Using a 65W 15V 4A charger for your Surface Pro 5 should not damage the device, battery, or charging unit in the short or long term, provided that the charger meets the necessary specifications and is compliant with the USB Battery Charging specification. The device is designed to manage charging autonomously, meaning it will regulate the power it draws based on its requirements and the charger's capabilities.
It's important to ensure that the charger is genuine and compatible with the Surface Pro 5. If the charger is compliant and the device is functioning correctly, it should charge the battery safely without causing harm. However, if there are any signs of overheating or malfunction, it would be wise to discontinue use and consult with a professional.