#' @title Gene Set Variation Analysis
#'
#' @description Estimates GSVA enrichment scores. The API of this function has
#' changed in the Bioconductor release 3.18 and this help page describes the
#' new API. The old API is defunct and will be removed in the next
#' Bioconductor release. If you are looking for the documentation of the old
#' API to the `gsva()` function, please consult [`GSVA-pkg-defunct`].
#'
#' @param param A parameter object of one of the following classes:
#' * A [`gsvaParam`] object built using the constructor function
#' [`gsvaParam`].
#' This object will trigger `gsva()` to use the GSVA algorithm by
#' Hänzelmann et al. (2013).
#' * A [`plageParam`] object built using the constructor function
#' [`plageParam`].
#' This object will trigger `gsva()` to use the PLAGE algorithm by
#' Tomfohr et al. (2005).
#' * A [`zscoreParam`] object built using the constructor function
#' [`zscoreParam`].
#' This object will trigger `gsva()` to use the combined z-score algorithm by
#' Lee et al. (2008).
#' * A [`ssgseaParam`] object built using the constructor function
#' [`ssgseaParam`].
#' This object will trigger `gsva()` to use the ssGSEA algorithm by
#' Barbie et al. (2009).
#'
#' @param verbose Gives information about each calculation step. Default: `TRUE`.
#'
#' @param BPPARAM An object of class [`BiocParallelParam`] specifying parameters
#' related to the parallel execution of some of the tasks and calculations
#' within this function.
#'
#' @return A gene-set by sample matrix of GSVA enrichment scores stored in a
#' container object of the same type as the input expression data container. If
#' the input was a base matrix or a [`dgCMatrix-class`] object, then the output will
#' be a base matrix object with the gene sets employed in the calculations
#' stored in an attribute called `geneSets`. If the input was an
#' [`ExpressionSet`] object, then the output will be also an [`ExpressionSet`]
#' object with the gene sets employed in the calculations stored in an
#' attributed called `geneSets`. If the input was an object of one of the
#' classes described in [`GsvaExprData`], such as a [`SingleCellExperiment`],
#' then the output will be of the same class, where enrichment scores will be
#' stored in an assay called `es` and the gene sets employed in the
#' calculations will be stored in the `rowData` slot of the object under the
#' column name `gs`.
#'
#' @seealso [`plageParam`], [`zscoreParam`], [`ssgseaParam`], [`gsvaParam`]
#'
#' @aliases gsva
#' @name gsva
#' @rdname gsva
#'
#' @references Barbie, D.A. et al. Systematic RNA interference reveals that
#' oncogenic KRAS-driven cancers require TBK1.
#' *Nature*, 462(5):108-112, 2009.
#' [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08460)
#'
#' @references Hänzelmann, S., Castelo, R. and Guinney, J. GSVA: Gene set
#' variation analysis for microarray and RNA-Seq data.
#' *BMC Bioinformatics*, 14:7, 2013.
#' [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-14-7)
#'
#' @references Lee, E. et al. Inferring pathway activity toward precise
#' disease classification.
#' *PLoS Comp Biol*, 4(11):e1000217, 2008.
#' [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000217)
#'
#' @references Tomfohr, J. et al. Pathway level analysis of gene expression
#' using singular value decomposition.
#' *BMC Bioinformatics*, 6:225, 2005.
#' [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-6-225)
#'
#' @examples
#' library(GSVA)
#' library(limma)
#'
#' p <- 10 ## number of genes
#' n <- 30 ## number of samples
#' nGrp1 <- 15 ## number of samples in group 1
#' nGrp2 <- n - nGrp1 ## number of samples in group 2
#'
#' ## consider three disjoint gene sets
#' geneSets <- list(set1=paste("g", 1:3, sep=""),
#' set2=paste("g", 4:6, sep=""),
#' set3=paste("g", 7:10, sep=""))
#'
#' ## sample data from a normal distribution with mean 0 and st.dev. 1
#' y <- matrix(rnorm(n*p), nrow=p, ncol=n,
#' dimnames=list(paste("g", 1:p, sep="") , paste("s", 1:n, sep="")))
#'
#' ## genes in set1 are expressed at higher levels in the last 'nGrp1+1' to 'n' samples
#' y[geneSets$set1, (nGrp1+1):n] <- y[geneSets$set1, (nGrp1+1):n] + 2
#'
#' ## build design matrix
#' design <- cbind(sampleGroup1=1, sampleGroup2vs1=c(rep(0, nGrp1), rep(1, nGrp2)))
#'
#' ## fit linear model
#' fit <- lmFit(y, design)
#'
#' ## estimate moderated t-statistics
#' fit <- eBayes(fit)
#'
#' ## genes in set1 are differentially expressed
#' topTable(fit, coef="sampleGroup2vs1")
#'
#' ## build GSVA parameter object
#' gsvapar <- gsvaParam(y, geneSets, maxDiff=TRUE)
#'
#' ## estimate GSVA enrichment scores for the three sets
#' gsva_es <- gsva(gsvapar)
#'
#' ## fit the same linear model now to the GSVA enrichment scores
#' fit <- lmFit(gsva_es, design)
#'
#' ## estimate moderated t-statistics
#' fit <- eBayes(fit)
#'
#' ## set1 is differentially expressed
#' topTable(fit, coef="sampleGroup2vs1")
NULL
#' @aliases gsva,plageParam-method
#' @rdname gsva
#' @exportMethod gsva
setMethod("gsva", signature(param="plageParam"),
function(param,
verbose=TRUE,
BPPARAM=SerialParam(progressbar=verbose))
{
famGaGS <- .filterAndMapGenesAndGeneSets(param)
filteredDataMatrix <- famGaGS[["filteredDataMatrix"]]
filteredMappedGeneSets <- famGaGS[["filteredMappedGeneSets"]]
if (!inherits(BPPARAM, "SerialParam") && verbose)
cat(sprintf("Setting parallel calculations through a %s back-end\n",
"with workers=%d and tasks=100.\n",
class(BPPARAM), bpnworkers(BPPARAM)))
## if(rnaseq)
## stop("rnaseq=TRUE does not work with method='plage'.")
if(verbose)
cat("Estimating PLAGE scores for",
length(filteredMappedGeneSets), "gene sets.\n")
plageScores <- plage(X=filteredDataMatrix,
geneSets=filteredMappedGeneSets,
verbose=verbose,
BPPARAM=BPPARAM)
gs <- .geneSetsIndices2Names(
indices=filteredMappedGeneSets,
names=rownames(filteredDataMatrix))
rval <- wrapData(get_exprData(param), plageScores, gs)
return(rval)
})
#' @aliases gsva,zscoreParam-method
#' @rdname gsva
#' @exportMethod gsva
setMethod("gsva", signature(param="zscoreParam"),
function(param,
verbose=TRUE,
BPPARAM=SerialParam(progressbar=verbose))
{
famGaGS <- .filterAndMapGenesAndGeneSets(param)
filteredDataMatrix <- famGaGS[["filteredDataMatrix"]]
filteredMappedGeneSets <- famGaGS[["filteredMappedGeneSets"]]
if (!inherits(BPPARAM, "SerialParam") && verbose)
cat(sprintf("Setting parallel calculations through a %s back-end\n",
"with workers=%d and tasks=100.\n",
class(BPPARAM), bpnworkers(BPPARAM)))
## if (rnaseq)
## stop("rnaseq=TRUE does not work with method='zscore'.")
if(verbose)
cat("Estimating combined z-scores for",
length(filteredMappedGeneSets), "gene sets.\n")
zScores <- zscore(X=filteredDataMatrix,
geneSets=filteredMappedGeneSets,
verbose=verbose,
BPPARAM=BPPARAM)
gs <- .geneSetsIndices2Names(
indices=filteredMappedGeneSets,
names=rownames(filteredDataMatrix))
rval <- wrapData(get_exprData(param), zScores, gs)
return(rval)
})
#' @aliases gsva,ssgseaParam-method
#' @rdname gsva
#' @exportMethod gsva
setMethod("gsva", signature(param="ssgseaParam"),
function(param,
verbose=TRUE,
BPPARAM=SerialParam(progressbar=verbose))
{
famGaGS <- .filterAndMapGenesAndGeneSets(param,
removeConstant=FALSE,
removeNzConstant=FALSE)
filteredDataMatrix <- famGaGS[["filteredDataMatrix"]]
filteredMappedGeneSets <- famGaGS[["filteredMappedGeneSets"]]
if (!inherits(BPPARAM, "SerialParam") && verbose)
cat(sprintf("Setting parallel calculations through a %s back-end\n",
"with workers=%d and tasks=100.\n",
class(BPPARAM), bpnworkers(BPPARAM)))
if(verbose)
cat("Estimating ssGSEA scores for",
length(filteredMappedGeneSets), "gene sets.\n")
ssgseaScores <- ssgsea(X=filteredDataMatrix,
geneSets=filteredMappedGeneSets,
alpha=get_alpha(param),
normalization=do_normalize(param),
verbose=verbose,
BPPARAM=BPPARAM)
gs <- .geneSetsIndices2Names(
indices=filteredMappedGeneSets,
names=rownames(filteredDataMatrix))
rval <- wrapData(get_exprData(param), ssgseaScores, gs)
return(rval)
})
#' @aliases gsva,gsvaParam-method
#' @rdname gsva
#' @exportMethod gsva
setMethod("gsva", signature(param="gsvaParam"),
function(param,
verbose=TRUE,
BPPARAM=SerialParam(progressbar=verbose))
{
famGaGS <- .filterAndMapGenesAndGeneSets(param)
filteredDataMatrix <- famGaGS[["filteredDataMatrix"]]
filteredMappedGeneSets <- famGaGS[["filteredMappedGeneSets"]]
if (!inherits(BPPARAM, "SerialParam") && verbose)
cat(sprintf("Setting parallel calculations through a %s back-end\n",
"with workers=%d and tasks=100.\n",
class(BPPARAM), bpnworkers(BPPARAM)))
if(verbose)
cat("Estimating GSVA scores for",
length(filteredMappedGeneSets),
"gene sets.\n")
nSamples <- ncol(filteredDataMatrix)
## nGenes <- nrow(filteredDataMatrix)
nGeneSets <- length(filteredMappedGeneSets)
if (get_kcdf(param) == "Gaussian") {
rnaseq <- FALSE
kernel <- TRUE
} else if (get_kcdf(param) == "Poisson") {
rnaseq <- TRUE
kernel <- TRUE
} else
kernel <- FALSE
gsvaScores <- compute.geneset.es(expr=filteredDataMatrix,
gset.idx.list=filteredMappedGeneSets,
sample.idxs=seq.int(nSamples),
rnaseq=rnaseq,
abs.ranking=get_absRanking(param),
parallel.sz=if(inherits(BPPARAM, "SerialParam")) 1L else bpnworkers(BPPARAM),
mx.diff=get_maxDiff(param),
tau=get_tau(param),
kernel=kernel,
verbose=verbose,
BPPARAM=BPPARAM)
colnames(gsvaScores) <- colnames(filteredDataMatrix)
rownames(gsvaScores) <- names(filteredMappedGeneSets)
gs <- .geneSetsIndices2Names(
indices=filteredMappedGeneSets,
names=rownames(filteredDataMatrix))
rval <- wrapData(get_exprData(param), gsvaScores, gs)
return(rval)
})
### ----- methods for retrieving gene sets -----
#' @title Retrieve or Determine Gene Sets
#'
#' @description Retrieves or determines the gene sets that have been used
#' or would be used in a `gsva()` gene set analysis. These are not necessarily
#' the same as the input gene sets. See Details.
#'
#' @param obj An object of one of the following classes:
#' * An expression data object of one of the classes described in
#' [`GsvaExprData-class`] that is the return value of a call to `gsva()`.
#' * A parameter object of one of the classes described in
#' [`GsvaMethodParam-class`] that could be used in a call to `gsva()`.
#'
#' @return The `geneSets()` methods return a named list of character vectors
#' where each character vector contains the gene IDs of a gene set.
#' The `geneSetSizes()` methods return a named integer vector of gene set sizes.
#'
#' @details The gene sets used in a `gsva()` gene set analysis, or just their
#' sizes, may be a valuable input to subsequent analyses. However, they are not
#' necessarily the same as the original input gene sets, or their sizes: based
#' on user choices, the gene annotation used, or presence/absence of genes in
#' gene sets and expression data set, `gsva()` may have to modify them during
#' the preparation of an analysis run.
#' In order to make use of these gene sets or their sizes, you can either
#' * retrieve them from the object returned by `gsva()` by passing this object
#' to `geneSets()` or `geneSetSizes()`, or
#' * predict them by calling `geneSets()` or `geneSetSizes()` on the parameter
#' object that would also be passed to `gsva()`. This is much slower and should
#' only be done if you do not intend to run an actual gene set analysis.
#'
#' `geneSetSizes()` is a convenience wrapper running `lengths()` on the list of
#' gene sets returned by `geneSets()`.
#'
#' @aliases geneSets geneSetSizes
#' @name geneSets
#' @rdname geneSets
#'
NULL
#' @aliases geneSets,GsvaMethodParam-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSets
setMethod("geneSets", signature("GsvaMethodParam"),
function(obj) {
famGaGS <- .filterAndMapGenesAndGeneSets(obj)
return(.geneSetsIndices2Names(
indices=famGaGS[["filteredMappedGeneSets"]],
names=rownames(famGaGS[["filteredDataMatrix"]])
))
})
#' @aliases geneSets,SummarizedExperiment-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSets
setMethod("geneSets", signature("SummarizedExperiment"),
function(obj) {
return(as(rowData(obj)$gs, "list"))
})
#' @aliases geneSets,SingleCellExperiment-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSets
setMethod("geneSets", signature("SingleCellExperiment"),
function(obj) {
return(as(rowData(obj)$gs, "list"))
})
#' @aliases geneSets,SpatialExperiment-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSets
setMethod("geneSets", signature("SpatialExperiment"),
function(obj) {
return(as(rowData(obj)$gs, "list"))
})
#' @aliases geneSets,GsvaExprData-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSets
setMethod("geneSets", signature("GsvaExprData"),
function(obj) {
return(.geneSets(obj))
})
#' @aliases geneSetSizes,GsvaMethodParam-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSetSizes
setMethod("geneSetSizes", signature("GsvaMethodParam"),
function(obj) {
return(lengths(geneSets(obj)))
})
#' @aliases geneSetSizes,GsvaExprData-method
#' @rdname geneSets
#' @exportMethod geneSetSizes
setMethod("geneSetSizes", signature("GsvaExprData"),
function(obj) {
return(lengths(geneSets(obj)))
})
### ----- helper functions for gene set I/O and preprocessing -----
#' @title Handling of Duplicated Gene Set Names
#'
#' @description Offers a choice of ways for handling duplicated gene set names
#' that may not be suitable as input to other gene set analysis functions.
#'
#' @param geneSets A named list of gene sets represented as character vectors
#' of gene IDs as e.g. returned by [`readGMT`].
#'
#' @param deduplUse A character vector of length 1 specifying one of several
#' methods to handle duplicated gene set names.
#' Duplicated gene set names are explicitly forbidden by the
#' [GMT file format specification](https://software.broadinstitute.org/cancer/software/gsea/wiki/index.php/Data_formats)
#' but can nevertheless be encountered in the wild.
#' The available choices are:
#' * `first` (the default): drops all gene sets whose names are [`duplicated`]
#' according to the base R function and retains only the first occurence of a
#' gene set name.
#' * `drop`: removes *all* gene sets that have a duplicated name, including its
#' first occurrence.
#' * `union`: replaces gene sets with duplicated names by a single gene set
#' containing the union of all their gene IDs.
#' * `smallest`: drops gene sets with duplicated names and retains only the
#' smallest of them, i.e. the one with the fewest gene IDs. If there are
#' several smallest gene sets, the first will be selected.
#' * `largest`: drops gene sets with duplicated names and retains only the
#' largest of them, i.e. the one with the most gene IDs. If there are
#' several largest gene sets, the first will be selected.
#'
#' @return A named list of gene sets that represented as character vectors of
#' gene IDs.
#'
#' @aliases deduplicateGeneSets
#' @name deduplicateGeneSets
#' @rdname deduplicateGeneSets
#'
deduplicateGeneSets <- function(geneSets,
deduplUse = c("first", "drop", "union",
"smallest", "largest")) {
ddUse <- match.arg(deduplUse)
isNameDuplicated <- duplicated(names(geneSets))
duplicatedNames <- unique(names(geneSets[isNameDuplicated]))
## a nested list containing sublists of duplicated gene sets
duplicatedGeneSets <- sapply(duplicatedNames,
function(dn, gs) unname(gs[dn == names(gs)]),
gs = geneSets, simplify=FALSE)
## transformation function operating on sublists of such nested lists,
## returning a single deduplicated gene set, i.e. character vector
ddFunc <- switch(ddUse,
union=function(dgs) Reduce(union, dgs),
smallest=function(dgs) dgs[which.min(lengths(dgs))],
largest=function(dgs) dgs[which.max(lengths(dgs))])
## apply transformation function to deduplicate gene sets (if requested)
if(!is.null(ddFunc))
dedupl <- sapply(duplicatedGeneSets, FUN=ddFunc, simplify=FALSE)
## drop all duplicate gene sets (sufficient for default of "first")
geneSets[isNameDuplicated] <- NULL
## remove or replace non-duplicated with deduplicated gene sets
if(ddUse == "drop") {
geneSets[duplicatedNames] <- NULL
} else if(!is.null(ddFunc)) {
geneSets[duplicatedNames] <- dedupl
}
return(geneSets)
}
#' @title Import Gene Sets from a GMT File
#'
#' @description Imports a list of gene sets from a GMT (Gene Matrix Transposed)
#' format file, offering a choice of ways to handle duplicated gene set names.
#'
#' @param con A connection object or character string containing e.g.
#' a file name or URL. This is directly passed to [`readLines`] and hence may
#' contain anything that `readLines()` can handle.
#'
#' @param deduplUse With the exception of the special method `custom`, all
#' handling of duplicated gene set names is delegated to function
#' [`deduplicateGeneSets`] and this argument is directly passed on.
#' Please see `?deduplicatedGeneSets`.
#' Using `deduplUse=custom` allows import of the GMT file for manual inspection
#' and its content and remedy is the user's responsibility. However, `gsva()`
#' will *not* accept the result for further use unless it is modified to have
#' duplicated gene set names removed.
#'
#' @return A named list of gene sets that represented as character vectors of
#' gene IDs.
#'
#' @seealso [`readLines`], [`deduplicateGeneSets`]
#'
#' @aliases readGMT
#' @name readGMT
#' @rdname readGMT
#'
readGMT <- function(con,
deduplUse = c("first", "drop", "union",
"smallest", "largest", "custom")) {
ddUse <- match.arg(deduplUse)
gmtLines <- strsplit(readLines(con=con), split="\t", fixed=TRUE)
gmt <- lapply(gmtLines, tail, -2)
names(gmt) <- sapply(gmtLines, head, 1)
if(anyDuplicated(names(gmt)) > 0) {
warning("GMT contains duplicated gene set names; deduplicated",
" using method: ", ddUse)
if(ddUse != "custom") {
gmt <- deduplicateGeneSets(geneSets=gmt, deduplUse=ddUse)
} else {
warning("Method 'custom' requires YOU to remedy duplicate ",
"gene set names as gsva() will not accept them")
}
}
return(gmt)
}
### ----- methods for data pre-/post-processing -----
## unwrapData: extract a data matrix from a container object
setMethod("unwrapData", signature("matrix"),
function(container, assay) {
return(container)
})
setMethod("unwrapData", signature("dgCMatrix"),
function(container, assay) {
return(container)
})
setMethod("unwrapData", signature("ExpressionSet"),
function(container, assay) {
return(exprs(container))
})
setMethod("unwrapData", signature("SummarizedExperiment"),
function(container, assay) {
if (length(assays(container)) == 0L)
stop("The input SummarizedExperiment object has no assay data.")
if (missing(assay) || is.na(assay)) {
assay <- names(assays(container))[1]
} else {
if (!is.character(assay))
stop("The 'assay' argument must contain a character string.")
assay <- assay[1]
if (!assay %in% names(assays(container)))
stop(sprintf("Assay %s not found in the input SummarizedExperiment object.", assay))
}
return(assays(container)[[assay]])
})
setMethod("unwrapData", signature("SingleCellExperiment"),
function(container, assay) {
if (length(assays(container)) == 0L)
stop("The input SingleCellExperiment object has no assay data.")
if (missing(assay) || is.na(assay)) {
assay <- names(assays(container))[1]
} else {
if (!is.character(assay))
stop("The 'assay' argument must contain a character string.")
assay <- assay[1]
if (!assay %in% names(assays(container)))
stop(sprintf("Assay %s not found in the input SingleCellExperiment object.", assay))
}
return(assays(container)[[assay]])
})
setMethod("unwrapData", signature("SpatialExperiment"),
function(container, assay) {
if (length(assays(container)) == 0L)
stop("The input SpatialExperiment object has no assay data.")
if (missing(assay) || is.na(assay)) {
assay <- names(assays(container))[1]
} else {
if (!is.character(assay))
stop("The 'assay' argument must contain a character string.")
assay <- assay[1]
if (!assay %in% names(assays(container)))
stop(sprintf("Assay %s not found in the input SpatialExperiment object.", assay))
}
return(assays(container)[[assay]])
})
## wrapData: put the resulting data and gene sets into the original data container type
setMethod("wrapData", signature(container="matrix"),
function(container, dataMatrix, geneSets) {
attr(dataMatrix, "geneSets") <- geneSets
return(dataMatrix)
})
setMethod("wrapData", signature(container="dgCMatrix"),
function(container, dataMatrix, geneSets) {
attr(dataMatrix, "geneSets") <- geneSets
return(dataMatrix)
})
setMethod("wrapData", signature(container="ExpressionSet"),
function(container, dataMatrix, geneSets) {
rval <- new("ExpressionSet", exprs=dataMatrix,
phenoData=phenoData(container),
experimentData=experimentData(container),
annotation="")
attr(rval, "geneSets") <- geneSets
return(rval)
})
setMethod("wrapData", signature(container="SummarizedExperiment"),
function(container, dataMatrix, geneSets) {
rval <- SummarizedExperiment(
assays=SimpleList(es=dataMatrix),
colData=colData(container),
rowData=DataFrame(gs=CharacterList(geneSets)),
metadata=metadata(container))
metadata(rval)$annotation <- NULL
return(rval)
})
setMethod("wrapData", signature(container="SingleCellExperiment"),
function(container, dataMatrix, geneSets) {
rval <- SingleCellExperiment(
assays=SimpleList(es=dataMatrix),
colData=colData(container),
rowData=DataFrame(gs=CharacterList(geneSets)),
metadata=metadata(container))
metadata(rval)$annotation <- NULL
return(rval)
})
setMethod("wrapData", signature(container="SpatialExperiment"),
function(container, dataMatrix, geneSets) {
rval <- SpatialExperiment(
assays=SimpleList(es=dataMatrix),
colData=colData(container),
rowData=DataFrame(gs=CharacterList(geneSets)),
metadata=metadata(container),
imgData = imgData(container),
spatialCoords = spatialCoords(container))
metadata(rval)$annotation <- NULL
return(rval)
})
## mapGeneSetsToAnno: translate feature IDs used in gene sets to specified
## annotation type (if any, and if possible)
setMethod("mapGeneSetsToAnno", signature("list"),
function(geneSets, anno) {
return(geneSets)
})
setMethod("mapGeneSetsToAnno", signature("GeneSetCollection"),
function(geneSets, anno) {
if(.isAnnoPkgValid(anno)) {
if(!.isAnnoPkgInstalled(anno))
stop(sprintf("Please install the annotation package %s. If %s does not seem to exist as a package, please try to append the suffix .db to its name.", anno, anno))
## TODO: provide a check for verbosity
cat("Mapping identifiers between gene sets and feature names\n")
## map gene identifiers of the gene sets to the features in the chip
mappedGeneSets <- mapIdentifiers(geneSets,
AnnoOrEntrezIdentifier(anno))
rval <- geneIds(mappedGeneSets)
} else {
## TODO: provide a check for verbosity
cat("No annotation package name available in the input data object.",
"Attempting to directly match identifiers in data to gene sets.", sep="\n")
rval <- geneIds(geneSets)
}
return(rval)
})
