make does work, so I do not give myself a too harder time ! At least you know that if I can make something, you can too.

I made this brass carrier slide from part of a sword basket guard.

My New 18th Century Hunting Sword.

Well my new hunting sword is finally finished, and my close friend, Sword maker, Knife Maker and Bowyer Mark Jones who made it for me brought it to our group meeting yesterday. This sword is hand made, a lot of hours and file work went into making this sword, and to say that I am very pleased with the finished result would be an understatement. It is absolutely brilliant, top notch. Mark I don't have words to thank you enough my friend.
Keith.

The Mark Jones stamp on the guard.

Tools of The Freed Indentured Settlers.

I have found it very difficult to find any lists of tools carried by settlers, so I decided to focus on the Freedom Dues given to freed indentured servants. These dues also varied a lot, from including land, a horse, a cow, farm tools, a gun, and clothing, and these in turn were different for men and women. Below then are some primary accounts of Freedom Dues. Freedom dues were what the indentured servant recieved from his employer after 4-7 years indentured service. Some did not survive to receive these dues, others were cheated out of them. But for those who had a decent employer, these meager dues just may help them get a start on a life of their own.
Keith.

The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Discoveries at Jamestown#3. A weeding hoe top center.

Settlers tools
one new ax, one grubbing hoe, and one weeding hoe.

White Servitude, by Richard Hofstadter. http://www.mc.cc.md.us/Departments/hpolscrv/whiteser.html

Two of the passengers were Gabriel and Richard Holland, possibly brothers, and like the others passengers were indentured workers

They signed an agreement with the Berkeley Group, as other male enlistees requiring them to work for three years to six years.

For the first year they would be provided “food, lodging, cattle, clothes, weapons, tools and other equipment.”  After the first year they would receive "50% of the profits from their endeavors.” At the end of their 3-year obligation, they would be “granted 50 acres of land."

http://www.hollandfamily.us/resourcecenter/WJH/WileyJulianHolland-myfamily.htm

In most colonies at the expiration of his term of service the servant was entitled by custom or statute to receive his "freedom dues." These dues universally included clothing for one year, and often tools, seed, arms, and some provisions as well. Thus, the Maryland act of 1639 provided that the servant was to receive

3 barrels of corn, a hilling hoe, and a weeding hoe and a felling axe and to a man servant one new cloth suit, one new shirt, one pair of new shoes, one pair of new stockings, and a new monmouth cap, and to a maid servant, one new petty coat and wastcoat, one new smock, one pair of new shoes, one pair of new stockings and the clothes formerly belonging to the servant.¹⁷

 In Maryland corn, clothes, and tools rather than land were invariably dispensed. By act of 1699 3 gun was substituted for the three barrels of Indian corn. 

http://www.ditext.com/morris/9a.html

“one good Cloth suite of Keisy or broad cloth a Shift of white linen one

new pair of stockins and Shoes two hoes one axe 3 barrells of Corne and fifty

acres of land…women Servants a Years Provision of Corne and a like proportion

of Cloths and Land.” (1) K. Morgan, 8-9. http://www.chatham.edu/pti/curriculum/units/2005/Roberts',%202005.pdf

http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OpIeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=~freedom+dues+in+new+england&source=bl&ots=Jjd_NzuwFC&sig=5zbgKtqghBhj8aVX5wQDxHvsDZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ips_U_u0I4f-lAWvzoHYDA&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=~freedom%20dues%20in%20new%20england&f=false

 in Virginia indentured servants who completed their terms of service were entitled by law to a musket, ten bushels of corn, and 30 shillings (or the equivalent value in goods). Women were entitled to fifteen bushels of corn and 40 shillings. In 1748, the Virginia legislature set freedom dues at a standard rate of ₤3.10s for both men and women.

http://www.earlyamericancrime.com/convict-transportation/end-of-transportation/after-servitude

George Arnold in consideration ten pistoles paid for his

passage from Holland indents himself servant to George

Passasky of Phila. for two years from this date at the end

of his time to have one pistole and a new coat, waistcoat

and pair of breeches.

https://ojs.libraries.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/viewFile/26339/26096

The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Discoveries at Jamestown#2

The Making Of My Hunting Sword.

A very close friend, Bowyer & knife maker Mark Jones is making me a hunting sword. Still a lot of work to do, but this is it so far.