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Woodruffite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Woodruffite
Formula:
Zn2+x/2(Mn4+1-xMn3+x)O2 · yH2O
x ~ 0.4 and y ~ 0.7
Colour:
Dark brown to black
Lustre:
Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
4.01
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1953 by Clifford Frondel in honour of Samuel Woodruff (1813, New Jersey, USA - 1880+ Sparta, New Jersey, USA), an early nineteenth century zinc miner and an indefatigable mineral collector of Sparta (Ogdensburg), New Jersey, USA. Frederick A. Canfield, Jr. suggested that more Franklin minerals were collected by Woodruff than by both miners of the Losey family and by the several miners of the Kemble family. The senior Canfield purchased Samuel Woodruff's mineral collection in 1865. A Samuel Woodruff had a limestone quarry known for its chondrodite in Sparta (Ogdensburg), New Jersey, USA, and he apparently received a patent for a seed planting hoe in 1858. A notice read: "July 10, 1878 The studio of Mr. Samuel Woodruff at Sparta is well worth a visit by those who have a love for the charms in nature and art. Mr. Woodruff is best known as a painter of portraits, but excels as a delineator of fish and game. His studio is lined with the products of his skilful brush, many of which are worthy a place beside works of greater pretensions. Mr. W. is also noted as a mineralogist, and is the possessor of the finest collection of minerals, both native and foreign, to be found in the county. His cabinet contains many hundred specimens from all parts of the country, including some rare and curious specimens from Franklin Furnace and Ogdensbur[g]."
At the type locality, found chiefly as masses and crusts with a botryoidal surface and a concentric, coarsely layered internal structure. The material is very fine-grained and is opaque in crushed grains. Occasionally, corroded crystals of franklinite are found embedded in the masses, and certain of the layers, usually the outermost, may contain disseminated, platy crystals of chalcophanite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4312
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4312:6
IMA Classification of Woodruffite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Zn2+2Mn4+5O12·4H2O
First published:
1953
Classification of Woodruffite
4.FL.25
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
L : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
L : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7.8.1.2
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB3X7
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB3X7
7.5.9
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Wdr | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Woodruffite
Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark brown to black
Streak:
Dark brown
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Comment:
Aggregates may be soft or powdery
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.01 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.983 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Chemistry of Woodruffite
Mindat Formula:
Zn2+x/2(Mn4+1-xMn3+x)O2 · yH2O
x ~ 0.4 and y ~ 0.7
x ~ 0.4 and y ~ 0.7
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Woodruffite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 24.81 Å, b = 2.85 Å, c = 9.58 Å
β = 93.85°
β = 93.85°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 8.705 : 1 : 3.361
Unit Cell V:
676 Ă
Âł
Z:
1
Comment:
Pseudo-tetragonal (primitive); a ~8.42, c ~9.28 A.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003182 | Woodruffite | Post J E, Heaney P J, Cahill C L, Finger L W (2003) Woodruffite: A new Mn oxide structure with 3x4 tunnels American Mineralogist 88 1697-1702 |  | 2003 | 0 | 100 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.34 Ă | (50) |
| 4.66 Ă | (100) |
| 4.08 Ă | (30) |
| 3.64 Ă | (30) |
| 3.08 Ă | (20b) |
| 2.66 Ă | (60) |
| 2.48 Ă | (60) |
| 2.39 Ă | (30) |
| 2.32 Ă | (20) |
| 2.16 Ă | (30) |
| 2.12 Ă | (30) |
| 1.86 Ă | (40) |
| 1.81 Ă | (30) |
| 1.69 Ă | (40) |
| 1.68 Ă | (20) |
| 1.61 Ă | (30) |
| 1.57 Ă | (10) |
| 1.52 Ă | (20) |
| 1.48 Ă | (50) |
| 1.42 Ă | (30) |
| 1.40 Ă | (30) |
| 1.34 Ă | (30) |
| 1.30 Ă | (30) |
| 1.22 Ă | (10) |
| 1.13 Ă | (10) |
| 1.10 Ă | (10) |
| 1.05 Ă | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 16-338. X-ray patterns may superficially resemble todorokite or cryptomelane. Above d values for Sandur, India. The d values of type material vary from that of Sandur: 9.51 (50), 6.99 (40), 4.77 (100), 4.40 (30), 3.48 (20), 3.13 (20), 2.63 (20), 2.466 (40), 2.404 (50), 2.225 (50), 2.131 (20), 1.984 (30), 1.985 (20), 1.747 (20), 1.660 (20), 1.423 (50) (Frondel, 1953). See also x-ray data of Meisser and Perseil (1993) showing better data fit with type material.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Woodruffite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Botryoidal with fine-grained internal structure may show concentric layers.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Deeply weathered manganese-zinc minerals from a zinc silicate and zinc oxide deposit hosted by marble.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Woodruffite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Woodruffite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Woodruffite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 3 photos of Woodruffite associated with Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 2 photos of Woodruffite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 2 photos of Woodruffite associated with Kapellasite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 |
| 2 photos of Woodruffite associated with Cumengeite | Pb21Cu20Cl42(OH)40 · 6H2O |
| 2 photos of Woodruffite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 2 photos of Woodruffite associated with Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 1 photo of Woodruffite associated with Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 1 photo of Woodruffite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FL. | Trébeurdenite | Fe2+2Fe3+4O2(OH)10CO3 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL. | Mariakrite | [Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe2S4] |
| 4.FL.05 | Muskoxite | Mg7Fe4O13 · 10H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Jamborite | Ni2+1-xCo3+x(OH)2-x(SO4)x · nH2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Mössbauerite | Fe3+6O4(OH)8[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Meixnerite | Mg6Al2(OH)16(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Woodallite | Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | FougÚrite | Fe2+4Fe3+2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Dritsite | Li2Al4(OH)12Cl2 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Rotemite | Ca4Cr2(OH)12Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Iowaite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.10 | Hydrocalumite | Ca4Al2(OH)12(Cl,CO3,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.15 | Kuzelite | Ca4Al2(OH)12[SO4] · 6H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Jianshuiite | (Mg,Mn,Ca)Mn3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Ernienickelite | NiMn3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Aurorite | Mn2+Mn4+3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Chalcophanite | ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.30 | Asbolane | (Ni,Co)2-xMn4+(O,OH)4 · nH2O |
| 4.FL.30 va | 'Lampadite' | Cu, Mn, O, H |
| 4.FL.35 | Buserite | Na4Mn14O27 · 21H2O |
| 4.FL.40 | Takanelite | (Mn,Ca)Mn4O9 · H2O |
| 4.FL.40 | Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| 4.FL.45 | Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| 4.FL.55 | Cianciulliite | Mn(Mg,Mn)2Zn2(OH)10 · 2-4H2O |
| 4.FL.60 | Jensenite | Cu3[TeO6] · 2H2O |
| 4.FL.65 | Leisingite | Cu2MgTe6+O6 · 6H2O |
| 4.FL.70 | Akdalaite | Al10O14(OH)2 |
| 4.FL.75 | Cafetite | CaTi2O5 · H2O |
| 4.FL.80 | Mourite | UMo5O12(OH)10 |
| 4.FL.85 | Deloryite | Cu4(UO2)(MoO4)2(OH)6 |
| 4.FL.90 | Lagalyite | Ca2xMn1-xO2 · 1.5-2H2O |
| 4.FL.95 | 'Tunnerite' | |
| 4.FL.100 | Carbocalumite | Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 6H2O |
| 4.FL.100 | Mampsisite | Ca4Al2(CO3)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
Fluorescence of Woodruffite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Woodruffite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4312.html
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References for Woodruffite
Reference List:
Frondel, Clifford (1953) New manganese oxides: hydrohausmannite and woodruffite. American Mineralogist, 38 (9-10) 761-769
Naganna, C., BouĆĄka, Vl. (1963) X-ray study of woodruffite from Sandur ore deposits, Mysore State, India. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (261) 506-507 doi:10.1180/minmag.1963.033.261.07
Localities for Woodruffite
Showing 32 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
Canada | |
| Current Research +2 other references |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (1998) |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (1998) | |
Germany | |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1997) |
| Möhn et al. (12/2020) |
Greece | |
| Möckel (2001) |
India | |
| Rao et al. (1979) |
Italy | |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Jamaica | |
Japan | |
| Nambu & Yoshida (1993) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| Moore et al. (2003) |
| Post et al. (2003) | |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias GeolĂłgicas et al. (2000) |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
Switzerland | |
| Meisser et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Cooper et al. (1986) |
| Excalibur Mineral Company specimen |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Frondel (1953) +1 other reference |
| Baum (2) +2 other references | |
| Frondel (1953) +2 other references |
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