Table 2 Recommendations to improve transit safety 1970–2020, N = 167
Design | Policy | Campaigns/education | Data/knowledge base | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Identify and minimize barriers to movement, alcoves, number of entrances, blind spots Fix uneven surfaces Possibilities to reduce the length of platforms and to adjust the size of carriages location of bus stops Cleaning and maintenance Sufficient lighting increase perceived safety (beware of the fishbowl effect) Enhance visibility and surveillance via design through mirrors, transparent shelters Less vegetation, because it increases the fear of assault and robbery for women More commercial, retail premises and staffed entrance kiosks More emergency buttons, alarms, emergency phones in transit Environment Groups of tables and benches enhance perceived safety Planning with CPTED principles in mind | Female police force Staff, security, police, patrols Users’ perspectives Visible station staff Police plan clothes patrolling More informal social control Exact-fare transactions Adaptation of transit Network for women’s needs Stop on demand (bus lines/evenings) Women’s only wagons/facilities Increased supply of PT/schedule More female employees, involved in PT, planning Staff training Strict penalties—inappropriate behaviour To fix vandalism asap The whole journey approach to safety | Hotlines to report harassment Formation for transport agents, guards (education relating to gender identity, for instance) Bystander attention, intervention and denunciation campaigns Campaigns should focus less on improving people’s trust in the transport provider, and more on improving people’s trust in their fellow passengers Promote citizens' initiative (safety walks for instance) Any campaign that had to change both the perception "victim" and the attitude of the "perpetrator" To publicize safety improvements (CCTV, their presence) To reduce exposition on sexism (sexist adds, gender-conforming rider's image on signs) Communication about sexual assault to prevent them (emergency numbers…), deter them and reassure women Police should consider other ways for women to report crime (supports groups) | Increase reporting The reluctance of ‘bystanders’ Exchange knowledge between agencies, police, planners, justice, government, municipalities, NGOs Cooperation between public and private polices multi-agency police operations More detailed databases Gendered statistics/codes Data collection via surveys and consultations The whole journey approach to safety | Real-time bus arrival information at bus stops CCTV Graffiti and vandal resistant Materials Apps Social media Body Worn Cameras (BWC) Smart bus stops |
N = 32 publications 19% | N = 43 publications 26% | N = 32 publications 19% | N = 43 publication 26% | N = 17 publications 10% |