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Holmquistite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Holmquistite
Per J. Holmquist
Formula:
â»Li2(Mg3Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2
The holmquistite group comprises orthorhombic amphiboles in the lithium amphibole subgroup.
Holmquistite is defined within the group as having Mg>Fe2+ in the B position and Al>Fe3+ in the C position.
Holmquistite is defined within the group as having Mg>Fe2+ in the B position and Al>Fe3+ in the C position.
Colour:
Black, dark-violet, light sky-blue.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
2.95 - 3.13
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Per Johan Holmquist (23 January 1866, Gothenburg, Sweden - 3 March 1946, Djursholm, Sweden), petrologist from Stockholm, Sweden.
Type Locality:
Holmquistite is the most common of the lithium amphiboles. It is almost exclusively formed in the reaction zone between Li-pegmatites and their host rock, predominantly as a metasomatic alteration product of pre-existing amphiboles. It generally occurs as mm- to cm-sized fibres or fibrous crystal aggregates in the pegmatite and/or the host rock.
Holmquistite form a series with ferro-holmquistite, and Quéméneur and Lagache (1994) show a significant variation of Fe content in holmquistite from different localities, and they suggest that the holmquistite minerals retain their Fe/Mg ratio from the original amphibole. They consider their data to confirm this hypothesis.
The âholmquistiteâ from the Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite, China is not holmquistite, but tourmaline. Holmquistite has only been found as acicular, sky-blue to bluish crystals up to 0.5-0.1Â mm length in the gabbro and gabbro-diorite host rock of Li-pegmatite (Rubia and Shaoxu, 1985).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Holmquistite.
Holmquistite form a series with ferro-holmquistite, and Quéméneur and Lagache (1994) show a significant variation of Fe content in holmquistite from different localities, and they suggest that the holmquistite minerals retain their Fe/Mg ratio from the original amphibole. They consider their data to confirm this hypothesis.
The âholmquistiteâ from the Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite, China is not holmquistite, but tourmaline. Holmquistite has only been found as acicular, sky-blue to bluish crystals up to 0.5-0.1Â mm length in the gabbro and gabbro-diorite host rock of Li-pegmatite (Rubia and Shaoxu, 1985).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Holmquistite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1923
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1923:7
IMA Classification of Holmquistite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
â»Li2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2
Type description reference:
Classification of Holmquistite
9.DD.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
D : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Orthoamphiboles
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
D : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Orthoamphiboles
66.1.2.9
66 : INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
1 : Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
66 : INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
1 : Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
16.1.9
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hlm | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hq | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Hlm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185â187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Hmq | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Holmquistite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Black, dark-violet, light sky-blue.
Streak:
White with sky-blue tinge.
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{210}
{210}
Parting:
partings on {001}, {112}, and {113}
Density:
2.95 - 3.13 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.09 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Holmquistite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.613 - 1.625 nβ = 1.634 - 1.645 nγ = 1.646 - 1.666
2V:
Measured: 45° to 52°, Calculated: 72° to 90°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.033 - 0.041
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
shades of violet when dark-colored.
Chemistry of Holmquistite
Mindat Formula:
â»Li2(Mg3Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2
The holmquistite group comprises orthorhombic amphiboles in the lithium amphibole subgroup.
Holmquistite is defined within the group as having Mg>Fe2+ in the B position and Al>Fe3+ in the C position.
The holmquistite group comprises orthorhombic amphiboles in the lithium amphibole subgroup.
Holmquistite is defined within the group as having Mg>Fe2+ in the B position and Al>Fe3+ in the C position.
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mn,Ca,Na,K,F
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 58.84 % | 59.79 % | 60.45 % |
| TiO2 | 0.02 % | 0.01 % | |
| Al2O3 | 8.21 % | 12.59 % | 7.7 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.02 % | ||
| MgO | 12.16 % | 8.39 % | 12.12 % |
| CaO | 0.02 % | 0.04 % | |
| MnO | 0.036 % | 0.17 % | |
| Fe2O3 | 5.83 % | 1.96 % | 9.68 % |
| FeO | 6.06 % | 12.00 % | 4.38 % |
| ZnO | 0.14 % | ||
| Na2O | 0.37 % | 0.08 % | 1.12 % |
| K2O | 0.02 % | 0.54 % | |
| F | 0.40 % | 0.43 % | |
| Cl | 0.01 % | ||
| Li2O | 3.58 % | 3.10 % | 2.13 % |
| H2O | 2.10 % | 1.75 % | 2.28 % |
| O=F/Cl | -0.13 % | ||
| Total: | 97.686 % | 99.88 % | 100.83 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | Na0.02(Li1.92Na0.08) 2(Mg2.32Fe2+0.62Mn2+0.06Zn2+0.01Li0.01Al1.30Fe3+0,68) 5.00Si8O22((OH1.87F0.13) 2 |
| 2 | (Li1.67Fe0.21Na0.02Mn0.02Ca0.01) 1.93 (Al1.99Mg1.68Fe2+1.13Fe3+0.20) 5.00 (Si8.02) O22 ((OH) 1.55O0.43) 2 |
| 3 | K0.09 (Li1.14Na0.29Fe0. 07) 1.50 (Mg2.40Al1.20 Fe3+0.97 Fe2+0.42) 5 Si8.04O22 ((OH) 1.84F0.16) 2 |
Sample references:
| ID | Type | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Utö Mines, Utö, Haninge, Stockholm County, Sweden | X-ray analysis, structure refinement (SREF), Electron (EMP) and ion (SIMS) microprobe analysis for site population, structure and chemistry for the sample. | ||
| 2 | 1 | Greenbushes Mine, Greenbushes tinfield, Bridgetown-Greenbushes Shire, Western Australia, Australia | Thin sections as well as a polished mount were prepared and examined by optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe. Determination of Li content was done by atomic absorption. | |
| 3 | Type Specimen | Utö Mines, Utö, Haninge, Stockholm County, Sweden | Wet chemical analysis. The results indicate the the analyzed Li content is too low, compare with Camara et al. (2005). |
Crystallography of Holmquistite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Setting:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 18.30 Å, b = 17.69 Å, c = 5.30 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.034 : 1 : 0.3
Unit Cell V:
1,715.75 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003818 | Holmquistite | Camara F, Oberti R (2005) The crystal-chemistry of holmquistites: Ferroholmquistite from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and hints for compositional constraints in B-Li amphiboles American Mineralogist 90 1167-1176 |  | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003817 | Holmquistite | Camara F, Oberti R (2005) The crystal-chemistry of holmquistites: Ferroholmquistite from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and hints for compositional constraints in B-Li amphiboles American Mineralogist 90 1167-1176 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003816 | Holmquistite | Camara F, Oberti R (2005) The crystal-chemistry of holmquistites: Ferroholmquistite from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and hints for compositional constraints in B-Li amphiboles American Mineralogist 90 1167-1176 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003815 | Holmquistite | Camara F, Oberti R (2005) The crystal-chemistry of holmquistites: Ferroholmquistite from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and hints for compositional constraints in B-Li amphiboles American Mineralogist 90 1167-1176 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003814 | Holmquistite | Camara F, Oberti R (2005) The crystal-chemistry of holmquistites: Ferroholmquistite from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and hints for compositional constraints in B-Li amphiboles American Mineralogist 90 1167-1176 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003813 | Holmquistite | Camara F, Oberti R (2005) The crystal-chemistry of holmquistites: Ferroholmquistite from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and hints for compositional constraints in B-Li amphiboles American Mineralogist 90 1167-1176 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.107 Ă | (100) |
| 3.00 Ă | (90) |
| 4.43 Ă | (70) |
| 3.34 Ă | (60) |
| 3.61 Ă | (50) |
| 2.538 Ă | (50) |
| 2.797 Ă | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-đ subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Type Occurrence of Holmquistite
Empirical Formula of Type Material:
K0.09 (Li1.14Na0.29Fe0. 07) 1.50 (Mg2.40Al1.20 Fe3+0.97 Fe2+0.42) 5 Si8.04O22 ((OH) 1.84F0.16) 2
Geological Setting of Type Material:
metasomatic replacements near the outer margins of lithium-rich pegmatites
Reference:
Synonyms of Holmquistite
Other Language Names for Holmquistite
Dutch:Holmquistiet
German:Holmquistit
Italian:Holmquistite
Russian:Đ„ĐŸĐ»ĐŒĐșĐČĐžŃŃĐžŃ
Simplified Chinese:éèéȘçł
Spanish:Holmquistita
Relationship of Holmquistite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Holmquistite Root Name Group:
| Ferro-ferri-holmquistite | â»Li2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmma |
| Ferro-holmquistite | â»Li2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Holmquistite associated with Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
| 4 photos of Holmquistite associated with Fairfieldite | Ca2Mn2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 2 photos of Holmquistite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Holmquistite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 1 photo of Holmquistite associated with Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
| 1 photo of Holmquistite associated with Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DD.05 | Suenoite | â»Mn2+2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Proto-ferro-anthophyllite | â»Fe2+2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Proto-ferro-suenoite | â»Mn2+2(Fe2+5)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Papikeite | NaMg2(Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Gedrite | â»Mg2(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | 'Sodic-anthophyllite' | {Na}{Mg2}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | 'Sodic-ferro-anthophyllite' | NaFe2+2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Ferro-papikeite | NaFe2+2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si5Al3O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Ferro-anthophyllite | â»Fe2+2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Proto-anthophyllite | â»Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Ferro-gedrite | â»Fe2+2(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | 'Ferri-holmquistite' | â»{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Ferro-ferri-holmquistite | â»Li2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Ferro-holmquistite | â»Li2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DD.05 | Anthophyllite | â»Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Holmquistite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1923.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Holmquistite
Reference List:
Osann, A. (1913) Ăber Holmquistit, einen Lithionglaukophan von der Insel Utö. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse: Abteilung A, Mathematisch-physikalische Wissenschaften, Jahrgang 1913 23 doi:10.11588/diglit.37382#0001
von Knorring, O., Hornung, G. (1961) On the lithium amphibole holmquistite, from Benson pegmatite mine, Mtoko, Southern Rhodesia. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (252) 731-735 doi:10.1180/minmag.1961.032.252.07
Whittaker, E. J. W. (1969) The structure of the orthorhombic amphibole holmquistite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 25 (2) 394-397 doi:10.1107/s0567740869002299
Wilkins, R. W. T., Davidson, L. R., Ross, J. R. (1970) Occurrence and infrared spectra of holmquistite and hornblende from Mt. Marion, near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28 (4) 280-287 doi:10.1007/bf00388950
Irusteta, M. C., Whittaker, E. J. W. (1975) A three-dimensional refinement of the structure of holmquistite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 31 (1) 145-150 doi:10.1107/s0567740875002269
Law, Anthony D.; Whittaker, Eric James William (1981) Studies of the orthoamphiboles. I. The Mössbauer and infrared spectra of holmquistite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 104 (4). 381-386 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1981.7483
London, David (1986) Holmquistite as a guide to pegmatitic rare metal deposits. Economic Geology, 81 (3) 704-712 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.81.3.704
Walter, F.; Walitzi, E. M.; Mereiter, K. (1989) Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur von Holmquistit vom BrandrĂŒcken/Weinebene, Koralpe, Ăsterreich. Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie, 188 (1-2). 95-101 doi:10.1524/zkri.1989.188.1-2.95
Kloprogge, J. T., Case, M. H., Frost, R. L. (2001) Raman microscopic study of the Li amphibole holmquistite, from the Martin Marietta Quarry, Bessemer City, NC, USA. Mineralogical Magazine, 65 (6) 775-785 doi:10.1180/0026461016560008
Ishida, K., Hawthorne, F. C. (2003) Fine structure in the infrared OH-stretching bands of holmquistite and anthophyllite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 30 (6) 330-336 doi:10.1007/s00269-003-0311-9
Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (1) 1-21 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.1.1
Localities for Holmquistite
Showing 69 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Gonçalves +3 other references |
| Gonçalves +2 other references | |
Argentina | |
| Porta et al. (1994) |
| Galliski +4 other references |
Australia | |
| Econ Geol (1995) +1 other reference |
| Frost et al. (1987) | |
| Frost et al. (1987) | |
| Frost et al. (1987) | |
| |
| Wilkins et al. (1970) +1 other reference | |
Austria | |
| Steiner (2017) |
| Walter (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1987) +3 other references |
Brazil | |
| Quéméneur et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| ÄernĂĄ et al. (2002) |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Bannatyne (1985) | |
| 153-155. +3 other references | |
| Bannatyne (1985) |
| ÄernĂœ et al. (2012) |
| Kontak (2004) |
| Breaks et al. (2008) |
| Pedersen (2000) |
| Pedersen (2000) |
| Ontario MDI Number: MDI53C11SW00003 |
| McCracken (2023) | |
| Tindle et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Tindle et al. (2005) |
| Nickel et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Mvondo et al. (2026) |
China | |
| Rubia et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
Ethiopia | |
| KĂŒster (2009) |
Italy | |
| Francesco Vanini et al. (â ) |
| Francesco Vanini et al. (â ) | |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Gomes et al. (2022) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Niger | |
| Abdourahamane Attourabi et al. (2022) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2021) |
| Gavrilenko (2001) +2 other references |
Rwanda | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Pohl et al. (2013) |
| Hulsbosch et al. (2019) | |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
Sweden (TL) | |
| Osann (1913) +3 other references |
| Selway et al. (2002) | |
Ukraine | |
| Kurylo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Shatalov (2017) |
USA | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Jahns et al. (1977) |
| Davidson (1927) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) | |
| Bernard et al. (2004) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| ... +2 other references |
| Kloprogge et al. (2001) | |
| Kloprogge et al. (2001) |
| AmMin 73:324 (1988) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Hornung. G. PhD thesis. Pegmatites of ... |
| von Knorring et al. (1961) | |
| von Knorring et al. (1961) +1 other reference | |
| von Knorring et al. (1961) | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2017) |
| - (2002) +1 other reference |
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Spodumene prospect, BrandrĂŒcken, Frantschach-Sankt Gertraud, Wolfsberg District, Carinthia, Austria