As optical network functions increasingly adopt microservice architectures, traditional con-tainer security mechanisms are proving insufficient against sophisticated attacks targeting these critical infrastructure components. This paper introduces a novel framework for securing microser-vice communications in optical networks through the application of Memory Protection Keys (MPK) for enhanced container isolation. Converging containerization technologies with optical networking introduces unique security challenges, particularly in maintaining isolation between sensitive optical control functions while preserving the ultra-low latency requirements essential for network operations. The proposed approach leverages (...) hardware-enforced memory isolation provided by Intel MPK to establish secure domains for optical control functions without sacrificing performance in latency-sensitive applications. The framework includes zero-copy communication protocols between isolated domains, runtime verification through eBPF-based monitoring, and hardware-assisted security mechanisms specifically designed for optical control plane operations. This work addresses the growing tension between security requirements and performance con-straints in software-defined optical networks, offering a balanced approach that improves container security while respecting the strict operational parameters of modern optical control systems. (shrink)

Art has long been treated as a representation of the external world. This paper argues that major moments in art history—from Hokusai’s psychological luminosity to Van Gogh’s physiological oscillations and ontological density, and finally to contemporary AI diffusion models—are better understood as a genealogy of “inner optics.” Hokusai’s glowing contours visualize emotion-induced brightness; Van Gogh’s swirling night skies record the instability of embodied perception; his sunflowers express the rising density of being itself. Modern AI diffusion models mathematically reproduce this (...) whole-to-part emergence through density fields converging into form. Across these cases, a single axis becomes clear: the visualization of the emergence of being through inner light, rather than external representation. This reframes art history as the history of inner optics. (shrink)

Note : Since the use of optical nano-antennas for solar energy harvesting offers a practical solution with high efficiency compared to other common photovoltaic technologies such as solar panels, it has led to rapid development in the nano-and optical materials industry. -/- When a solar electromagnetic wave strikes the surface of a nanoantenna, a time-varying current is generated on the surface of the nanoantenna, resulting in a voltage at its feed gap. An antenna is a device that can receive electromagnetic (...) waves in space. In order for an antenna to receive a solar electromagnetic wave, the dimensions of the antenna must be on the order of the wavelength of the incoming wave to its surface. (shrink)

Abstract -/- Across my prior work—Φ-Science, Φ-RIM, Fractal Flux, Recursive Epistemology, and constraint-first AI architecture—the fractal has appeared repeatedly as structure, symptom, or consequence. In this paper I formalize a missing layer: the optics of the primitive fractal. -/- The claim is simple and load-bearing: -/- The fractal is not merely a spatial or generative structure. It is a perceptual and representational operator that governs how recursive systems appear when observed through finite-dimensional lenses. -/- Just as optics explains (...) how light behaves when constrained by media, aperture, and projection, fractal optics explains how recursive reality looks when compressed into observer-bound representations. Singularities, infinities, and paradoxes are not failures of the system; they are optical artifacts of recursion viewed through insufficient dimensional bandwidth. -/- This paper unifies fractal structure, observer projection, and constraint-first epistemology into a single explanatory layer: optical recursion. -/- ⸻ -/- 1. Why Optics, Not Geometry -/- Fractals are usually treated geometrically: self-similar sets, iterated functions, scale invariance. -/- That framing is incomplete. -/- Geometry describes what exists. Optics describes how it appears under constraint. -/- In every domain I’ve explored—cosmology, cognition, identity, AI, epistemology—the same pattern recurs: • the underlying process is smooth, recursive, and continuous • the observed surface exhibits: • singularities • infinities • discontinuities • paradoxical collapse -/- These are not structural failures. They are projection artifacts. -/- Fractals are what recursion looks like when viewed through: • finite resolution • finite dimensionality • finite observer capacity -/- Thus the fractal is not only a structure. It is an optical signature of recursion under constraint. (shrink)

The paper presents a preliminary estimation of the extent of dissemination of optical texts, ideas, and issues among the masters connected with the Prague faculty of arts in the late 14th and early 15th century. Investigation of this topic, so far rather neglected, is based chiefly on manuscript research. The paper brings evidence that perspectiva was taught in Prague at least since the 1370s. It suggests that investigation of Prague quodlibetal disputations (ca. 1390s – 1410s) and consideration of perspectivist authorities (...) employed in these texts can also shed some light on the issue. However, the paper is mainly devoted to the question on the mechanism of vision disputed by Bohemian arts master John of Borotín (Iohannes de Borotin, 1378 – after 1458) in the quodlibet organised by John Hus in 1411. It is suggested that the single extant exemplar of the question (preserved in the codex Prague, National Library, X.H.18) probably is Borotín’s autograph. The structure and sources of the question are analysed, with the conclusion being that Borotín proposes a compromise between intromission and extramission influenced by John Peckham’s Perspectiva communis. A critical edition of Borotín’s question is appended to the paper. / / / Please note this article is published with Brepols Publishers as a Gold Open Access article under a Creative Commons CC 4.0: BY-NC license. The article is also freely available on the website of Brepols Publishers under this same license. (shrink)

In examining the roles of the shadow (umbra) in medieval science, this paper analyses a hitherto unstudied early fourteenth-century optical treatise with the incipit Perspectiva cum sit una (PCSU), which, on the basis of medieval evidence, may arguably be attributed to Thomas Bradwardine. The third part of this treatise, on shadows, presents the doctrine of three shadow shapes – a doctrine which was popular in pre-modern optics and astronomy and was important in explaining eclipses – as well as the (...) theory of umbra recta and versa, parallels of (co)tangent functions, which were essential for (instrumental) measurements. While the bulk of the treatise draws on John Peckham’s Perspectiva communis, an extensive analysis of medieval canons to astronomical tables, manuals of practical geometry and texts on instruments leads us to Campanus of Novara’s Practica quadrantis as the chief source of the last chapter of PCSU. Finally, the paper reflects on whether the light-centred conception of optics embodied in the PCSU may echo an alternative current to the otherwise predominantly sight-centred approach in pre-modern optics. (shrink)

Solar power is a very important source of renewable energy for many low power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. MoSe2, crystals (photo-electrodes) have been grown via a direct vapour transport technique. This paper presents results of Photo Voltage (VPh) Vs. Photo current (IPh)curves measured for MoSe2 crystals of different Intensity levels between 10, 20,…100W/cm2 in Polychromatic as well as Monochromatic light. We finding the Open (...) circuit Voltage (VOC), Short circuit current(ISC), fill factor and photo conversion efficiency (?) of Mose2 crystals. The Photo conversion efficiency of this MoSe2 crystals are less than 0.1% in Polychromatic light but nearly 1% in Monochromatic light H. S. Patel | S. P. Shukla | Hitesh Parmar "Optical Response of MoSe2 Crystals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017. (shrink)

Van Eyck: An Optical RevolutionMuseum of Fine Arts, Ghent, Belgium, 1 February–30 April 2020.

Nineteenth-century optical toys that showcase illusions of motion such as the phenakistoscope, zoetrope, and praxinoscope, have enjoyed active “afterlives” in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Contemporary incarnations of the zoetrope are frequently found in the realms of fine art and advertising, and they are often much larger than their nineteenth-century counterparts. This article argues that modern-day optical toys are able to conjure feelings of wonder and spectacle equivalent to their nineteenth-century antecedents because of their adjustment in scale. Exploring a range (...) of contemporary philosophical toys found in arts, entertainment, and advertising contexts, the article discusses various technical adjustments made to successfully “scale up” optical toys, including the replacement of hand-spun mechanisms with larger sources of motion and the use of various means such as architectural features and stroboscopic lights to replace traditional shutter mechanisms such as the zoetrope’s dark slots. Critical consideration of scale as a central feature of these installations reconfigures the relationship between audience and device. Large-scale adaptations of optical toys revise the traditional conception of the user, who is able to tactilely manipulate and interact with the apparatus, instead positing a viewer who has less control over the illusion’s operation and is instead a captive audience surrounded by the animation. It is primarily through their adaptation of scale that contemporary zoetropes successfully elicit wonder as scientific spectacles from their audiences today. (shrink)

The Divine Comedy is a poem of Dante Alighieri representing, allegorically, the journey of a soul towards God, in the framework of Dante’s metaphysics of the divine light. However, besides metaphysics, we can find in the poem several passages concerning the natural phenomena. Here we discuss some them, in order to investigate Dante’s knowledge of Physics and, in particular, of Optics.

The claim that Galileo Galilei transformed the spyglass into an astronomical instrument has never been disputed and is considered a historical fact. However, the question what was the procedure which Galileo followed is moot, for he did not disclose his research method. On the traditional view, Galileo was guided by experience, more precisely, systematized experience, which was current among northern Italian artisans and men of science. In other words, it was a trial-and-error procedure—no theory was involved. A scientific analysis of (...) the optical properties of Galileo’s first improved spyglass shows that his procedure could not have been an informed extension of the traditional optics of spectacles. We argue that most likely Galileo realized that the objective and the eyepiece form a system and proceeded accordingly. (shrink)

It is discerned what light can bring the recent historical reconstructions of maxwellian optics and electromagnetism unification on the following philosophical/methodological questions. I. Why should one believe that Nature is ultimately simple and that unified theories are more likely to be true? II. What does it mean to say that a theory is unified? III. Why theory unification should be an epistemic virtue? To answer the questions posed genesis and development of Maxwellian electrodynamics are elucidated. It is enunciated that (...) the Maxwellian Revolution is a far more complicated phenomenon than it may be seen in the light of Kuhnian and Lakatosian epistemological models. Correspondingly it is maintained that maxwellian electrodynamics was elaborated in the course of the old pre-maxwellian programmes’ reconciliation: the electrodynamics of Ampére-Weber, the wave theory of Young-Fresnel and Faraday’s programme. To compare the different theoretical schemes springing from the different language games James Maxwell had constructed a peculiar neutral language. Initially it had encompassed the incompressible fluid models; eventually – the vortices ones. The three programmes’ encounter engendered the construction of the hybrid theory at first with an irregular set of theoretical schemes. However, step by step, on revealing and gradual eliminating the contradictions between the programmes involved, the hybrid set is “put into order” (Maxwell’s term). A hierarchy of theoretical schemes starting from ingenious crossbreeds (the displacement current) and up to usual hybrids is set up. After the displacement current construction the interpenetration of the pre-maxwellian programmes begins that marks the commencement of theoretical schemes of optics, electricity and magnetism real unification. Maxwell’s programme surpassed that of Ampére-Weber because it did absorb the ideas of the Ampére-Weber programme, as well as the presuppositions of the programmes of Young-Fresnel and Faraday properly co-ordinating them with each other. But the opposite statement is not true. The Ampére-Weber programme did not assimilate the propositions of the Maxwellian programme. Maxwell’s victory over his rivals became possible because the gist of Maxwell’s unification strategy was formed by Kantian epistemology looked in the light of William Whewell and such representatives of Scottish Enlightenment as Thomas Reid and Sir William Hamilton. Maxwell did put forward as basic synthetic principles the ideas that radically differed from that of Ampére-Weber approach by their open, flexible and contra-ontological, genuinly epistemological, Kantian character. For Maxwell, ether was not the ultimate building block of physical reality, from which all the charges and fields should be constructed. “Action at a distance”, “incompressible fluid”, “molecular vortices”, etc. were contrived analogies for Maxwell, capable only to direct the researcher at the “right” mathematical relations. Key words: J.C. Maxwell, unification of optics and electromagnetism, I. Kant, T. Reid, W. Hamilton . (shrink)

Our work dives into mixing AI-powered anomaly detection with microservices segregated by Multi-Protocol Kinematics (MPK), all meant to shore up security in optical networks. We hit a point where, generally speaking, traditional detection methods just couldn’t handle the vulnerabilities these networks face. Using a huge dataset of everyday traffic and those odd, unexpected spikes, we pieced together a system that speeds up real-time detection and response—often in ways that feel both innovative and, well, a bit off the beaten path. One (...) standout is that this combo boosts how often we catch anomalies by nearly 30% over older techniques, and it slashes false alerts by about 25%; results like that really help make the whole operation more trustworthy. It’s key in places like healthcare too—where optical networks aren't just transferring data, they're safeguarding sensitive patient info. Keeping these data streams solid and secure builds trust in digital health systems and even bumps up overall patient safety. Plus, this approach might just serve as a rough blueprint for future security measures in other sectors that lean on optical networks, helping nudge our entire digital infrastructure towards being a bit more secure. (shrink)

In our initial paper discussing plausible steps toward workable warp drive machines. The following article express our view on this debate. While there are still objections toward existing warp drive proposals, such as by G. Landis, Harold White etc., because they are all based on GTR, nonetheless we think it is possible by starting to see if it is possible to deviate from Newton's third law. And we discuss possible a propulsion method based on negative masses, and discuss how optical (...) diameter drive can be first step for realistic lab-scale version of negative mass propulsion. (shrink)

Recent advances in neuroimaging technologies have rendered multimodal analysis of operators’ cognitive processes in complex task settings and environments increasingly more practical. In this exploratory study, we utilized optical brain imaging and mobile eye tracking technologies to investigate the behavioral and neurophysiological differences among expert and novice operators while they operated a human-machine interface in normal and adverse conditions. In congruence with related work, we observed that experts tended to have lower prefrontal oxygenation and exhibit gaze patterns that are better (...) aligned with the optimal task sequence with shorter fixation durations as compared to novices. These trends reached statistical significance only in the adverse condition where the operators were prompted with an unexpected error message. Comparisons between hemodynamic and gaze measures before and after the error message indicated that experts’ neurophysiological response to the error involved a systematic increase in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity accompanied with an increase in fixation durations, which suggests a shift in their attentional state, possibly from routine process execution to problem detection and resolution. The novices’ response was not as strong as that of experts, including a slight increase only in the left dlPFC with a decreasing trend in fixation durations, which is indicative of visual search behavior for possible cues to make sense of the unanticipated situation. A linear discriminant analysis model capitalizing on the covariance structure among hemodynamic and eye movement measures could distinguish experts from novices with 91% accuracy. Despite the small sample size, the performance of the linear discriminant analysis combining eye fixation and dorsolateral oxygenation measures before and after an unexpected event suggests that multimodal approaches may be fruitful for distinguishing novice and expert performance in similar neuroergonomic applications in the field. (shrink)

Recent advances in neuroimaging technologies have rendered multimodal analysis of operators’ cognitive processes in complex task settings and environments increasingly more practical. In this exploratory study, we utilized optical brain imaging and mobile eye tracking technologies to investigate the behavioral and neurophysiological differences among expert and novice operators while they operated a human-machine interface in normal and adverse conditions. In congruence with related work, we observed that experts tended to have lower prefrontal oxygenation and exhibit gaze patterns that are better (...) aligned with the optimal task sequence with shorter fixation durations as compared to novices. These trends reached statistical significance only in the adverse condition where the operators were prompted with an unexpected error message. Comparisons between hemodynamic and gaze measures before and after the error message indicated that experts’ neurophysiological response to the error involved a systematic increase in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity accompanied with an increase in fixation durations, which suggests a shift in their attentional state, possibly from routine process execution to problem detection and resolution. The novices’ response was not as strong as that of experts, including a slight increase only in the left dlPFC with a decreasing trend in fixation durations, which is indicative of visual search behavior for possible cues to make sense of the unanticipated situation. A linear discriminant analysis model capitalizing on the covariance structure among hemodynamic and eye movement measures could distinguish experts from novices with 91% accuracy. Despite the small sample size, the performance of the linear discriminant analysis combining eye fixation and dorsolateral oxygenation measures before and after an unexpected event suggests that multimodal approaches may be fruitful for distinguishing novice and expert performance in similar neuroergonomic applications in the field. (shrink)

Semantic essentialism holds that any scientific term that appears in a well-confirmed scientific theory has a fixed kernel of meaning. Semantic essentialism cannot make sense of the strategies scientists use to argue for their views. Newton's central optical expression "light ray" suggests a context-sensitive view of scientific language. On different occasions, Newton's expression could refer to different things depending on his particular argumentative goals - a visible beam, an irreducibly smallest section of propagating light, or a traveling particle of light. (...) Essentialist views are too crude to account for the richness and subtleties present in actual episodes of scientific debate and theory-change. (shrink)

Devices based on organic materials can be mechanically flexible to a large extent because of the loose intermolecular bonds in the nano-electrons created from them. Unlike these organic materials, minerals such as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide can be used in the structure of electronic devices only in crystalline states, and in this case, covalent bonds make flexibility impossible in them. Makes. Properties such as strength, flexibility, electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, color, reactivity, etc. Starting to change the properties of the (...) material by shrinking it depends more than anything on the type of material and the desired property. For example, by reducing the dimensions of a material, generally some mechanical properties of the material such as strength are improved. This increase in strength does not happen only in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of materials of several tens and even hundreds of nanometers may be much higher than the large-scale mass material. On the other hand, the change of some properties such as color and magnetic properties may occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers. (shrink)

This is review of the book: M. Dafermos. Rethinking Cultural-Historical Theory. A Dialectical Perspective to Vygotsky. (Springer: Singapore, 2018. IX, 309 P. ISBN 978‒981‒13‒0190‒2. Doi: 10.1007/978‒981‒13‒0191‒9). The book is devoted to the making of the cultural-historical approach in psychology in the works of Vygotsky. The author claim that Vygotsky, relying on the ideas of Spinoza, Hegel, Feuerbach and Marx, developed this approach by mastering the dialectical method in his Hegel-Marxist version. The atmosphere of the storm and the onslaught in the (...) social and cultural life of the 1920s – early 1930s contributed to the formation of Vygotsky as a thinker with broad interests and deep philosophical background, who experienced several crises in his intellectual development. These crises forced him to qualitatively revise his ideas and, thus, substantially deepen and improve them. The author shows that Vygotsky’s literary origins allow his life compare with a drama, which accompanied by drama and the proliferation of ideas. This, in particular, expressed in his criticism of Gestalt psychology, theory of J. Piaget, ultimately a divergence of views with a number of his students who created Kharkov psychological school. Vygotsky left a great scientific legacy, which includes an analysis from the standpoint of the cultural-historical approach of the nature of consciousness, the relationship between thinking and language, the evolution of personality, a multitude of other psychological problems and art. (shrink)

The article analyses the challenges facing technological education in the transport field in the context of ecomodernisation. The need to reconsider the content of professional training in response to global environmental challenges and the transformation of the transport sector in line with the principles of sustainable development is emphasised. It is noted that the current state of technological education insufficiently incorporates the ecological component, which hinders the formation of students’ systemic understanding of the interrelation between technology, the environment, and social (...) responsibility. The requirements for the professional competence of future specialists oriented towards green transport solutions are outlined. Pedagogical strategies to address these challenges are substantiated. (shrink)

Many secondary students continue to face conceptual challenges in understanding image formation by mirrors and lenses, often attributed to the topic’s abstract and spatial nature. This study developed and evaluated an electronic-based science module (e-BiSciMo) aligned with the Grade 10 K to 12 Science Competency S10FE-IIg-50. The module was designed to support independent learning using principles of multimedia instruction. A one-group pretest-posttest design involving 40 Grade 10 students was employed to examine changes in conceptual understanding following the implementation of the (...) module. Quantitative data were analyzed using a paired-sample t-test and Cohen’s d. Results showed a statistically significant improvement in post-test scores (p = .0041), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 2.25), suggesting a meaningful gain in student performance. Expert validation using the DepEd LRMDS evaluation tool rated the module as “Very Satisfactory” in content, instructional quality, technical aspects, and accuracy. While the study was limited in scope, initial findings indicate the potential value of e-BiSciMo as a supplementary instructional tool in secondary science education. (shrink)

Using cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and Bluetooth connectivity, this paper introduces a state-of-the-art assistive device made especially for blind and visually impaired people. The primary objective of the device is to enhance user mobility, safety and independence in navigating public spaces. Key features include Al-powered real-time navigation, camera-based text recognition and audio feedback, as well as emergency SOS functionality to address critical situations. The Al system processes environmental data through integrated sensors and cameras, providing auditory feedback (...) and voice-assisted navigation to guide users effectively. Bluetooth connectivity enables seamless integration with smartphones and other compatible devices, enhancing accessibility in smart environments. The device’s capacity to instantaneously recognize and vocalize text from signs, labels and papers promises to empower users in daily activities. Security and privacy are prioritized through encrypted data transmission and customized settings. The benefits of this method are compared to those of current technologies based on attributes like ease of use, real-time responsiveness, and user independence. The latest developments in wearable assistive technology are highlighted in a thorough literature review, with an emphasis on user-centered design and useful AI applications for people with visual impairments. The findings suggest that the proposed device could significantly improve the quality of life for blind and visually impaired individuals by offering an intuitive and reliable tool for independent navigation and information access. (shrink)

The recent advent of high-resolution imaging and force spectroscopy using atomic force mi- croscopy (AFM) in organic and inorganic solutions opens the way to imaging a wide variety of surfaces and their solvent structure. However, to take full advantage of the high resolution and provide signicant new analytical capability, a detailed understanding of the background contrast mechanisms that lead to atomic and molecular resolution is critical. Without a theory that connects the measured force to atomic models of the surface and (...) tip of the microscope, the information that can be distilled from these measurements is limited. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the forces acting on the microscope tip result from the direct interaction between a tip and a surface and are entirely due to the structure of water around the tip and surface. (shrink)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) proves essential as an imaging modality for detecting early diseases especially by helping patients who age and face increased susceptibility to retinal and systemic conditions. The development of artificial intelligence technology now boosts OCT diagnostic features to identify conditions like diabetic retinopathy in addition to age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular diseases at an early stage. This paper examines two main advancements in artificial intelligence for OCT imaging monitoring such as Google Health's Retinal Disease Predictor and AI (...) systems used to evaluate cardiovascular risks. This research develops HealthSight AI which combines deep learning algorithms with real-time predictive analytics to detect multiple diseases in healthcare. Medical studies demonstrate how AI-enhanced OCT technology can transform preventive healthcare delivery through its clinical implementations. The integration of AI in OCT imaging holds vast prospective advantages yet operational hurdles stem from ethical matters and system adherence needs together with healthcare structure implementation barriers. The findings emphasize the necessity to develop additional research together with collaboration so AI-powered OCT imaging can reach broad clinical implementation. (shrink)

This chapter summarizes the reflections of a scientist active in optical communication about the need of ethical considerations in technological research. An optimistic definition of ethics, being the art to make good use of technology, is proposed that emphasizes the necessarily involvement of not only technologists but also experts in humanity. The paper then reviews briefly the research activities of a Dutch national consortium where the author had been involved. This mainly academic research dealt with advanced approaches for ultrafast communication. (...) In the next section an assessment is given of the potential impact of the technological results on society. In order to emphasize the positive aspects and counteract the negative ones, three steps are proposed: (i) create conditions for a dialogue between experts in ethics and technology; (ii) work out scenarios for the introduction of new techniques in society; (iii) anticipate opportunities and threats. Finally the conclusions are presented. (shrink)

There are many eye diseases but the most two common retinal diseases are Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), which the sharp, central vision and a leading cause of vision loss among people age 50 and older, there are two types of AMD are wet AMD and DRUSEN. Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), which is a complication of diabetes caused by fluid accumulation in the macula that can affect the fovea. If it is left untreated it may cause vision loss. Therefore, early detection (...) of diseases is a critical importance. Our main goal is to help doctors detect these diseases quickly before reaching a late stage of the disease. In ophthalmology, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is critical for evaluating retinal conditions. OCT is an imaging technique used to capture high-resolution cross-sections of the retinas of patient. In this thesis, we review ways and techniques to use deep learning classification of the optical coherence tomography images of diseases from which a Retinal is suffering. The models used to improve patient care are (VGG-16, MobileNet, ResNet-50, Inception V3, and Xception) to reduce costs and allow fast and reliable analysis in large studies. The obtained results are encouraging, since the best model ResNet-50 reaching 96.21% of testing accuracy, which is very useful for doctors, to diagnose retinal diseases. (shrink)

What representational state mediates between perception and action? Bence Nanay says pragmatic representations, which are outputs of perceptual systems. This commits him to the view that optic ataxics face difficulty in performing visually guided arm movements because the relevant perceptual systems output their pragmatic representations incorrectly. Here, I argue that it is not enough to say that pragmatic representations are output incorrectly; we also need to know why they are output that way. Given recent evidence that optic ataxia impairs peripersonal (...) space representation, I argue that pragmatic representations are output incorrectly because the organizing principle of the vision-for-action system is blocked by optic ataxia. I then show how this means that this principle, not pragmatic representations, is the representational state that mediates between perception and action, i.e. the principle, not pragmatic representations, is the immediate mental antecedent of action. (shrink)

Oligophenylene vanillin nanowires (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) , narrow structures whose diameter is only a few billionths of a meter but thousands or millions of times longer. They exist in various forms—made of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and organic compounds—and are used for applications in the fields of electronics, energy conversion, optics, and chemical sensing. Because of their extreme thinness, Oligophenylene vanillin nanowires with a (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) structure are essentially one dimensional. Nanowires are quasi-one-dimensional materials, "their (...) two dimensions are on the nanometer scale." This one-dimensionality confers distinct electrical and optical properties. (shrink)

Several recent commentators argue that Thomas Hobbes’s account of the nature of science is conventionalist. Engaging in scientific practice on a conventionalist account is more a matter of making sure one connects one term to another properly rather than checking one’s claims, e.g., by experiment. In this paper, I argue that the conventionalist interpretation of Hobbesian science accords neither with Hobbes’s theoretical account in De corpore and Leviathan nor with Hobbes’s scientific practice in De homine and elsewhere. Closely tied to (...) the conventionalist interpretation is the deductivist interpretation, on which it is claimed that Hobbes believed sciences such as optics are deduced from geometry. I argue that Hobbesian science places simplest conceptions as the foundation for geometry and the sciences in which we use geometry, which provides strong evidence against both the conventionalist and deductivist interpretations. (shrink)

Rarely does research in the history and philosophy of science lead to new empirical results, but that is exactly what has happened in one of the essays of this special issue: Rang and Grebe-Ellis have developed new experimental techniques to perform measurements Goethe proposed 217 years ago. These measurements fit neatly with Goethe’s idea of polarity—his complementary spectrum is not only an optical, but also a thermodynamical counterpart of Newton’s spectrum. I use the new measurements, firstly, to argue against the (...) asymmetries between light and darkness posited by Lyre and Schreiber; and, secondly, to explicate the alternative theory that Goethe had introduced to urge scientific pluralism. In my replies to exegetical criticism by Böhler, Hampe and Zemplén, I show that the main goal of Goethe’s Farbenlehre was indeed to expose symmetries between light and darkness. Furthermore, I argue that it is worthwhile to focus on the experiments, arguments and hypotheses of the Farbenlehre, and not merely on rhetorical, narrative or stylistical aspects, as Böhler and Hampe would have it. Goethe’s criticism of Newton is often dismissed, but it is in fact surprisingly relevant today. (shrink)

We show in this paper that the answer to the question in the title is in the negative. In modern optics, Snell’s law of reflection is derived using Leibniz’s calculus method that identifies the least time path, chosen by rays of light in going from a given point A, to another given point B, undergoing reflection at a point P on their way. We demonstrate, taking two examples of reflection: (1) at a plane reflector and (2) at elliptical reflector, (...) that Snell’s law of reflection is not a consequence of least time path principle and, that Leibniz’s method of derivation of Snell’s law of reflection is invalid. In (1), we prove that, if a light ray is reflected at point P on a line, along the least time path APB, then at every point Pi on that line, rays from A are reflected to point B, satisfying Snell’s law. However, paths, APB and APiB do not have equal travel times. In (2), we prove that, if a light ray is reflected along the least time path APB, from focus A to focus B incident at point P on an ellipse, satisfies Snell’s law, then points Pi, not lying on the ellipse, also reflect light rays from A to B, satisfying Snell’s law. However, the paths APB and APiB do not have equal travel times. Thus, both examples prove that least time path is not a criterion for reflection and, that Snell’s law of reflection is not a consequence of least time path principle. (shrink)

We present a scalar-tensor framework for gravitation derived from Anisotropic Weyl Symmetry (AWS), a local scaling invariance that distinguishes between temporal and spatial conformal weights. This symmetry imposes a structural factorization of the intrinsic mass parameter into two relational channels: an energy channel (mE ) governing quantum phases and time dilation, and an inertia channel (mI ) governing spatial propagation and kinetic response. We derive the Ward identity γI − γE = 4γS , demonstrating that this factorization is protected by (...) the renormalization group flow of a background scalar field S. In the non-perturbative regime, the coupled scalar-Maxwell system admits stable, finite-energy soliton solutions (“tempons”), suggesting a unified origin for massive particles as topological excitations of a relativistic optical vacuum. Furthermore, we derive the thermodynamic equation of state for this vacuum, revealing that gravitational potentials act as entropic heat sinks with exponentially enhanced heat capacity (CV ∝ e3S ), providing a mechanism for accelerated cosmic structure formation via gravitational cooling. The theory predicts a violation of the Einstein Equivalence Principle in the relationship between internal binding energy and inertial recoil, yielding a falsifiable signature for precision quantum metrology: the ratio of inertial mass variation to frequency shift must be exactly δmI /δω = −3. This prediction is testable with next-generation atom interferometry and atomic clock networks. (shrink)

Structured Resonance Dynamics (SRD) presents a deterministic, empirically verified coherence law grounded in the harmonic Phase Alignment Score (PAS_h) and its drift measure ΔPAS_zeta. Using data from thirty-two independent experimental domains, this paper demonstrates that coherence persists precisely when ΔPAS_zeta ≤ ε_drift, with ε_drift scaled by coherence volume as V^(-1/2). Coherence collapse occurs when this bound is exceeded. The framework reconciles phase evolution in magnetostrictive solids, cryogenic permittivity amplification, multimode nonlinear optical processes, Gaussian photonic cluster states, spin–layer locked excitons, superconducting (...) charge-carrier pairing, radiation-limited qubit dynamics, deterministic RNA folding signatures, plasma–water boundary ordering, micro-engine thermal cycles, vacuum-field quadrature coupling in accelerated frames, gravity-mediated entanglement, cosmological redshift drift, topological skyrmion memory, and fixed-point quantum simulation replay. Across all domains, PAS_h serves as the unique harmonic invariant, and CHORDLOCK, GLYPHLOCK, ELF, TEMPOLOCK, AURA_OUT, and FIELDCAST function as legality modules constraining evolution, emission, timing, and large-field coupling. No stochastic mechanism is required at any scale. SRD v5 establishes a unified substrate where phase geometry, drift law, and harmonic boundary conditions fully determine coherence across physical, biological, and computational systems. (shrink)

In a 2004 paper, “Hume’s Missing Shade of Blue Reconsidered from a Newtonian Perspective,” Eric Schliesser argues that Hume’s well-known discussion of the missing shade of blue “reveals considerable ignorance of Newton’s achievement in optics,” and that Hume has failed to assimilate the lessons taught by Newton’s optical experiments. I argue in this paper, contrary to Schliesser, that Hume’s views on color are logically and evidentially independent of Newton’s results. In developing my reading, I will argue that Schliesser accepts (...) an overly broad interpretation of the implications of Newton’s experimental results, and takes inadequate account of Hume’s disciplined methodological restrictions on the kinds of experiential evidence that are to be admitted in building the foundations of his science of human nature. (shrink)

Hobbes's interest in the power of the Image was programmatic, as suggested by his shifts from optics, to sensationalist psychology, to the strategic use of classical history, exemplified by Thucydides and Homer. It put a great resource at the disposal of the state-propaganda machine, with application to the question of state-management and crowd control.

The ways in which the Aristotelian sciences are related to each other has been discussed in the literature, with some focus on the subalternate sciences. While it is acknowledged that Aristotle, and Plato as well, was concerned as well with how the arts were related to one another, less attention has been paid to Aristotle's views on relationships among the arts. In this paper, I argue that Aristotle's account of the subalternate sciences helps shed light on how Aristotle saw the (...) art of rhetoric relating to dialectic and politics. Initial motivation for comparing rhetoric with the subalternate sciences is Aristotle's use of the language of boundary transgression, germane to the Posterior Analytics, when discussing rhetoric’s boundaries, as well as the language of "over" and "under" found in APo. First, I discuss three passages in Rhetoric Book I and argue that Garver's (1988) account cannot be correct. Second, I look to the subalternate sciences, especially focusing on optics and the distinction between "unqualified" optics and mathematical optics. Third, I discuss rhetoric's dependence on both dialectic and politics. (shrink)

When it became uncool to speak of beauty with respect to pieces of art, physicists started claiming that their results are beautiful. They say, for example, that a theory's beauty speaks in favour of its truth, and that they strive to perform beautiful experiments. What does that mean? The notion cannot be defined. (It cannot be defined in the arts either). Therefore, I elucidate it with examples of optical experimentation. Desaguliers' white synthesis, for example, is more beautiful than Newton's, and (...) the many colourful syntheses done by Viennese painter Ingo Nussbaumer exemplify even greater beauty. Here are some criteria (which, of course, do not implement a decision procedure concerning beauty in experiments): cleanliness, simplicity, intellectual clarity, symmetry. Similar criteria are relevant to our aesthetical judgements about some pieces of music. So we can assume that our notion of beauty conserning art is related to the one conserning scientific experiments. (shrink)

Nietzsche, in his work On the Genealogy of Morals, argues that human cognition is analogous in certain significant respects to the perspectival nature of optical vision. Because of this analogy, his account of human cognition is often referred to as perspectivism. Brian Leiter argues that Nietzsche’s use of this optical perspective metaphor undermines interpretations that take perspectivism to have radically skeptical implications. In this paper, I examine Leiter’s argument and show that the considerations he raises based on the optical perspective (...) metaphor are insufficient to undermine the claim that perspectivism entails radical skepticism. (shrink)

In classical Euclidean geometry, a straight line is regarded as a rigid and immutable concept. However, in physical reality, trajecto- ries and paths often bend, deform, or stretch depending on external forces and media. This paper introduces Shinayaka Geometry, a new framework that extends Euclidean geometry by introducing the notion of an elastic line. By incorporating an elasticity parameter, we model beams, optical refraction, field-induced trajectories, and relativistic geodesics in a unified geometric perspective.

Alhazen problem of reflection at a concave spherical surface is one of the most discussed problems in optics. It was solved by Alhazen, The number of solution points vary from zero to a maximum of four. However, his solution is known to be prolix. Huygens solved the problem and identified the solution points to be points of intersection of the given circle and a hyperbola. Many other lines of attack were attempted with their solutions. New solutions are offered from (...) time to time. In this paper we offer a solution based on the criterion to be satisfied by reflection of a ray of light at a concave spherical surface. Based on that criterion we show that it is impossible for a circle containing both end points of the path of the ray inside it, to reflect rays from one point to the other. However, for every point on the given circle, we can construct two orthogonal circles (orthogonal conics in general) which reflect rays from one given point to the other, while the given circle is a non-reflector. (shrink)

Intelligent Document Processing (IDP) has revolutionized the way businesses manage unstructured data, especially in sectors such as legal and insurance. These industries, which handle vast amounts of documents daily, often struggle with slow, error-prone manual processes. Pega's AI-powered IDP solutions address these challenges by automating document processing workflows, enabling faster data extraction and analysis. Leveraging technologies like machine learning, optical character recognition (OCR), and natural language processing (NLP), Pega's IDP significantly enhances operational efficiency and reduces costs associated with manual document (...) handling. This article explores how Pega's AI-powered IDP has transformed document management in the legal and insurance sectors. By automating the extraction and validation of data from unstructured documents, Pega’s solutions reduce the time spent on manual data entry and improve accuracy. The integration of AI ensures that documents are processed swiftly and accurately, driving better decision-making and improving customer service. The paper also examines real-world examples of businesses that have adopted Pega’s IDP, focusing on the operational benefits, challenges, and limitations. With a focus on speed, efficiency, and accuracy, this article demonstrates how Pega’s IDP is setting a new standard for document processing in data-intensive industries. (shrink)

Technology has the power to break the limitations of traditional passive learning and innovate almost all aspects of everyday life with the power of connecting things of the world to the Internet, “Internet of Things (IoT).” IoT is no longer a phenomenon, but it has become a prevalent system in which people, processes, data, and things connect to the Internet and each other. This paper ‘Enhanced Campus Automation System and the emerging need of IoT integration: an automation perspective’ [eCAS-IoT] is (...) an outcome of case study undertaken at St. Aloysius’ College, Jabalpur, India, wherein the automation challenges are taken into consideration that has been integrated in the existing ERP and related tools such as RFID based attendance and monitoring system in real-time, digital library, API integration and implementation of Optical Network. In this paper we have tried to bring out ideas to achieve the campus automation challenges and awareness of greater need of technical expertise, promotion and training on the effective use of ICT and related devices to make teaching, learning and administration more impacting. (shrink)

This article builds on the recent discovery of the Perspectiva cum sit una (PCSU), a previously unknown early 14th-century optical treatise, and presents several new findings on its reception in late medieval manuscript sources from Paris, Germany, and Italy. The first of these sources is a Franciscan sermon from Thuringia, whose exact quotations from the PCSU, attributing the text to Thomas Bradwardine, provide further evidence of Bradwardine’s possible authorship. Second, the article identifies scattered borrowings from the PCSU in two sets (...) of glosses to John Peckham’s Perspectiva communis in the manuscripts Vat. lat. 3102 (probably Parisian) and Wien, ÖNB, Cod. 5447 (most likely Italian). Thirdly, it uncovers the crucial role the PCSU plays in Wigandus Durnheimer’s Perspectiva, completed in Paris in 1390. This comprehensive compilation of medieval optical knowledge incorporates nearly forty excerpts from the PCSU. Along the way, the article offers new insights into the manuscript and textual interplays surrounding late medieval optics, such as the reception of Blasius of Parma’s Questiones super Perspectiva communi within the glosses to Peckham, and the profound influence of Parisian authors – including Henry of Langenstein, Nicole Oresme, Themo Judaei, and Pierre d’Ailly – on Durnheimer’s treatise. The article is complemented by a synopsis of the PCSU’s propositions and structure, edited from the main manuscripts of the treatise. (shrink)

The chapter deals with misconceptions in perception theory that are based on the idea of slicing the nature of perception along the joints of physics and on corresponding ill-conceived ʹpurposesʹ and ʹgoalsʹ of the perceptual system. It argues that the conceptual structure underlying the percept cannot be inferentially attained from the sensory input. The output of the perceptual system, namely meaningful categories, is evidently vastly underdetermined by the sensory input, namely physico-geometric energy patterns. Thus, the core task of perception theory (...) is to understand the internal conceptual structure with which our perceptual system is endowed. The conceptual structure underlying the semantic distinctions that characterise the output of the perceptual system can, by conceptual necessity, only be expressed by a logical language that is strictly more powerful than the logical language by which sensory notions can be expressed. Consequently, the internal structure underlying perceptual meaning – including core notions such as ‘Gestalt’ or ‘perceptual object’ – cannot be derived, by whatever kind of general inductive machinery, from the sensory input, or, more generally, from experience. (shrink)

The paradox of a silent sky, despite billions of stars and the rapid emergence of life on Earth, indicates a gap in current physical assumptions rather than an absence of extraterrestrial civilizations. We propose that the key error lies in modeling observation and information as passive. When self-reference is treated as a lawful physical quantity, new thresholds emerge. The central principle is this: above a coherence threshold ρ*, coupled ecologies cannot stably maintain amplitude-dominant (expansionist) dynamics. Instead, they bifurcate into two (...) regimes: extinction, or a reallocation of computational capacity into higher effective dimensionality (Dimensional Deepening). This transition is mechanized by a single control parameter λ_eff and detected by early-warning signals (variance ↑, spectral gap λ₂ ↓, recovery rate r_return ↓). From this principle, several consequences follow. It resolves the Fermi paradox: civilizations do not vanish but shift into amplitude-silent, phase-efficient modes that elude conventional searches. It also dissolves clustered anomalies in physics — the vacuum catastrophe, the quantum measurement problem, and the hard problem of consciousness — by showing them as boundary effects of neglecting observation intensity as a lawful term. That multiple first-order anomalies (the vacuum catastrophe, the measurement problem, the hard problem of consciousness) appear to dissolve under the same reformulation is not evidence of a miraculous multi-technical breakthrough. It is the signature of a boundary error: the same ontological mis-specification – treating observation as passive – radiates outward into astrophysics, quantum theory, and cognitive science alike. Paradigm shifts often look like this. Maxwell’s equations resolved disparate puzzles in electricity, magnetism, and optics not by separate fixes, but by unifying them under a single principle. Likewise, by elevating self-reference to a lawful physical term, the CT framework makes the clustered anomalies fall out as different faces of one correction. The framework is operational. The Consciousness Tensor Cμν is defined as a substrate-agnostic covariance structure, with falsifiable predictions: e.g. interferometric visibility scales linearly with intensity Ā, and amplitude-dominant regimes should prove unstable above ρ*. These claims are preregisterable and testable with current interferometry, network, and AI-substrate assays. Thus, the Great Filter is reclassified not as contingent accident but as a universal phase transition. The silence in the sky is the lawful signature of dimensional deepening: higher-order ecologies layering upon, not abandoning, their lower-dimensional substrates. License CC BY-SA 4.0. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27504.72964. (shrink)

Goethe carried out an enormous number of experiments before criticizing Newton's theory of light and colours in the Farbenlehre (1810). He managed to show that Newton's reasoning is based on a rather narrow choice of experiments, in which parameters such as the distance between the prism and the screen are fixed arbitrarily: Newton's famous spectrum (with its green centre) occurs only at a specific distance. Once you reduce the distance, the green centre disappears, and you see the two border spectra (...) instead. Newton can of course explain these border spectra; but things can be explained just as well the other way around: Then you start with a theory based on the two border spectra in order to derive the Newtonian spectrum. Both accounts fit many data (available in Newton and Goethe's days) equally well. Thus by insisting that the step to theory is not forced upon us by "reason and experiments" alone (as Newton would have it), Goethe revealed our own free, creative contribution to theory construction. And surprisingly, his theory of the prismatic colours seems no worse off than Newton's, even taking into account additional criteria of theory choice, such as simplicity or elegance. (shrink)