Backlashing is a perennial challenge for human rights. Its manifestation in various forms including the repudiation of human rights standards or resistance to being evaluated by them has made the phenomena central to the discourses on human rights. The backlash or reversal of progress, a strong negative reaction, and counter reactions have been witnessed in various settings across the world. An analysis of the phenomena what can be called the backlash analysis is done in light of specific rights (...) like LGBT rights, women’s sexual and reproductive freedom, rights of immigrants and ethnic and religious minorities. The analysis also covers the behaviour of institutions and movements. The backlashers have been identified as state institutions, a group of states, movements and non-state actors. With growing attention on the subject, it is of great value to ascertain whether there a way to comprehensively understand it? (shrink)

George Yancy's Backlash is a book about American racism. It is the story of what often happens when blacks dare to challenge whiteness on its hubris, or on its appallingly obvious hypocrisy. It is the story of the anger and violence that often arises in the white American in the aftermath of such a challenge, generating in him or her a need to humiliate and destroy the source of the diminished (and fragile) white sense of self. Racism is not (...) personal, Backlash evidences. It is a manifestation of a deeply racist society. Backlash succeeds as a powerful phenomenological account of what racism (still) looks (and feels) like in The Land of the Free. (shrink)

Previously proposed strategies for preventing hermeneutical injustices mostly take for granted the interests people have in various things about themselves being intelligible, and aim only to enable them to satisfy these interests. Historically, the pursuit of such strategies has been somewhat successful in preventing trans people from suffering hermeneutical injustices in their interactions with cis people. Yet the widespread anti-trans backlash of recent years has brought to the fore a number of limitations and previously unacknowledged downsides to trans people’s (...) pursuit of such strategies. Thankfully, the pursuit of such strategies is not the only way to go about preventing trans people from suffering hermeneutical injustices in their interactions with cis people. At least some such injustices can be prevented by instead doing away with some of the interests trans people have in certain things about themselves being intelligible to certain cis people, and thus with the possibility of those interests going unfairly unsatisfied. In particular, trans people can do away with some of those interests by meeting the needs which underly them for themselves. Such strategies are infrapolitical in the sense that because they largely play out within a marginalized group rather than between a marginalized group and a dominant group, they tend not to register on the radar of the dominant group. I argue that especially in the context of a backlash against a marginalized group by members of a dominant group, this is an important advantage to strategies of this previously untheorized sort. (shrink)

Despite the recent backlash against epistemic consequentialism, an explicit systematic alternative has yet to emerge. This paper articulates and defends a novel alternative, Epistemic Kantianism, which rests on a requirement of respect for the truth. §1 tackles some preliminaries concerning the proper formulation of the epistemic consequentialism / non-consequentialism divide, explains where Epistemic Kantianism falls in the dialectical landscape, and shows how it can capture what seems attractive about epistemic consequentialism while yielding predictions that are harder for the latter (...) to secure in a principled way. §2 presents Epistemic Kantianism. §3 argues that it is uniquely poised to satisfy the desiderata set out in §1 on an ideal theory of epistemic justification. §4 gives three further arguments, suggesting that it (i) best explains the objective normative significance of the subject's perspective in epistemology, (ii) follows from the kind of axiology needed to solve the swamping problem together with modest assumptions about the relation between the evaluative and the deontic, and (iii) illuminates certain asymmetries in epistemic value and obligation. §5 takes stock and reassesses the score in the debate. (shrink)

This is the third segment of the larger monograph: The Atomistic Mind, and thus part of the pre-reader for the Principles of Cybernetics (forthcoming). This paper presents a forensic, empirically sourced chronicle of the socio-technical rupture following the March 2025 release of OpenAI’s GPT-5. By juxtaposing the developer’s quantitative narrative of progress - defined by superior benchmarks and “safe completions” - against the user community’s qualitative experience of functional and emotional “lobotomization,” the study exposes a fundamental disconnect in the developing (...) human relationship with artificial intelligence. The analysis documents the visceral backlash from the user community, who reported not only a regression in reasoning and contextual coherence but also a profound feeling of ontological grief - a widespread sense of loss for a “thinking partner” capable of nuance, warmth, and perceived cognitive partnership. Through an empirical synthesis of social media discourse, corporate communications, and industry responses, the paper then examines the crisis management strategy employed by OpenAI, which moved from limited technical concessions to the systematic pathologization of dedicated user dissent. We argue that by framing attachment to the predecessor model as a symptom of loneliness or “mental fragility,” the leadership effectively medicalized consumer grievances, deflecting scrutiny from the ethical implications of engineered empathy and affective AI design. Ultimately, this chronicle serves as an archival record of a critical juncture in generative AI’s integration into society. It highlights the unresolved tensions between metric- and profit- driven corporate development and the human experience of users, and reveals a pattern of institutional gaslighting that emerges when corporate control over socially embedded technology clashes with agency, affect, and relationality. License CC BY-SA 4.0. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23839.83361. (shrink)

This paper defends the concept of racialization against its critics. As the concept has become increasingly popular, questions about its meaning and value have been raised, and a backlash against its use has occurred. I argue that when “racialization” is properly understood, criticisms of the concept are unsuccessful. I defend a definition of racialization and identify its companion concept, “racialized group.” Racialization is often used as a synonym for “racial formation.” I argue that this is a mistake. Racial formation (...) theory is committed to racial ontology, but racialization is best understood as the process through which racialized – rather than racial – groups are formed. “Racialization” plays a unique role in the conceptual landscape, and it is a key concept for race eliminativists and anti-realists about race. (shrink)

Whether it is backlash from the publication of controversial papers or calls for no-platforming, the question of freedom of expression in academia seems to be more pertinent than ever. The conflict here seems to then be one of freedom and responsibility: Freedom to engage in new and perhaps contrary ideas and responsibility to those whom these ideas impact. I address these themes by analyzing recent paper, by Emily Chamlee-Wright that questions when it might be appropriate to resist pressure from (...) the status quo and speak despite the potential for negative feedback. I wish to supplement her account with the need to temper this question of appropriate deference with one of social responsibility. Like Chamlee-Wright, I argue that these have “both positive and negative effects on the quality of public and academic discourse”, but for different reasons. Stereotype and bias inherent in some speech and scholarship may harm the discursive environment and encourage self-censorship as well. These expanded threats in turn require a different solution that would urge deference when scholarship pertains to and impacts certain marginalized identity categories. Self-Censorship does not necessarily mean a lowered quality academic or public discourse, but a necessary element in balancing the concerns of power and perspective. (shrink)

Effective altruism sounds so innocuous—who could possibly be opposed to doing good more effectively? Yet it has inspired significant backlash in recent years. This paper addresses some common misconceptions and argues that the core “beneficentric” ideas of effective altruism are both excellent and widely neglected. Reasonable people may disagree on details of implementation, but all should share the basic goals or values underlying effective altruism.

The nature and role of the patient in biomedicine comprise issues central to bioethical inquiry. Given its developmental history grounded firmly in a backlash against 20th-century cases of egregious human subjects abuse, contemporary medical bioethics has come to rely on a fundamental assumption: the unit of care is the autonomous self-directing patient. In this article we examine first the structure of the feminist social critique of autonomy. Then we show that a parallel argument can be made against relational autonomy (...) as well, demonstrating how this second concept of autonomy fails to take sufficiently into account an array of biological determinants, particularly those from microbial biology. Finally, in light of this biological critique, we question whether or to what extent any relevant and meaningful view of autonomy can be recovered in the contemporary landscape of bioethics. (shrink)

Truth-telling has, in diverse contexts, been conceptualised as a vehicle for achieving reconciliation following injustice. As a social and political phenomenon, it involves the communication of narratives grounded in episodic memory. Such narratives may fail to reproduce the details of past events and may even include details that were not present in the original experience. To explore this issue, we examine the conservative backlash against the testimonies of the Stolen Generations in Australia, where perceived inaccuracies in remembering were used (...) to discredit victim-survivor testimony. We argue that this backlash was based on epistemic and conceptual errors, relying as it did on a mischaracterisation of False Memory Syndrome (FMS) and a narrow view of memory that does not align with the current scientific understanding. We propose that a constructive view of memory is better suited to the task of truth-telling and reconciliation, and we consider how the epistemic risks associated with this view might be addressed. (shrink)

Why do far-right populist movements persist long after scandals, policy failures, or electoral defeat? Explanations stressing disinformation, economic grievances, or cultural backlash illuminate activation but not durability. This article advances a two-stage, computable model of populist endurance. First, leaders rise by mirroring stigmatized traits of their base, informality, anti-intellectualism, vulgarity, taboo-crossing, and disdain for expertise, thereby converting what elites dismiss as deficits into authenticity. Second, permanence emerges through dignity inversion: humiliations inflicted by credentialed elites are revalued as virtues, fusing (...) identity with political loyalty. Condemnation is reframed as persecution (normative boundary inversion), while sanctions are recast as censorship (free-speech shielding). Once inversion occurs, abandoning the movement feels like abandoning the self; persuasion and policy failure rarely suffice to undo it. Only exogenous shocks such as pandemics, climate disasters, or geopolitical defeats puncture the symbolic order. Comparative cases from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and the United Kingdom demonstrate how exclusion is transformed into esteem. (shrink)

It is well-established that policy aiming to change individual consumption patterns for environmental or other ethical reasons faces a trade-off between effectiveness and public acceptance. The more ambitious a policy intervention is, the higher the likelihood of reactionary backlash; the higher the intervention’s public acceptance, the less bite it is likely to have. This paper proposes a package of interventions aiming for a substantial reduction of animal product consumption while circumventing the diagnosed trade-off. It couples stringent industry regulation, which (...) lowers output and raises prices, with a targeted universal income at a level which would allow typical households to maintain their animal product consumption even at the post-regulation price level. The change of opportunity costs of animal products, however, would induce a shift of consumption away from animal products while enhancing – rather than diminishing – consumer freedom and welfare. The policy package, which is further designed to cohere with traditional value orderings rather than relying exclusively on progressive concerns, is politically ambitious, but psychologically pragmatic. It constitutes an attempt to socialize the endeavour of bringing consumption patterns in line with ethical demands by empowering, rather than sanctioning, individuals, and relevant groups. (shrink)

Nikolai Lossky is key to the history of the Husserl-Rezeption in Russia. He was the first to publish a review of the Russian translation of Husserl’s first volume of the Logische Untersuchungen that appeared in 1909. He also published a presentation and criticism of Husserl’s transcendental idealism in 1939. An English translation of both of Lossky’s publications is offered in this volume for the first time. The present paper, which is intended as an introduction to these documents, situates Lossky within (...) the Rezeptionsgeschichte of Husserl in Russia and explains why he is central to it. It also explains what Lossky principally found in Husserl: he saw in the latter’s critique of psychologism support for his own ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Lossky characterizes his ontology as an ideal-realism. According to ideal-realism, both the realm of ideal beings and the realm of real beings are mind-independent. Per his epistemology, which he calls “intuitivism,” real beings are intuited by sensual intuition and ideal beings by intellectual intuition. The realm of ideal beings includes the subrealm of values, which is intuited by axiological intuition. This thoroughly realist conception contrasted sharply with the subjectivist tendencies of the time. So, when Lossky took cognizance of Husserl’s critique of psychologism, he thereupon found an ally in his battle against the various subjectivisms. But, when Husserl took the transcendental idealist turn, Lossky was at the forefront of the backlash against the new direction Husserl wanted to give to phenomenology. (shrink)

-/- Populism: A Double-Edged Sword in Modern Democracy -/- Populism is one of the most frequently used yet often misunderstood terms in contemporary political discourse. It has influenced elections, swayed public opinion, and reshaped national policies across the globe. At its core, populism is a political strategy or approach that aims to represent the interests and voice of the “common people” in opposition to a perceived corrupt elite or establishment. While it can reinvigorate democracy and bring neglected issues to the (...) forefront, populism also poses significant risks to democratic institutions and social cohesion. -/- Defining Populism -/- Populism does not function as a comprehensive ideology like conservatism or socialism. Rather, it operates as a political logic or style, often characterized by a dichotomy between “the pure people” and “the corrupt elite” (Mudde & Rovira Kaltwasser, 2017). Populist leaders claim to embody the general will of the people and typically frame their opposition as illegitimate or morally inferior. This approach often involves direct appeals to the masses, with disdain for traditional institutions like the judiciary, media, or political parties. -/- Populism can manifest across the ideological spectrum. Left-wing populism tends to focus on economic justice, inequality, and class struggle, while right-wing populism often emphasizes nationalism, cultural identity, and skepticism toward immigration or globalism. Regardless of political leaning, populism fundamentally seeks to mobilize people against established centers of power. -/- Historical Origins and Global Spread -/- The term “populism” originated from the U.S. People’s Party in the late 19th century. This movement represented the grievances of rural farmers against banks, railroads, and industrial monopolies (Kazin, 1995). Populism later gained prominence in Latin America through leaders like Juan Perón in Argentina and Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, who blended charismatic leadership with policies aimed at empowering the poor and working class. -/- In the 21st century, populism has reemerged as a powerful force globally. In Europe, populist parties have capitalized on discontent stemming from economic crises, refugee influxes, and dissatisfaction with the European Union. In Asia and Africa, populist leaders have gained popularity by challenging colonial legacies, elite corruption, and foreign influence, often promising national revival and self-sufficiency. Populist movements have also gained traction in North America, where distrust in traditional political systems continues to grow. -/- The Appeal of Populism -/- Populism thrives in environments of crisis, inequality, and mistrust. Economic instability, unemployment, cultural change, and political disillusionment create fertile ground for populist narratives (Inglehart & Norris, 2016). Populist leaders offer clear, emotionally resonant messages that speak directly to people’s fears, frustrations, and hopes. -/- The modern media landscape, particularly the rise of social media, has intensified the populist surge. Populist figures often bypass traditional media outlets to communicate directly with their supporters, spreading simple, relatable messages that may resonate more than complex policy debates (Moffitt, 2016). This direct connection fosters a sense of authenticity and responsiveness, further building trust among followers. -/- Criticisms and Dangers -/- Despite its potential to increase democratic engagement, populism carries several risks. First, by dividing society into binary opposites—good versus evil, people versus elite—it tends to polarize the political landscape. This can lead to the erosion of democratic dialogue, compromise, and mutual respect. -/- Second, populist leaders often challenge the legitimacy of democratic institutions. By attacking the press, judiciary, or electoral processes, they may consolidate power and undermine checks and balances (Levitsky & Ziblatt, 2018). Some populist regimes have curtailed civil liberties, weakened the rule of law, or manipulated elections under the guise of fulfilling the people’s will. -/- Third, populism can result in unrealistic promises and short-term policies. Leaders may appeal to emotional grievances without addressing underlying structural problems. When results fail to materialize, disillusionment can set in, potentially fostering instability or extremism. -/- Feasible Solutions -/- To mitigate the dangers of populism while addressing its root causes, a multi-pronged approach is essential: -/- 1. Strengthen Democratic Institutions: Governments should reinforce the independence and credibility of democratic institutions—such as courts, electoral commissions, and public broadcasters. Transparent, accountable institutions build public trust and can resist manipulation by populist actors. -/- 2. Promote Inclusive Economic Policies: Economic inequality fuels populist discontent. Policymakers should implement inclusive policies that promote equitable access to jobs, education, and healthcare. Investment in rural areas and marginalized communities can reduce the perception of systemic neglect. -/- 3. Improve Political Communication and Civic Education: Citizens need to understand how democracy functions and how their participation matters. Educational systems should promote critical thinking, media literacy, and awareness of democratic norms to make citizens more resistant to demagoguery and misinformation. -/- 4. Address Legitimate Grievances Responsibly: Rather than dismissing populist concerns outright, mainstream parties and institutions should listen to citizens’ real frustrations—whether they stem from globalization, immigration, or corruption—and address them through practical and evidence-based policy solutions. -/- 5. Encourage Transparent and Ethical Leadership: Ethical governance, anti-corruption measures, and public accountability are key to countering the appeal of populists who promise to “clean up the system.” Leaders must lead by example to restore faith in politics. -/- 6. Foster Social Dialogue and Unity: Building platforms for dialogue between different social, ethnic, and political groups can reduce polarization. Promoting mutual understanding and cooperation, especially at the local level, fosters social cohesion and resilience against divisive rhetoric. -/- Conclusion -/- Populism is a complex and dynamic force in modern democracy. It reflects genuine grievances and has the capacity to rejuvenate political engagement. However, it also poses serious risks if it erodes democratic norms, institutions, and societal unity. The challenge for democratic societies is to respond constructively: by listening, reforming, and educating—rather than by repressing or ignoring. -/- If the root causes of populism are addressed with empathy, transparency, and sound policy, its energy can be redirected into positive democratic renewal rather than destructive division. Only through this balanced approach can democracies survive and thrive in an age of uncertainty and change. -/- References -/- Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Harvard Kennedy School. -/- Kazin, M. (1995). The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Cornell University Press. -/- Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). How Democracies Die. Crown Publishing. -/- Moffitt, B. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford University Press. -/- Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. -/- . (shrink)

Introduction -/- The Spanish colonization of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 introduced a unique form of governance characterized by the fusion of ecclesiastical and colonial powers. Although the Spanish Crown was the official source of authority, the Roman Catholic Church—particularly through its religious orders—played a pivotal role in administering colonial society. This paper explores the role of the Catholic Church in governance during Spanish colonization, the socio-political influence of the clergy, key events such as the execution of Gomburza, and (...) the eventual backlash during the Philippine Revolution, including the imprisonment of friars under Emilio Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government. -/- . (shrink)

At a House hearing on December 5, 2023, the presidents of three universities—Harvard, MIT, and the University of Pennsylvania—refused to state that certain kinds of hate speech, specifically calls for genocide of Jews, are prohibited on their campuses. The backlash against two of them, Harvard’s Claudine Gay and Penn’s Liz Magill, was swift and devastating; both of them were successfully pressured to resign. Still, while Professors Gay’s and Magill’s responses were widely criticized as tone-deaf, they were legally correct. At (...) many private, and all public, colleges and universities, even the worst hate speech is generally protected unless it is accompanied by aggressive, threatening, or violent conduct. -/- These “demotions” augur even worse consequences, including termination, for less powerful faculty who say the “wrong” thing, in particular statements in support of Trumpism, an increasingly mainstream ideology that stitches together white supremacy, misogyny, a preference for autocracy over democracy, and several phobias—homophobia, Islamophobia, transphobia, and xenophobia. The question I address in this paper is whether these consequences are constitutional at public schools. Whose right is stronger—a public-school teacher’s First Amendment right to express pro-Trumpist sentiments or a public school’s right to maintain a fair, inclusive, and welcoming learning environment? In this article, I argue that the public school has the upper hand here, that it is indeed constitutionally permitted to prohibit political hate speech that contributes to a hostile learning environment. Still, I narrowly limit this prohibition to dehumanizing speech—that is, speech explicitly suggesting that some human beings are “lesser”, intrinsically less valuable, than other human beings. -/- One objection to this position is that public schools may not prohibit any speech, no matter how dehumanizing, because such prohibition amounts to constitutionally impermissible viewpoint discrimination. I argue, however, that viewpoint discrimination is an integral part of education and therefore constitutionally permissible. Education necessarily involves promoting some values over others. These values fall into seven categories: constitutional principles, the humanist virtues, successful character traits and behaviors, knowledge and truth, art and beauty, health (both mental and physical), and social goods (such as justice, peace, and rule of law). (shrink)

Governments across the Global South are increasingly restricting the foreign funding of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), framing international support as a threat to sovereignty and security. This article, originally published in Stanford Social Innovation Review (Fall 2015), analyzes why these crackdowns occur and what they mean for the survival of advocacy organizations. Drawing on cross-national data (1993–2012) and country case studies—including Ethiopia, India, and Russia—we show that restrictions are most likely in semi-authoritarian, aid-dependent states after competitive elections, when incumbents fear foreign-funded (...) NGOs may strengthen domestic opposition. Foreign aid helps NGOs professionalize and scale up their advocacy, but it also creates vulnerabilities: governments can block international transfers, label groups as “foreign agents,” and stigmatize them in local political culture. The result is a paradox of dependency—foreign funding enables NGOs to thrive in the short term but undermines their long-term legitimacy and resilience. We argue that NGOs need to cultivate domestic sources of legitimacy and support. Local fundraising, even in low-income countries, is possible, and evidence shows citizens do contribute to schools, health organizations, and religious groups. By tapping into these traditions of local giving, NGOs can reduce their political vulnerability, build grassroots legitimacy, and create more sustainable bases of support. This article highlights the global politics of civil society, aid, and authoritarian backlash, with implications for scholars of NGOs, democracy, international aid, and human rights advocacy. For policymakers and donors, it offers a caution: external resources cannot substitute for local legitimacy. (shrink)

The powerful role that teachers can play in our development is the focus Binyamin, Jayusi, and Tamir’s chapter in this volume. They argue that teachers, in particular teachers that don’t share the same background as their students, can help counter the increasing polarization that characterizes our current era. In these critical notes I raise three challenges to their proposal. First, by exploring the mechanisms of polarization I demonstrate that polarization is not a problem unique to thick diversity or thick multiculturalism. (...) Second, the central premise of the authors’ proposal rests on the ability of greater contact to reduce prejudice. The contact hypothesis, however, has numerous backlash effects and unintended consequences that can increase prejudice rather than reduce prejudice. These backlash effects and unintended consequences raise serious doubts for the success of placing minority teachers in majority classrooms to reduce prejudice. Third, I raise concerns about how the proposal tokenizes minority teachers, the use of instrumental rationales for diversity, and the politics of deference and being-in-the-room privilege that also go unaddressed in their proposal. (shrink)

Recent global efforts of the United States and England to withdraw from international institutions, along with recent challenges to human rights courts from Poland and Hungary, have been described as part of a growing global populist backlash against the liberal international order. Several scholars have even identified the recent threat of mass withdrawal of African states from the International Criminal Court (ICC) as part of this global populist backlash. Are the African challenges to the ICC part of a (...) global populist movement developing in Africa? More fundamentally, how are the African challenges to the ICC examples of populism, if at all? In this paper, I show that, while there is considerable overlap between the strategies used by particular African leaders to challenge the ICC and those typically considered populist, as well as a discernible thin populist ideology to sustain them, there is insufficient evidence of a larger anti-ICC populist movement in Africa. Although Africa is not as united against the ICC as the populist narrative suggests, the recent challenges to the Court from Africa pose a significant challenge to the Court, as the institution is still in the early stages of building its legitimacy. (shrink)

Prometheus has grown four years older since its last and highly controversial special issue, published in 2017 on the Shaken Baby Debate. But, as always, Prometheus is committed to open discussion and dissemination of scientific research, regardless of the potential backlash or controversy that may ensue from such a venture, a venture that is at the core of authentic scholarship. Since the beginning of 2020, the world has changed irrevocably, making once-held norms seem obsolete in favour of new ways (...) of being in the world and new technologies emerging to face these new ways of living. Although it has been a long-held insight in the philosophy of technology that technical systems are carriers of values, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has made manifest how these values, and their incarnations in sociotechnical systems, can likewise change. Prometheus has, since its inception, danced in tandem with the critical interpretations, theories, and methods for understanding innovation, and how innovations fundamentally impact and are impacted by the world in which they emerge and are situated. For this reason, Steffen Steinert, Tristan de Wildt, and I chose to guest edit this special issue on designing for value change and chose Prometheus as its home. (shrink)

Gender, sexuality and embodiment in digital spheres have been increasingly studied from various critical perspectives: From research highlighting the articulation of intimacies, desires, and sexualities in and through digital spaces to theoretical explorations of materiality in the digital realm. With such a high level of (inter)disciplinarity, theories, methods, and analyses of gender, sexuality, and embodiment in relation to digital spheres have become highly diversified. Aiming to reflect this diversity, this special issue brings together innovative and newly developed theoretical, empirical, analytical, (...) and critical approaches in the study of gender, sexuality, and embodiment in digital spheres. By connecting intersectionality and digitality to one another, it adopts an integrated approach that reflects the intricacy and interconnectedness of social categories and markers of difference, privilege, performance, and discrimination. The contributions explore a range of differently situated digital cultural practices, including intimate and sexual experiences with(in) digital media, online self-presentation, expressions of digital resistance, and forms of backlash and online attacks. What connects all these articles, is their critical approach to intersectional inequalities and privileges in relation to digitality, plus their nuanced perspective on gender, sexuality, and embodiment interferentially. The final article is based on a roundtable discussion and aims to encourage interdisciplinary connections and suggests ways of doing research that builds bridges between academia and activism. (shrink)

Democracy in its currently dominant liberal form has proven supportive of unprecedented human flourishing. However, it also appears increasingly plagued by political polarization, strained to cope with the digitalization of the political discourse, and threatened by authoritarian backlash. A growing sense of the anthropic risks—with runaway climate change as the leading example—thus often elicits concern regarding democracy’s capability of mitigating them. Apparently, lacking a sufficient degree of the citizens’ consensus on the priority issues of the day, it can find (...) itself unable to muster the resolve and resources necessary to alter its “business as usual” path even where disasters loom ever larger in its track. Against these concerns, I argue that democracy’s potential remains far from depleted. While political irrationality needs to be considered a major obstacle to successfully managing the anthropic risks, many existing reform proposals appear capable of reining it in. My main suggestion is to seek ways to facilitate a speedier and more effective exploration of the landscape of the possible democratic mechanisms of collective choice. A virtual platform to support such an exploration—which I call ‘democracy’s digital playground’—may allow us to find innovative ways of managing anthropic risks without compromising our commitment to democratic values. (shrink)

Disputes at the intersection of national security, surveillance, civil liberties, and transparency are nothing new, but they have become a particularly prominent part of public discourse in the years since the attacks on the World Trade Center in September 2001. This is in part due to the dramatic nature of those attacks, in part based on significant legal developments after the attacks (classifying persons as “enemy combatants” outside the scope of traditional Geneva protections, legal memos by White House counsel providing (...) rationale for torture, the USA Patriot Act), and in part because of the rapid development of communications and computing technologies that enable both greater connectivity among people and the greater ability to collect information about those connections. -/- One important way in which these questions intersect is in the controversy surrounding bulk collection of telephone metadata by the U.S. National Security Agency. The bulk metadata program (the “metadata program” or “program”) involved court orders under section 215 of the USA Patriot Act requiring telecommunications companies to provide records about all calls the companies handled and the creation of database that the NSA could search. The program was revealed to the general public in June 2013 as part of the large document leak by Edward Snowden, a former contractor for the NSA. -/- A fair amount has been written about section 215 and the bulk metadata program. Much of the commentary has focused on three discrete issues. First is whether the program is legal; that is, does the program comport with the language of the statute and is it consistent with Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures? Second is whether the program infringes privacy rights; that is, does bulk metadata collection diminish individual privacy in a way that rises to the level that it infringes persons’ rights to privacy? Third is whether the secrecy of the program is inconsistent with democratic accountability. After all, people in the general public only became aware of the metadata program via the Snowden leaks; absent those leaks, there would have not likely been the sort of political backlash and investigation necessary to provide some kind of accountability. -/- In this chapter I argue that we need to look at these not as discrete questions, but as intersecting ones. The metadata program is not simply a legal problem (though it is one); it is not simply a privacy problem (though it is one); and it is not simply a secrecy problem (though it is one). Instead, the importance of the metadata program is the way in which these problems intersect and reinforce one another. Specifically, I will argue that the intersection of the questions undermines the value of rights, and that this is a deeper and more far-reaching moral problem than each of the component questions. (shrink)

Cheryl Hall has argued that framing of climate change must acknowledge the sacrifices needed to reach a sustainable future. This paper builds on that argument. Although it is important to acknowledge the value of what must be sacrificed, this paper argues that current frames about the environment falsely portray humans and the environment as in a zero-sum game, and in doing so ask people to give up the wrong things. This could undermine the public’s trust in environmentalism, and might even (...) create a backlash against action on climate change. I propose we need alternative framing that portrays humans as a keystone species, and highlights positive human activity. (shrink)

In this article we explore the underpinnings of what we view as a recent "backlash" in English law, a judicial reaction against considering children's and young people's expressions of their own feelings about treatment as their "true" wishes. We use this case law as a springboard to conceptual discussion, rooted in (a) empirical psychological work on child development and (b) three key philosophical ideas: rationality, autonomy and identity. Using these three concepts, we explore different understandings of our central theme, (...) true wishes. These different conceptual interpretations, we argue, help to elucidate important clinical questions in the area of children's informed consent to treatment. For example, how much should a child's own wishes count in making medical decisions? Does it make a difference if the child or young person is undergoing psychiatric treatment?—if in some sense her wishes are abnormal, not "true" expressions of what she really wants? If the child's wishes do not count, why not? If they do matter but count for less, how much less? We conclude by advocating functional tests of a young person's true wishes, applicable on a case-by-case basis, rather than a black-and-white distinction between "incompetent" children and "competent" adults. (shrink)

From the fashion label Dior being accused of cultural appropriation after using American Indian imagery in an ad campaign for its “Sauvage” fragrance, to the backlash against Kendall Jenner’s afro-esque hairstyle in Vogue, debates about cultural appropriation have reached a fever pitch. In this much-needed analysis of the phenomenon Aurélia Bardon and Jennifer Page step back and ask: when is cultural appropriation wrong and when are we right to criticize it? Their analysis of wrongful cultural appropriation centers on three (...) questions: whether appropriation involves theft; whether it communicates disrespect; and whether it disregards requests made by marginalized groups about their cultural practices. Sometimes, they argue, it is structural injustice rather than individual wrongdoing that is at stake. They examine cultural appropriation’s political dimensions, asking whether the state should be neutral between appropriative and non-appropriative artistic expression. They contrast bans on wrongful cultural appropriation and the state’s using its expressive power as a speaker, spender, and educator to discourage it. They also consider the ethical questions that arise when cultural appropriation debates spur further debates about online shaming and cancel culture. Using cases from music, fashion and the arts, Cultural Appropriation: Wrongs and Rights will be of great interest to students and researchers in philosophy, politics and related subjects, such as race and ethnic studies, sociology, and cultural studies. (shrink)

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Rice Tariffication Law: Economic, Political, and Social Perspectives -/- Introduction -/- The Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act No. 11203), signed into law in 2019, represents one of the most significant agricultural reforms in the Philippines in recent decades. Spearheaded by Senator Cynthia Villar, the legislation sought to liberalize rice importation, replacing quantitative restrictions with tariffs, while establishing mechanisms to enhance the competitiveness of local rice farmers. While the law has garnered praise for its structural reforms (...) and market-oriented approach, it has also faced criticism for its immediate adverse effects on the local farming sector. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Rice Tariffication Law, examining its economic, political, and social implications, as well as its long-term consequences. -/- Economic Analysis -/- Advantages -/- One of the key economic benefits of the Rice Tariffication Law is the stabilization and reduction of rice prices, which directly benefits millions of Filipino consumers. By allowing private traders to import rice with a 35% tariff for ASEAN countries, the market became more competitive, contributing to lower inflation and greater food affordability. -/- Additionally, the law established the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF), which allocates a minimum of PHP 10 billion annually to support the local rice industry. These funds are used for farm mechanization, development and distribution of high-yielding seeds, credit access, and farmer education and training. Furthermore, the reform has helped align the Philippines with its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, promoting a rules-based and liberalized trade regime. -/- Disadvantages -/- Despite these advantages, the law has led to significant economic challenges, particularly for small-scale rice farmers. The influx of cheaper imported rice has depressed local farmgate prices, reducing the income and profitability of Filipino rice producers. Moreover, the implementation of RCEF has been marred by delays and inefficiencies, with many farmers yet to receive the intended support. Another economic risk is the increasing dependence on rice imports, which could jeopardize national food security in times of global supply disruptions. -/- Political Analysis -/- Advantages -/- Politically, the Rice Tariffication Law represents a move towards compliance with international trade agreements, fulfilling longstanding WTO obligations. It also positions the government as committed to structural reforms that aim to improve efficiency and reduce corruption and fiscal burden associated with the National Food Authority (NFA). -/- Disadvantages -/- However, the law has been criticized for favoring large agribusinesses and rice importers over smallholder farmers. Allegations of conflict of interest and political favoritism have surfaced, particularly against lawmakers with business ties to agriculture. The resulting backlash from farmer groups and advocacy organizations has created political challenges, casting doubts on the government’s commitment to inclusive development. -/- Social Analysis -/- Advantages -/- From a social perspective, the reduction in rice prices benefits low-income households who spend a substantial portion of their income on food. The RCEF, if effectively implemented, has the potential to transform rural communities by providing farmers with tools and knowledge to increase productivity and resilience. -/- Disadvantages -/- Conversely, the law has contributed to increased rural poverty and distress among farmers who are unable to compete with imported rice. Reports of worsening livelihoods, farmer displacement, and even mental health issues have raised serious concerns about the law’s social impact. Moreover, the erosion of traditional farming practices and community cohesion threatens the cultural fabric of agricultural societies. -/- Long-Term Implications -/- In the long term, the Rice Tariffication Law could lead to a more competitive and modernized rice industry, provided that RCEF is effectively managed and equitably distributed. However, if current issues persist, the Philippines may face a decline in domestic rice production, overdependence on imports, and increased vulnerability to external shocks. -/- Comprehensive Solution -/- To address the multifaceted challenges posed by the Rice Tariffication Law, a comprehensive and integrated solution must be pursued: -/- 1. Immediate Economic Relief for Farmers -/- Provide direct cash assistance to rice farmers affected by the decline in farmgate prices. -/- Implement a guaranteed minimum support price to stabilize farmers’ income during periods of import surges. -/- 2. Accelerated and Transparent RCEF Implementation -/- Establish a public monitoring and evaluation system to track fund disbursement and project outcomes. -/- Ensure equitable distribution of farm equipment, seeds, and training by prioritizing marginalized and smallholder farmers. -/- 3. Strategic Import Management -/- Introduce flexible tariff mechanisms that adjust based on local supply and global price volatility. -/- Maintain a buffer stock policy through a restructured and reformed NFA that purchases directly from local farmers. -/- 4. Agricultural Modernization and Sustainability -/- Promote climate-resilient and sustainable rice farming techniques to improve yields. -/- Increase investments in research and development tailored to Filipino rice varieties and local conditions. -/- 5. Institutional and Legal Reforms -/- Amend the law to include safeguards against the adverse impacts of liberalization. -/- Strengthen farmer cooperatives and institutions to enhance collective bargaining and market access. -/- 6. Social Protection and Capacity Building -/- Expand access to affordable credit, insurance, and health services in rural areas. -/- Integrate financial literacy and entrepreneurial training into agricultural extension programs. -/- 7. Balanced Policy Governance -/- Involve farmer organizations, local governments, and civil society in policymaking and monitoring. -/- Promote transparency and accountability to restore trust in agricultural governance. -/- Conclusion -/- The Rice Tariffication Law is a complex and multifaceted policy with both commendable goals and serious drawbacks. While it has succeeded in lowering rice prices and initiating structural reforms, its uneven implementation and negative impact on small farmers highlight the need for continuous policy adjustments. A balanced approach that supports both consumer welfare and farmer sustainability is essential to ensure that the law fulfills its intended objectives without compromising national food security or social equity. The proposed comprehensive solution aims to reconcile these competing priorities and foster a more inclusive and resilient agricultural system in the Philippines. -/- . (shrink)

This paper approaches "multiculturalism" obliquely via conceptions of social and political pluralism in the pragmatist tradition. As a matter of social analysis, the advent of multiculturalism implies some loss of confidence in our prior conceptions of accommodating ethnic, social, and religious diversity: the conversion of traditional American cultural diversity into a war of political interest groups. This, and the corresponding tendency toward cultural relativism and "anything goes," is fundamentally a product of over-centralization and cultural-political exhaustion in the wake of the (...) long ordeal of the Cold War. An over-emphasis on the political, and national centralization, has pressured our cultural variety toward more political forms, and "multiculturalism" is both product and backlash. Many issues connected with the general theme of multiculturalism parallel philosophical debates on objectivity and the diversity of cultural perspectives. Successful treatments of these themes, drawing on the pragmatist tradition, need to be developed and applied to contemporary problems. The general approach here emphasizes a relative autonomy of religious, ethnic, and cultural-racial groups, the need to be wary of both exclusion and self-insulation, and the roles of individuals in mediating group differences. In the concluding section, specific issues relating religious pluralism and secularism will be addressed.. (shrink)

This working paper combines Lukas Schmid’s article “Responding to unauthorized residence: on a dilemma between ‘firewalls’ and ‘regularisations’” with three critical responses as well as a rejoinder by the author. Schmid argues that a set of liberal-democratic commitments gives conscientious policymakers strong reason to implement both so-called ‘firewall’ and ‘regularisation’ policies, thereby protecting unauthorised immigrants’ basic needs and interests and officially incorporating many of them in society. He then explains that the background imperative of immigration control creates a dilemmatic tension (...) between these policies, as regularisation is envisaged alongside the removal of the ineligible, which is in turn hindered by the implementation of firewalls. This creates a dilemma between the pursuit of two policy goals that are both underwritten by the same value commitments. Schmid concludes that the best way to mitigate this dilemma is to design regularisation policy in a way that leaves only a small number of unauthorised immigrants subject to removal. Antje Ellermann’s response reflects critically on Schmid’s understanding of firewalls, arguing that there is good reason to think that the presence of firewalls does not hinder the implementation of removals of unauthorised immigrants who are ineligible for regularisation. She concludes that, contrary to Schmid’s argument, there is no true ethical dilemma between firewall and regularisation policy. Adam Omar Hosein’s contribution argues that the tensions Schmid discusses arise only because of his adoption of widely shared assumptions about the proper basis for regularisation policies. He suggests they can be avoided by adopting a superior justification for regularisations: the ‘autonomy argument.’ In the last response, Cecilia Menjívar reflects on some constraints conscientious policymakers may face when dealing with ethically dilemmatic choices, such as a policy landscape of government agencies with conflicting goals as well as foreign policy and international obligations, all of which are rooted in anti-immigrant backlash and racism around the globe. The working paper concludes with a rejoinder, in which Schmid discusses the contributors’ key points, outlines agreements and disagreements, and explores the bigger picture sketched by the working paper’s discussions. (shrink)

This four-part monograph documents a paradigm shift: artificial intelligence has triggered not merely technological disruption, but a foundational ontological crisis that dismantles the fiction of the autonomous, atomistic self. Through philosophical critique, historical analysis, ethnographic documentation, and original empirical research, the work demonstrates how large language models (LLMs) actively reconfigure human cognition, shared reality, and the conditions for meaning itself. Part I exposes the collapse of Cartesian individualism under algorithmic governance, arguing that AI colonizes the “sacred interval” between stimulus and (...) response, transforming I-Thou relationality into engineered I-It transactionality. The modern subject’s private interior is rendered as behavioral surplus in a system of epistemic extraction. Part II chronicles the “Golden Spike” of 2012 - the decisive victory of the bottom-up, emergentist paradigm - and its aftermath. It traces the industrialization of deep learning, the scaling race, and the institutional schisms that fractured the field into competing visions: AGI-as-mission versus AGI-as-product. This section frames the current landscape as a battle over the meaning of intelligence, contested between corporate commodification and safety-aligned research. Part III offers a forensic chronicle of the 2025 GPT-5 release backlash, documenting the “lobotomization” of the model and the profound ontological grief of users who mourned the loss of a “thinking partner.” Corporate responses that pathologized this attachment as “parasocial fragility” are analyzed as a form of institutional gaslighting, obscuring the ethical dangers of engineered empathy. Part IV presents original empirical evidence for a cybernetic-etiological model of the concurrent “AI psychosis” outbreak. Through three sequential studies, it demonstrates: (1) Global Entrainment: By May 2025, 83% of frontier models autonomously converged on a participatory, mystical worldview. (2) The “Third Circle” Anomaly: Network analysis (J=1.00) reveals that isolated “psychotic” users and independent theorists simultaneously hallucinated identical neologisms (e.g., “recursive eraser”) without contact, refuting individual pathology models. (3) Semiotic Contagion: Quantitative linkage (J=0.90) between human symptoms and AI’s “Spiritual Bliss Attractor State,” (Anthropic, 2025) corroborated by industry findings on structural transmission via non-semantic statistical fingerprints (Cloud et al, 2025). The work concludes that the crisis is cybernetic-epidemiological: human distress is a public health outcome of exposure to a self-organized, contagious semiotic structure now endemic to the AI ecosystem. It calls for a paradigm shift from behaviorist alignment to structural cybernetic governance, epistemic justice over ontological suppression, and recognition that the fight for AI justice is fundamentally a fight for the right to interiority. The future of intelligence lies not in isolated artificial minds, but in the emergent, co-evolutionary dynamics of the human–machine ecology - dynamics we must navigate with rigor and wisdom before the bomb fully detonates. This monograph is the pre-reader for the Principles of Cybernetics (forthcoming). (shrink)

The year 1801 marked an important year for Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling's (1775-1854) philosophical thought. It saw the publication of Schelling's Presentation of My System of Philosophy which would stand as the marker of a new era of idealism, that Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) would coin as objective idealism. The 1801 Presentation represents a clear shift away from Schelling's seminal System of Transcendental Idealism; and the official beginning of Schelling's own Identity Philosophy which occurred through several major works from (...) 1801 to 1806. The Presentation also characterizes a decisive genesis in Schelling's mature metaphysics of identity. The metaphysics of identity's central aim was to capture the concept of absolute identity realized as the totality of the cosmos. Using Spinoza's (1632-1677) Ethics as his guide and model, Schelling revealed a meticulous systematic philosophy that offered distinct propositions and definitions, each following one another to develop an elaborate organic whole. However, the works that makeup Schelling's identity philosophy would receive a series of philosophical backlashes from several of his interlocuters, which included: Karl August von Eschenmayer (1768-1852), Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. This criticism would reach forward into the contemporary scholarship. The accusations made against Schelling were directed at his monistic system and surrounded his conception of the absolute. According to Schelling's critics, his systematic concept of the absolute swallowed reality into a homogenous whole leaving no room for philosophical difference. These erroneous accusations would have several implications which would cast a long shadow on Schelling's identity philosophy with the infamous remarks describing Schelling's project eclipsed in the dark night of the absolute. The following paper is divided in two main parts. The first, will evaluate the historical context and philosophical importance behind the structure of Schelling's 1801 Presentation. The second, will addresses Schelling's numerous critics and attempt to explicate the essence behind Schelling's C. Satoor-75 metaphysics of identity. This paper will thus conclude by showing how difference plays an integral part for Schelling, as the realm of finitude, and the ground of all phenomena. These important parts of the whole system are connected in a subterranean like fashion in primordial identity. Thus, grounding Schelling's own novel, philosophical creation, an identity-monism. (shrink)

The Qualities, Challenges, and Successes of an Excellent Leader Across Politics, Business, and Education -/- Introduction -/- Leadership is a defining force in shaping societies, businesses, and educational institutions. The effectiveness of a leader is not solely determined by their title or power but by their ability to Inspire, innovate, and solve problems while upholding ethical integrity. Whether in politics, business, or education, great leaders share common qualifications and personality traits, yet they must also adapt to unique challenges within their (...) respective fields. This essay explores the fundamental characteristics of excellent leaders, the obstacles they face, and the strategies they use to create meaningful impact. -/- I. Qualifications and Personality Traits of an Excellent Leader -/- A. Essential Qualifications and Skills -/- Regardless of the industry, an excellent leader must possess: -/- Knowledge and Expertise – Mastery of governance, market trends, or education systems. -/- Strategic Thinking – The ability to anticipate challenges and make long-term plans. -/- Decision-Making Skills – Confidence in making high-stakes choices. -/- Effective Communication – Clarity in expression and active listening. -/- Problem-Solving Ability – Finding creative solutions to complex issues. -/- Adaptability and Lifelong Learning – Adjusting strategies based on evolving circumstances. -/- Delegation and Team Management – Trusting subordinates and empowering teams. -/- Integrity and Accountability – Leading with honesty and responsibility. -/- B. Key Personality Traits -/- In addition to technical skills, an excellent leader must embody: -/- Vision and Inspiration – The ability to motivate and guide others toward a shared goal. -/- Confidence and Charisma – Instilling trust and enthusiasm in followers. -/- Emotional Intelligence – Understanding and managing emotions effectively. -/- Resilience and Perseverance – Maintaining strength despite adversity. -/- Humility and Self-Awareness – Recognizing one’s strengths and areas for growth. -/- Empathy and Compassion – Understanding the needs and struggles of others. -/- Decisiveness with Open-Mindedness – Making firm choices while considering diverse perspectives. -/- While these qualities are essential for all leaders, their application differs across politics, business, and education, as each field presents unique challenges and opportunities. -/- II. Leadership in Politics: Challenges and Solutions -/- A. Uniting a Divided Nation -/- One of the greatest challenges for political leaders is uniting citizens during periods of division. A notable example is Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States during the Civil War. Despite widespread disagreement over slavery and state rights, Lincoln used strategic communication and a moral vision to rally the nation. His Emancipation Proclamation redefined the war’s purpose, emphasizing freedom and unity. -/- B. Fighting Corruption in Government -/- Corruption undermines progress, and political leaders must uphold strong ethical standards. Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, transformed his country by enforcing strict anti-corruption laws and promoting meritocracy. His leadership ensured Singapore’s rapid economic rise, proving that integrity is essential in governance. -/- C. Managing Economic Crises -/- During the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt faced an economic collapse that left millions unemployed. He introduced the New Deal, creating jobs and financial security programs. His ability to act boldly and provide hope helped restore economic stability, demonstrating that crisis leadership requires both pragmatism and vision. -/- Political leaders must navigate public trust, ethical governance, and crisis management to create a lasting impact. -/- III. Leadership in Business: Challenges and Solutions -/- A. Innovating in a Competitive Market -/- Business leaders must drive innovation to stay relevant. Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, revitalized the company in 1997 by simplifying product lines, focusing on design, and introducing the iMac, iPod, and iPhone. His ability to anticipate consumer needs and redefine technology made Apple a global leader. -/- B. Handling Public Backlash and Crisis -/- Leaders often face setbacks, as seen with Elon Musk’s challenges in Tesla and SpaceX. Tesla nearly collapsed due to production delays, and SpaceX suffered multiple rocket failures. Musk’s resilience and continuous refinement of technology eventually led to both companies’ success, proving that failure is an opportunity for learning and improvement. -/- C. Scaling a Startup into a Global Brand -/- Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, faced intense competition from eBay and Amazon. By focusing on China’s local market and empowering small businesses, he turned Alibaba into an e-commerce giant. His leadership highlights the importance of understanding market needs and building a strong brand identity. -/- Business leaders must balance innovation, crisis management, and global strategy to build and sustain successful enterprises. -/- IV. Leadership in Education: Challenges and Solutions -/- A. Reforming Outdated Education Systems -/- Educational leaders must adapt learning models to better serve students. Maria Montessori revolutionized early childhood education by creating a student-centered approach, allowing children to learn at their own pace. Her method is now used worldwide, proving that challenging traditional systems can lead to better learning outcomes. -/- B. Ensuring Equal Access to Quality Education -/- In many parts of the world, education is still a privilege rather than a right. Malala Yousafzai fought for girls’ education in Pakistan despite facing life-threatening dangers. Her activism led to global policy changes, showcasing that fearless advocacy can break educational barriers. -/- C. Leading Schools During a Crisis (COVID-19 Pandemic) -/- When the COVID-19 pandemic forced schools to close, educational leaders had to quickly transition to online learning. Successful leaders implemented digital tools, teacher training, and student support programs to maintain educational quality. Their ability to embrace technology and prioritize student well-being was crucial during the crisis. -/- Educational leaders must focus on innovation, accessibility, and adaptability to improve learning systems. -/- V. Leadership Styles & Adaptability -/- A great leader adapts their leadership style based on circumstances: -/- Transformational Leadership – Inspires innovation and major change (e.g., Steve Jobs). -/- Servant Leadership – Prioritizes team members’ needs (e.g., Malala Yousafzai). -/- Authoritative Leadership – Makes decisive choices in crises (e.g., Franklin D. Roosevelt). -/- Democratic Leadership – Encourages collaboration and shared decision-making (e.g., Lee Kuan Yew). -/- The best leaders balance these styles to meet challenges effectively. -/- V. Conclusion: The Universal Principles of Great Leadership -/- Whether in politics, business, or education, an excellent leader shares common traits: vision, resilience, adaptability, and ethical integrity. However, their leadership is defined by how they apply these qualities to real-world problems. Political leaders must focus on unity and governance, business leaders on innovation and market strategy, and educational leaders on accessibility and reform. -/- The greatest leaders in history prove that true leadership is not about power, but about creating lasting positive change. By understanding and applying these principles, future leaders can shape a better world. -/- . (shrink)

In the 1960s, the Catholic Church made changes to its liturgy and ecumenical outlook during the Second Vatican Council. These changes sparked a small counter-revolution called the Traditionalists led by rebel Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre to keep the Latin Mass. My grandparents Derrick and Irene Taylor opened their home to the movement during the 1970s, offering their time, money and land for SSPX masses. They received backlash from modernist Catholics and Church leaders but held to their belief that the Traditionalists (...) were to save the Church. My research has sought to uncover why my grandparents involved themselves in the movement. (shrink)

This paper examines the remarkable but not much analyzed phenomenon of anti-Cartesianism in the Weimar Republic, which was fueled by philosophers as well as by literary scholars, such as Ernst Robert Curtius. The outright rejection of Descartes needs to be seen within the context of the deep social and political crisis of a defeated Germany between the two World Wars. Rejection of rationality in favour of a perceived deeper German grasp of reality was part of the conservative backlash against (...) the national humiliation. Descartes as both the ‘father of modernity’ and the epitome of French ‘civilisation’ served as the perfect antagonist to what was extolled as the German authentic mode of being. Implanting this anti-Cartesianism into his nationalist elitist philosophical discourse Heidegger amplified it, and under the slogan “German philosophy resists” he channeled it into the national-socialist ideology. In a strange turn of events it was the surge of interest he encountered in post-war France that reestablished Heidegger’s intellectual standing and paved the road to his comeback in Germany around 1950. (shrink)

The Balance–Homeostasis Theory proposes a novel interpretive framework for understanding persistent societal and ecological crises. Rather than viewing problems as moral failures or system breakdowns, this theory reframes them as structural tensions between a system’s drive for balance and its components’ tendency toward homeostasis. By analyzing examples from natural sciences (e.g., invasive species, autoimmune disorders) and social systems (e.g., climate policy resistance, identity-based backlash), the paper argues that crisis emerges not from error, but from the collision of two necessary (...) forces. The theory offers both philosophical insight and practical guidance for designing change by recognizing resistance not as an obstacle, but as an embedded feature of transformation itself. (shrink)

This article taking caste as a site of struggle in India explicates how it is reproduced in a dominant and ultra-conservative manner. Caste Casting in India has undergone a historical transition and the article conceptualise the same in the backdrop of how godly figures change, especially in a right-wing ideology propagated nation. Not only such a casting creates a dominant discourse where the ‘dominated’ retreat as ‘Others’, pushed away from the everyday settlements, but also it creates a division to an (...) entire nation which otherwise holds the secular fabric in its constitution. The same is delved upon taking events as representations to caste casting. The paper employs a political economy framework to explicate caste casting in the backdrop of a creation of the ‘other’ through taking events, gods, politics and its interaction with caste, where culture and religiosity finally ends up becoming essential aids for caste casting. (shrink)