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Human penis size, attractiveness and fighting prowess

January 22, 2026

Human penis size, attractiveness and fighting prowess

Why the human penis is unusually large compared to other primates is a long-standing evolutionary question. Upama Aich, Michael Jennions and colleagues show that genital size is a cue used during male-male assessment in humans, suggesting that penis size likely evolved under selection due to both female choice and male-male rivalry.

Image credit: pbio.3003595

PLOS Biologue

Community blog for PLOS Biology, PLOS Genetics and PLOS Computational Biology.

PLOS BIOLOGUE

01/23/2026

Short Reports

Mtch regulates mitophagy during development

Mitophagy is critical for cellular health and is associated with multiple diseases. Lucas Restrepo, Eric Baehrecke and co-workers reveal that the outer mitochondrial membrane protein Mtch functions as a novel regulator of mitophagy during Drosophila intestinal development, likely by regulating the insertion of the mitophagy receptor BNIP3.

Image credit: pbio.3003616

Mtch regulates mitophagy during development

Recently Published Articles

Current Issue

Current Issue December 2025

01/23/2026

Research Article

Nr5a2 boosts somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) is an approach that enables the generation of an embryo from a somatic cell, but its efficiency remains low due to epigenetic barriers. Yanhua Zhao, Meiting Zhang, Lei Lei and co-authors show that pioneer transcription factor Nr5a2 overexpression enhances SCNT embryo development by improving genome activation and recruiting P300 to restore transcriptional activity.

Image credit: pbio.3003611

Nr5a2 boosts somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

01/23/2026

Research Article

Male-to-hermaphrodite conversion in ferns

Ferns alternate between generations of asexual sporophytes and sexual free-living gametophytes. Dinh Nhan Lai, Yun Zhou and colleagues uncover a molecular mechanism underlying male-to-hermaphrodite conversion in a model fern species, showing that de novo auxin biosynthesis orchestrates cell fate and proliferation during meristem formation.

Image credit: pbio.3003592

Male-to-hermaphrodite conversion in ferns

01/22/2026

Research Article

Optineurin, plakoglobin and muscle atrophy

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that accompanies a number of diseases, but there are few known therapeutic targets to reverse it. Xiao Chen Shi, Rui Xin Zhang, Jun Kai Feng, Li Nong Yao, Jiang Wei Wu and co-workers identify optineurin as a regulator of muscle homeostasis, showing that it binds to plakoglobin JUP and activates the PI3K-AKT pathway to prevent muscle atrophy in mice.

Optineurin, plakoglobin and muscle atrophy

Image credit: pbio.3003581

01/20/2026

Research Article

VASCilia for 3D analysis of cochlear hair cell bundles

Cochlear hair cell stereocilia bundles are vital for hearing, but their 3D morphology remains unclear due to their complex organisation. Yasmin Kassim, Uri Manor and co-authors develop an open-source, deep learning-based tool called VASCilia that automates the high-throughput analysis of 3D confocal microscopy datasets of phalloidin-stained cochlear hair cell bundles.

VASCilia for 3D analysis of cochlear hair cell bundles

Image credit: pbio.3003591

01/20/2026

Research Article

Forgetting your childhood

Infantile amnesia limits recall of early-life memories, but its cellular basis is unclear. Erika Stewart, Tomás Ryan and co-workers reveal that transient microglial activity during postnatal development regulates infant memory persistence and retrieval.

Forgetting your childhood

Image credit: Birte Doludda

01/21/2026

Essay

Immunometabolism in obesity

Chronic low-grade metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) drives insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. This Essay discusses the immunometabolic mechanisms underlying metaflammation, including lesser known beneficial effects.

Immunometabolism in obesity

Image credit: pbio.3003620

01/20/2026

Essay

Targeting immunometabolism in cancer

Immunometabolism may be a useful target for cancer therapy. This Essay explores the potential for incorporating both lifestyle changes and drug therapies that target immunometabolism into treatments for cancer.

Targeting immunometabolism in cancer

Image credit: pbio.3003617

01/09/2026

Perspective

Discovery tools in immunometabolism

This Perspective highlights how systems biology approaches, including multi-omics profiling and perturbomics screening, are being used to advance our understanding of immunometabolism.

Discovery tools in immunometabolism

Image credit: pbio.3003570

01/05/2026

Essay

Immunometabolites and bacterial infection

This Essay investigates how the study of immunometabolism has yielded insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial pulmonary infections.

Immunometabolites and bacterial infection

Image credit: pbio.3003585

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