Determining CBRN Risk Perceptions and Preparedness Levels and Related Factors of Emergency Health Services Personnel: Tekirdağ Provincial Example
Öz
Emergency medical services personnel are among the first responders in the event of a CBRN incident. The aim of this study is to determine the CBRN risk perceptions, preparedness levels, and related factors of emergency medical personnel working in Tekirdağ district. The study was conducted with 142 participants. A socio-demographic questionnaire consisting of 30 items and a scale measuring risk perception and preparedness for CBRN hazards were used. The participants’ responses were transferred to the SPSS 21.0 software, and validity of the measurements was tested through confirmatory factor analysis. As the data were found to be normally distributed across all independent variables, differences between two group means were analyzed using t-tests, and ANOVA were used for variables with more than two categories. In the bivariate analysis, the mean risk perception score of personnel who had participated in CBRN duties was found to be significantly higher than those who had not (p=0.03). Moreover, participants with one year or less of experience had significantly lower mean risk perception scores compared to other groups (p<0.001). Additionally, those who reported having sufficient knowledge about CBRN and those who stated they knew their responsibilities during CBRN incidents had significantly higher preparedness scores (respectively; p<0.001 and p=0.04). Finally, the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the CBRN risk perception score and the preparedness score (r=0.393, p<0.001). It is suggested that practical training and drills may be increased to enhance the capacity of personnel in responding to CBRN events. The study findings suggest that practical training and drills may be increased to enhance the preparedness of emergency health services personnel for CBRN hazards. It should also be noted that efforts to increase personnel’s CBRN risk perception will also positively contribute to their preparedness.
Anahtar Kelimeler
CBRN Emergency Medical Services Personnel Risk Perception Preparedness
Etik Beyan
Çalışmaya başlanmadan önce Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Etik kurulundan etik onay alınmıştır. Sonrasında araştırmanın yapılacağı Tekirdağ ili il sağlık müdürlüğünden de etik onay alınarak anket çalışmalarına başlanılmıştır. Ankete başlanılmadan önce katılımcılara bilgilendirme yapılarak tamamen gönüllülük esasına göre katılım sağlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Akompab, D., Bi, P., Williams, S., Grant, J., Walker, A., Augoustinos, M. (2013). Heat Waves and Climate Change: Applying the Health Belief Model to Identify Predictors of Risk Perception and Adaptive Behaviours in Adelaide, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 2164-2184; doi:10.3390/ijerph10062164
- Alder-Collins, J. K. (2013). Courage and selflessness in professional actions: But are they enough? International Nursing Review, 60(2), 201-204. Doi:10.111
- Bishop, B., Paton, D., Syne, G., Nancarrow B. (2000). Coping With Environmental Degradation: Salination as a Community Stressor. Network, Vol.12. s.1-15.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Data Analysis Handbook for Social Sciences. Pagem Academy.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu G., Büyüköztürk Ş. (2010). Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences SPSS And LISREL Applications. (2). Ankara, Pegem Academy. P.271-272
- De Smedt, T., Aerts, D., Cosemans, L., Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., et al. (2014). Biomonitoring of acrylonitrile exposure following a train derailment in Belgium. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25128591Yanagisawa, N., Morita, H., & Nakajima, T. (2006). Sarin Experiences İn Japan: Acute Toxicity and Long-Term Effects. Journal Of the Neurological Sciences 249, p. 76-85.
- Dinçer, S., Kumru, S. (2021). Preparedness of Health Personnel for Disasters and Emergencies. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 32-43.
- Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), (2025). Turkey Disaster Intervention Plan. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Planlar/TAMP.pdf (Last Access: 8.5.2025)
- Eyison, R., Pakdemirli, A., Aydın, E., Sayın Öztürk, A., Kiliç, Z., Demirbag, B., Ortatatli, M. (2020). Evaluation of the Medical Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Awareness Level of Emergency Healthcare Professionals Serving on Different Centres. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 174-179.
- Gül, Ş. (2022). A Study on CBRN Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Adana 112 Provincial Ambulance Service Employees. Adana.
- Jansson, J., Eklund, A., Larsson, M. and Nilsson, J. (2020), “Prehospital care nurses' self reported competence: a cross-sectional study”, International Emergency Nursing, Vol. 52, pp. 1-7.
- Millar, M., Paton, D., Johnston, D. (1999). Community Vulnerability to Volcanic Hazard Consequences. Disaster Prevention and Management. Vol.8. p.255-260
- Ortatatlı, M., Sezigen, S., Ayan, H.A., Balandız, H., Kenar, L. (2015). Evaluation of Chemical, Biological, Nuclear, and Radiological Injuries in the Context of Terrorism. Turkish Clinics Journal of Forensic Medicine Special Topics, 1(2), 44–52.
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health, (2025) Regulation on the Duties Regarding Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Hazards. https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/40533/0/kbrn-yonetmelik-2020pdf.pdf
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. 2025. Regulation on Emergency Health Services. https:// www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuatNo=4798&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. (2025). Algorithm for the Approach to Chemical and Biological Threats.
- Smith, C., Hewison, A. (2012). Are Nurses Prepared to Respond to A Bioterrorist Attack: A Narrative Synthesis. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 2597-2609.
- Spittal, M. J., McClure, J., Siegert, R. J., Walkey, F. H. (2008). Predictors of Two Types of Earthquake Preparation: Survival Activities and Mitigation Activities. Environment and Behavior, 40(6):798-817.
- Tazeaslan, Z. (2021). Evaluation of the Relationship Between Risk Perception and Preparedness of Emergency Health Service Workers for CBRN Threats. Master’s Thesis.
- Tekeli-Yesil, S., Dedeoglu, N., Tanner, M., Braun-Fahrlaender, C., Obrist, B. (2010). Individual Preparedness and Mitigation Actions for a Predicted Earthquake in Istanbul. Disasters, 34(4):910-930.
- Tekirdağ Industry and Technology Provincial Directorate. (2020). Tekirdağ Province Industry Status Report 2020. Tekirdağ.
- URL 1, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/21.5.3033.pdf (Last Access: 8.5.2025)
- URL 2, https://khgmacilveyurtdisisaglikdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-87371/2022-yili-haziran-ayi-kbrn-arindirma-uniteleri-guncel-listesi.html (Last Access: 09.05.2025)
- Veenema, T. G., Lavin, R. P., Bender, A., Thornton, C. P., Schneider Firestone, S. (2019). National Nurse Readiness for Radiation Emergencies and Nuclear Events: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. Nursing Outlook, 54-58.
- Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., Aerts, D., De Smedt, T., Cosemans, L., Hoet, P., Nemery, B. (2014). Human biomonitoring after a train derailment involving acrylonitrile. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(6), A150. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307991
- Yanagisawa, N., Morita, H. ve Nakajima, T. (2006). “Sarin experiences in Japan: acute toxicity and long-term effects”. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 249 (1), 76-85.
- Yücel, H. (2019). Evaluation of the Relationship Between Risk Perception and Preparedness Attitudes of Some Teams Serving in the First Intervention in CBRN Incidents: Example of Adana Province. Gümüşhane: YÖK.
Determining CBRN Risk Perceptions and Preparedness Levels and Related Factors of Emergency Health Services Personnel: Tekirdağ Provincial Example
Öz
Emergency medical services personnel are among the first responders in the event of a CBRN incident. The aim of this study is to determine the CBRN risk perceptions, preparedness levels, and related factors of emergency medical personnel working in Tekirdağ district. The study was conducted with 142 participants. A socio-demographic questionnaire consisting of 30 items and a scale measuring risk perception and preparedness for CBRN hazards were used. The participants’ responses were transferred to the SPSS 21.0 software, and validity of the measurements was tested through confirmatory factor analysis. As the data were found to be normally distributed across all independent variables, differences between two group means were analyzed using t-tests, and ANOVA were used for variables with more than two categories. In the bivariate analysis, the mean risk perception score of personnel who had participated in CBRN duties was found to be significantly higher than those who had not (p=0.03). Moreover, participants with one year or less of experience had significantly lower mean risk perception scores compared to other groups (p<0.001). Additionally, those who reported having sufficient knowledge about CBRN and those who stated they knew their responsibilities during CBRN incidents had significantly higher preparedness scores (respectively; p<0.001 and p=0.04). Finally, the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the CBRN risk perception score and the preparedness score (r=0.393, p<0.001). It is suggested that practical training and drills may be increased to enhance the capacity of personnel in responding to CBRN events. The study findings suggest that practical training and drills may be increased to enhance the preparedness of emergency health services personnel for CBRN hazards. It should also be noted that efforts to increase personnel’s CBRN risk perception will also positively contribute to their preparedness.
Anahtar Kelimeler
CBRN Emergency Medical Services Personnel Risk Perception Preparedness
Kaynakça
- Akompab, D., Bi, P., Williams, S., Grant, J., Walker, A., Augoustinos, M. (2013). Heat Waves and Climate Change: Applying the Health Belief Model to Identify Predictors of Risk Perception and Adaptive Behaviours in Adelaide, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 2164-2184; doi:10.3390/ijerph10062164
- Alder-Collins, J. K. (2013). Courage and selflessness in professional actions: But are they enough? International Nursing Review, 60(2), 201-204. Doi:10.111
- Bishop, B., Paton, D., Syne, G., Nancarrow B. (2000). Coping With Environmental Degradation: Salination as a Community Stressor. Network, Vol.12. s.1-15.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Data Analysis Handbook for Social Sciences. Pagem Academy.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu G., Büyüköztürk Ş. (2010). Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences SPSS And LISREL Applications. (2). Ankara, Pegem Academy. P.271-272
- De Smedt, T., Aerts, D., Cosemans, L., Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., et al. (2014). Biomonitoring of acrylonitrile exposure following a train derailment in Belgium. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25128591Yanagisawa, N., Morita, H., & Nakajima, T. (2006). Sarin Experiences İn Japan: Acute Toxicity and Long-Term Effects. Journal Of the Neurological Sciences 249, p. 76-85.
- Dinçer, S., Kumru, S. (2021). Preparedness of Health Personnel for Disasters and Emergencies. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 32-43.
- Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), (2025). Turkey Disaster Intervention Plan. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Planlar/TAMP.pdf (Last Access: 8.5.2025)
- Eyison, R., Pakdemirli, A., Aydın, E., Sayın Öztürk, A., Kiliç, Z., Demirbag, B., Ortatatli, M. (2020). Evaluation of the Medical Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Awareness Level of Emergency Healthcare Professionals Serving on Different Centres. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 174-179.
- Gül, Ş. (2022). A Study on CBRN Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Adana 112 Provincial Ambulance Service Employees. Adana.
- Jansson, J., Eklund, A., Larsson, M. and Nilsson, J. (2020), “Prehospital care nurses' self reported competence: a cross-sectional study”, International Emergency Nursing, Vol. 52, pp. 1-7.
- Millar, M., Paton, D., Johnston, D. (1999). Community Vulnerability to Volcanic Hazard Consequences. Disaster Prevention and Management. Vol.8. p.255-260
- Ortatatlı, M., Sezigen, S., Ayan, H.A., Balandız, H., Kenar, L. (2015). Evaluation of Chemical, Biological, Nuclear, and Radiological Injuries in the Context of Terrorism. Turkish Clinics Journal of Forensic Medicine Special Topics, 1(2), 44–52.
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health, (2025) Regulation on the Duties Regarding Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Hazards. https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/40533/0/kbrn-yonetmelik-2020pdf.pdf
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. 2025. Regulation on Emergency Health Services. https:// www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuatNo=4798&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. (2025). Algorithm for the Approach to Chemical and Biological Threats.
- Smith, C., Hewison, A. (2012). Are Nurses Prepared to Respond to A Bioterrorist Attack: A Narrative Synthesis. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 2597-2609.
- Spittal, M. J., McClure, J., Siegert, R. J., Walkey, F. H. (2008). Predictors of Two Types of Earthquake Preparation: Survival Activities and Mitigation Activities. Environment and Behavior, 40(6):798-817.
- Tazeaslan, Z. (2021). Evaluation of the Relationship Between Risk Perception and Preparedness of Emergency Health Service Workers for CBRN Threats. Master’s Thesis.
- Tekeli-Yesil, S., Dedeoglu, N., Tanner, M., Braun-Fahrlaender, C., Obrist, B. (2010). Individual Preparedness and Mitigation Actions for a Predicted Earthquake in Istanbul. Disasters, 34(4):910-930.
- Tekirdağ Industry and Technology Provincial Directorate. (2020). Tekirdağ Province Industry Status Report 2020. Tekirdağ.
- URL 1, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/21.5.3033.pdf (Last Access: 8.5.2025)
- URL 2, https://khgmacilveyurtdisisaglikdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-87371/2022-yili-haziran-ayi-kbrn-arindirma-uniteleri-guncel-listesi.html (Last Access: 09.05.2025)
- Veenema, T. G., Lavin, R. P., Bender, A., Thornton, C. P., Schneider Firestone, S. (2019). National Nurse Readiness for Radiation Emergencies and Nuclear Events: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. Nursing Outlook, 54-58.
- Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., Aerts, D., De Smedt, T., Cosemans, L., Hoet, P., Nemery, B. (2014). Human biomonitoring after a train derailment involving acrylonitrile. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(6), A150. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307991
- Yanagisawa, N., Morita, H. ve Nakajima, T. (2006). “Sarin experiences in Japan: acute toxicity and long-term effects”. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 249 (1), 76-85.
- Yücel, H. (2019). Evaluation of the Relationship Between Risk Perception and Preparedness Attitudes of Some Teams Serving in the First Intervention in CBRN Incidents: Example of Adana Province. Gümüşhane: YÖK.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Ağustos 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 12 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
