none 10.1144/jgs2024-291 Geological Society of London Geological Society of London 1881 175196168 44798 2026071920273000109 10.1144 2026-07-20T03:28:03Z 2025-04-17T04:47:11Z 1 Journal of the Geological Society JGS 0016-7649 2041-479X 06 10 2025 09 01 2025 182 5 Jörg Ebbing Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-5338 John R. Hopper Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-7583 Clinton P. Conrad Centre for Planetary Habitability Oslo, Norway University of Oslo Oslo, Norway https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-2351 Glenn Milne Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Ottawa, Canada University of Ottawa Ottawa, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-9403 Rebekka Steffen Lantmäteriet (The Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority), Lantmäterigatan 2C, 801 82 Gävle, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4739-066X Juan Carlos Afonso University of Twente, Langezijds Building, Hallenweg 8, 7522 NH Enschede, the Netherlands https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-6692 Valentina R. Barletta Department of Geodesy and Earth Observations Lyngby, Denmark DTU Space Lyngby, Denmark https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-0830 Ana M. G. Ferreira Department of Earth Sciences UK University College London UK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-6415 Judith Freienstein Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2643-1525 Samantha E. Hansen Department of Geological Sciences Tuscaloosa, USA The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-5715 Björn H. Heincke Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-0333 Glenn Jones Department of Earth Sciences UK University College London UK School of Earth and Environmental Sciences UK University of Cardiff UK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-332X Sergei Lebedev Department of Earth Sciences Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-5009 Max Moorkamp Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Berlin, Ernst Reuter Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7879-1346 Derek L. Schutt Department of Geosciences Fort Collins, USA Colorado State University Fort Collins, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-5662 Agnes Wansing Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-7256 The solid earth structure beneath Greenland, meaning the rocky part of Earth from the ice-bed interface to depth, has gained increased interest in recent years as it provides a critical boundary condition for the dynamic evolution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), one of the largest sources of sea-level rise contributions since the early 2000s. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the key internal or surface earth properties influencing this boundary condition and thus GrIS behaviour. One important surface property is the subglacial heat flow, which affects sliding conditions of the ice sheet including the onset of major ice streams and is related to subglacial geology. Lithospheric architecture and mantle viscosity structure are internal properties that influence ice sheet evolution through changes in the height and slope of the ice-bed interface caused by glacial isostatic adjustment. Because there is no general agreement regarding crustal and lithospheric structures, some glaciological studies use an ensemble of solid earth models to incorporate uncertainties into their GrIS predictions, but it is unclear how these variations ultimately affect estimates of future sea-level rise. Here we describe the main solid earth properties that are important for GrIS evolution (heat flow, temperature, viscosity), from the base of the ice sheet to the upper mantle, and we provide some perspectives on how future collaborative efforts and integrated studies could lead to better agreement regarding these key characteristics. 06 18 2025 09 01 2025 jgs2024-291 10.1144/jgs2024-291 1 10.1144/crossmark-policy www.lyellcollection.org true 2024-12-26 2025-04-08 2025-04-09 2025-06-18 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.1144/jgs2024-291 https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/jgs2024-291 https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/jgs2024-291 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article/doi/10.1144/jgs2024-291/653678/importance-of-solid-earth-structure-for 10.5194/se-5-569-2014 10.1029/2021GL094040 10.1002/jgrb.50124 10.1002/jgrb.50123 10.1093/gji/ggz094 10.1038/s41561-022-00929-y 10.1002/2014GL059405 10.1029/2021RG000767 10.1093/gji/ggae269 10.5194/tc-18-4233-2024 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.015 10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0 10.1073/pnas.1817205116 10.1029/2023GL106891 10.1038/ngeo186 10.1029/2023GL104851 10.1073/pnas.1204664109 10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021 10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117798 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.008 10.1002/2017GL076644 10.1017/aog.2023.55 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117048 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101417 10.5194/essd-14-2209-2022 10.22498/pages.32.1.53 10.1126/science.abo0926 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01080-4 10.1093/gji/ggx479 10.34194/geusb.v17.5014 10.1007/978-3-642-12402-0_10 10.1126/science.1124190 Ferreira A. 2024. 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