Fig. 4

Global model explanation by the SHAP method. The mean absolute SHAP value summary plot indicates the mean impact of each feature on the prediction outcome for AKI (a). The SHAP summary plot of 15 features included in the Stacking model (b). A SHAP value above zero suggests an elevated likelihood of AKI, with a higher SHAP value corresponding to a greater risk of AKI. In the internal validation dataset, each sample is illustrated by a point for every feature. The color of each sample’s point is dictated by its feature value, while vertical density is represented through accumulation