This paper is mainly a provisional survey of the engagement of the Filipinos with the thoughts of Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator and philosopher. It presents first the main tenets of Freire’s liberating pedagogy. Then, it explores the Filipinos’ engagement with his ideas. Then, it gives some observations on the said engagement. Finally, it suggests a possible way on how philosophical researches in the Philippines can continually appreciate the relevance of Freire’s liberating pedagogy especially in relating it to a (...) form of Filipino philosophy that is involved in a critique of the society. Keywords: Freire, liberating pedagogy, Philippine education, Filipino philosophy. (shrink)

From his long years of experience as a local executive until he was ushered into the presidency, Duterte was able to master the masses’ longings. He understands what the public expects in a leader-- gathered from information he collected in unorthodox fashion. He plunges into the grassroots even (at times) resorting to disguises; and sometimes he maintains his own intelligence group that feeds him necessary information. The shock that he generates in all corners, factions, sectors and even countries would qualify (...) him (perhaps) to be the unnamed monster that can disrupt the realm of Philippine politics. But despite his monstrous image, quite surprisingly, Duterte remains popular and appealing to the electorate. This essay foregrounds the ambivalent monster that the Philippine president wittingly or unwittingly assumes; a monster that is ready to devour victims while protecting those he (supposedly) loves. The essay argues that Duterte is a monster that represents a rapture—a kind of abrupt transition. He represents a monster leader that does not care about the elite’s and traditional pundits’ definition of a leader. He represents a leader that is hindi-iba (sa masa) but at the same time iba sa marami (trapo/traditional politicians). (shrink)

This paper is an attempt to localize Herman and Chomsky’s analysis of the commercial media and use this concept to fit in the Philippine media climate. Through the propaganda model, they introduced the five interrelated media filters which made possible the “manufacture of consent.” By consent, Herman and Chomsky meant that the mass communication media can be a powerful tool to manufacture ideology and to influence a wider public to believe in a capitalistic propaganda. Thus, they call their theory the (...) “propaganda model” referring to the capitalist media structure and its underlying political function. Herman and Chomsky’s analysis has been centered upon the US media, however, they also believed that the model is also true in other parts of the world as the media conglomeration is also found all around the globe. In the Philippines, media conglomeration is not an alien concept especially in the presence of a giant media outlet, such as, ABS-CBN. In this essay, the authors claim that the propaganda model is also observed even in the less obvious corporate media in the country, disguised as an independent media entity but like a chameleon, it camouflages into an invisible creature leaving predators without any clue. Hence, the reason to analyze and scrutinize a highly reputable news organization in the country, namely, the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) in relation to their portrayal of the Duterte presidency. (shrink)

This essay critically examines the persistent food security challenges in the Philippines, a nation paradoxically rich in agricultural resources yet plagued by hunger and malnutrition. Through a comprehensive four-part analysis, it systematically unpacks the complex milieus: historical, economic, political—factors shaping this crisis. Part 1 explores the historical and contemporary dynamics driving the hunger for food sovereignty, examining how export-oriented agriculture—driven by global actors, i.e., multinational corporations and international financial—has systematically marginalised small-scale farmers and eroded local food systems. Part 2 (...) leverages Renato and Letizia Constantino’s “Distorted Priorities: The Politics of Food” to analyse the historical continuities between colonial and contemporary agricultural policies, while employing Foucault’s concepts of biopolitics and governmentality to illuminate the regulatory mechanisms perpetuating these inequities. The analysis reveals how cultural imperialism propagated by fast food chains and environmental degradation caused by monoculture farming have further complicated the nation’s food security landscape. Part 3 applies Iris Marion Young’s “Five Faces of Oppression” framework to systematically analyse exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and structural violence within the Philippine food system. Part 4 synthesises these perspectives to examine critical implications for food sovereignty and proposes transformative approaches through food sovereignty principles, genuine agrarian reform, and sustainable agricultural practices. The essay concludes that by addressing structural inequalities and empowering marginalised communities through comprehensive policy reforms and grassroots initiatives, the Philippines can move towards a future where all individuals have access to nutritious, affordable, and culturally appropriate food, reflecting a commitment to social justice and environmental sustainability. (shrink)

This study looks at the relationship between organizational support, employee commitment, and human resource management (HRM) practices at Visayan Surety & Insurance Corporation in Cebu City, Philippines. This descriptive-correlational study used a survey questionnaire to gather data from 25 employees. The results show that although the company does a great job in areas like leadership development and talent management, employee development initiatives could need some work. The study also emphasizes the importance of organizational support in promoting employee commitment and (...) the necessity of continual efforts to establish a supportive work environment. Additionally, demographic profiles have little bearing on HRM procedures and organizational support—except educational attainment, which affects several organizational commitment factors. These results highlight how crucial it is to develop tailored HRM strategies that both fit the varied demands of the workforce and the objectives of the company. (shrink)

Abstract The Philippine unitary presidential system has persistently struggled to deliver responsive, accountable, and stable governance. This paper provides a non-partisan, systems-based diagnosis of these failures by integrating comparative political systems, institutional analysis, and systems theory (homeostasis and feedback mechanisms). The central argument is that the dysfunction arises not from Filipino culture or democracy itself, but from a structural mismatch between a highly centralized presidential system and weak institutional, educational, and feedback capacities. Without deep civic and systems education, any structural (...) reform risks reproducing the same failures. -/- . (shrink)

This study deals primarily with the effectiveness of the Land Bank of Philippines as a Depository Bank of Makati Branch in specific organization and bank operations management. This paper provides baseline data in aid of policy formulation to enhance the bank operations management that offers new motivation towards a policy that effectively addresses and solves the bank operations management. This study used the quantitative descriptive method. Thirteen (13) bank personnel and 64 barangays elected chairman, including the appointed treasurer with (...) direct access to the bank transaction regarding the funds of the barangays in Makati City, were purposely taken as research respondents. It was found that no significant difference exists in the assessment of the respondents in organization and bank operations management when grouped according to age, gender, and educational attainment. The mean evaluation of the respondents in the organization and bank operations management with the variables mentioned revealed effectiveness, and the grand mean and the composite mean are within the mean range of 3.50-4.49, interpreted as effective. This implies that the variables mentioned are directly performed to the standard of the bank. It is recommended that the bank look into the deposits of the barangay funds as it is mandated by law to secure the funds of the barangay in the form of deposits and withdrawals. (shrink)

Established in the northernmost part of the country in 2003, the Philosophical Association of Northern Luzon, Incorporated (PANL) is one of the regional philosophical organizations in the country. This interview article aims to produce the first published historical account of this organization as it marked its 18th year of existence and in connection with the development of Filipino philosophy. Thus, this interview article focused on the history of PANL as it differentiates itself from the national philosophical organizations, such as the (...) Philosophical Association of the Philippines, the Philosophy Circle of the Philippines, and the Philippine National Philosophical Research Society. Using the method of oral history, this interview article specifically documented and assessed: 1) the circumstances behind the foundation of PANL; 2) how PANL differentiated itself from the other major Philippine national philosophical organizations; 3) PANL's general stand on the development of Filipino philosophy, the contextualization of philosophy to the realities of northern Luzon, and the use of Ilocano language in philosophizing; 4) the trends of the research projects of its leading writers/thinkers; 5) the lasting imprints of its presidents on the organization; and 6) the general direction where the organization is heading to. The respondents of this interview article were: 1) Dr. Fernando Martin Serrano, the founding president of the organization; 2) Dr. Jeffrey Centeno, a founding member of the organization and the one who drafted its constitution and by-laws; and 3) Dr. Danilo Alterado, the current president of the same organization. (shrink)

The Synthesis Report of the Synod on Synodality (2023) emphasised valuing women’s active roles in the church and continuing theological and pastoral research on women’s access to the diaconate. This research explored Filipino Catholic pastoral animators’ views on women’s ordination to the permanent diaconate. It hopes to provide episcopal leaders in the third-largest Catholic country in the world with an insight into where the pastoral animators stand regarding the issue and, more broadly, on how the respondents view women’s leadership roles. (...) It addresses a geographical and methodological gap, as the first in-depth empirical investigation on the issue in the country. A survey (n = 415) was conducted using snowball sampling. The findings revealed that a vast majority support women’s diaconate, because women and men equally received the ‘variety of gifts of the Spirit’ in baptism (74.6%), and that the reality is women are already performing diaconal tasks (73.9%). There was also huge support (69.0%) for qualified women to be allowed to preach in Mass. A lesser percentage (41.0%) endorsed women’s ordination to the permanent diaconate; the average mean score indicates a ‘neither agree nor disagree’ stance, which does not align with recent surveys showing Filipino’s positive view of women’s leadership in business and politics. The study concludes that the topic of women’s diaconate holds importance in the Philippine context, receiving widespread endorsement despite the mixed support for women’s ordination to the ministry. It equips the church with a valuable perspective on the requisite pastoral education and the misconceptions that must be addressed, in light of the equal dignity and capability of women and men, and the need for women deacons because of the shortage of priests. Contribution: This article addresses a geographical and methodological gap in the study of Catholic attitudes towards women’s ordination to the diaconate in the Philippine context. (shrink)

Philosophy education in the Philippines is as old as the country’s history. However, there are only a few studies on the development of philosophy education in the Philippines, which is critical given that the country is in the process of reforming its educational system and the need for philosophy to respond to contemporary challenges. This study examines the current state of philosophy education in the Philippines, focusing on its institutional roots, problems, and challenges. To do this, seminaries, (...) colleges, and universities throughout Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao that offer philosophy programs at the undergraduate to PhD levels are being mapped and listed to provide an overview of their accessibility, distribution, and academic strength. As a result, the major problems facing the field are being addressed, especially concerns over its financial viability, perceived lack of practical relevance, and limited job opportunities for philosophy graduates. We place these within the larger discussions over the function of philosophy in contemporary Philippine society. Philosophy graduates’ contributions to the different sectors of society are also shown, indicating that the field continues to have a minor but significant influence. Finally, the study examines how cultural and economic elements impact public perceptions of philosophy, potentially leading to its marginalization or reemergence. The study sheds light on philosophy’s prospects and continuous relevance in the Philippine educational landscape by investigating its potential flexibility to societal needs rather than diagnosing an unavoidable demise. Thus, by doing this, we can enhance and strengthen the philosophy education in the Philippines. (shrink)

Abstract This study explores the evolving dynamics of trust, bias, and disinformation in Philippine media as of 2025. Using data from the Media-Meter Trust Index (2025), Pahayag Q1 Trust Survey, Media Bias/Fact Check (MBFC), and other credible organizations, the analysis compares the trust ratings and factual reporting quality of major Filipino news outlets. Findings reveal that traditional media institutions such as GMA-7, Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and The Philippine Star continue to enjoy higher public confidence compared to primarily digital (...) platforms. However, overall trust in news media has declined, largely due to misinformation on social media and perceived political bias. The study concludes that collaborative fact-checking efforts, editorial transparency, and stronger media literacy education are essential to rebuilding public trust and sustaining democratic integrity. -/- . (shrink)

Getting a graduate education is one of the most important parts of a professional in a field. It allows them to climb higher in the professional rankings or even get higher pay for their academic work. All graduate students are adults and self-directed due to their past experiences in work or practice. However, when the pandemic hit the world, these self-directed learners were not spared from shutting of schools. In the Philippines, most graduate schools deliver their lessons through the (...) traditional mode or face-to-face until the pandemic that they shifted in the emerging online learning modality. Using the mixed method of quantitative and qualitative type of study the researchers were able to gather 419 graduate students from various regions of the archipelago to take part in the study. The researchers found out that upon experiencing the benefits of online learning, graduate students want to continue this modality even in the future. More than a third of the respondents also claimed that they want the blended or hybrid type of graduate studies as opposed to going back to the more traditional face-to-face classes. The reasons for these can vary on each learner’s situation. (shrink)

This paper is a section in an analytical swathe that re-orients the role of criticism in inscribed Filipino identity, Philippine Literatures in English, and Critical Pedagogy of Literature. Re-examining Philippine short stories in English through a de-westernised lens, the paper offers a comprehensive analytical and critical backbone for anyone who reads and teaches Philippine Literatures in English, especially those during the American colonisation. By revealing overlooked aspects of Filipino consciousness and challenging traditional literary analysis coming from the usual Western-oriented paradigms, (...) the treatise provides not only a conceptual provocation, but a framework for reinterpreting colonial-era literature and promoting a more nuanced understanding of national identity. Ultimately, the critique contributes to decolonising scholarship in the Philippines, aiming to rebuild local, native, and national consciousness through critical literary examination, allowing peripheral signifying practices and significant principles of Filipino consciousness to be revisited and re-viewed. (shrink)

-/- Blueprint for the Philippines: Reforming the Banking & Financial System Using Your Universal Formula -/- A. Problems in the Current Banking & Financial System in the Philippines -/- 1. High wealth inequality – The rich hold most of the country’s financial assets, while many Filipinos remain poor. -/- 2. High corruption & lack of transparency – Financial mismanagement and political influence over banks lead to economic imbalances. -/- 3. Limited access to capital – Small businesses and ordinary (...) citizens struggle to get loans, while large corporations benefit from easy financing. -/- 4. Unstable currency & inflation risks – The peso fluctuates due to global trade imbalances and external economic shocks. -/- B. Policy Reforms for an Error-Free Financial System (Law of Karma) -/- Goal: Create a transparent, corruption-free banking system that ensures money flows efficiently. -/- ✅ 1. Blockchain-Based Banking System -/- All government financial transactions must be recorded on a blockchain, preventing corruption and budget mismanagement. -/- Real-time public tracking of government spending, ensuring funds go where they are needed. -/- ✅ 2. AI-Powered Financial Oversight Authority -/- Establish an independent AI-driven financial body that continuously monitors banking transactions to prevent fraud and money laundering. -/- Automatic tax collection system that ensures fair taxation and prevents illegal offshore accounts. -/- ✅ 3. Decentralized Public Banking System -/- Convert the Land Bank of the Philippines and Development Bank of the Philippines into public banks that provide low-interest loans to small businesses, farmers, and workers. -/- Nationalized microfinance programs to empower small businesses instead of relying on loan sharks. -/- ✅ 4. Strict Wealth & Tax Regulations -/- Ban corporate tax loopholes that allow the rich to avoid paying taxes. -/- Progressive taxation: -/- 1% tax on assets above ₱50 million -/- 2% tax on assets above ₱500 million -/- 5% tax on assets above ₱1 billion -/- C. Policy Reforms for Balanced Money Flow (Law of Balance in Nature) -/- Goal: Ensure money flows fairly across all economic sectors, preventing excessive concentration of wealth. -/- ✅ 1. Wealth Redistribution through Universal Basic Services -/- Instead of just giving money through cash aid programs, government funds should be used to provide: -/- Free universal healthcare (modeled after Nordic countries) -/- Fully subsidized higher education -/- Affordable housing projects for low-income families -/- ✅ 2. Banking System Must Prioritize Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) -/- 50% of all business loans must go to SMEs, farmers, and cooperatives, ensuring capital flows back into the local economy. -/- Government-guaranteed loans for startups that meet sustainability & employment criteria. -/- ✅ 3. Digital Peso & Local Currency Stability -/- Introduce a blockchain-based “Digital Peso” that ensures transparent, corruption-free transactions. -/- Limit the amount of foreign ownership of Philippine businesses to prevent excessive capital flight. -/- ✅ 4. Foreign Investment & Trade Balance Regulations -/- Tax foreign corporations at a higher rate (30%) unless they reinvest 50% of their profits in the local economy. -/- Ensure that at least 50% of exported raw materials are processed in the Philippines before export to increase domestic value-added industries. -/- D. Policy Reforms for a Self-Correcting Economic System (Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds) -/- Goal: Make the financial system dynamic and self-adjusting, so it can prevent economic crises before they happen. -/- ✅ 1. AI-Driven Inflation & Interest Rate Adjustment -/- Use real-time AI models to monitor inflation and adjust interest rates, money supply, and taxation dynamically. -/- Automatically increase public spending when unemployment rises and cut interest rates when growth slows down. -/- ✅ 2. Crisis Management & Economic Emergency Fund -/- Establish a ₱500 billion National Crisis Fund, available for immediate use during: -/- Recessions -/- Inflation spikes -/- Natural disasters affecting the economy -/- Funded through progressive wealth taxes and international reserves. -/- ✅ 3. Worker Cooperatives & Employee-Owned Businesses -/- Large corporations must allocate at least 20% of their stock to employee ownership, ensuring workers have a stake in corporate profits. -/- Establish a National Cooperative Bank that provides low-interest loans to businesses that are majority-owned by workers. -/- ✅ 4. Financial Literacy & Public Participation in Economic Policy -/- Mandatory financial education in high schools to teach students how money works, how inflation happens, and how banking operates. -/- Annual “People’s Economic Review” where citizens vote on major economic policies based on real-time AI recommendations. -/- II. Expected Impact of These Reforms -/- Short-Term (1-5 Years) -/- ✔ Reduced corruption & financial mismanagement due to blockchain-based transparency. ✔ More access to capital for small businesses through public banking and cooperative loans. ✔ Fairer tax system where the rich pay their fair share while reducing the burden on the poor. -/- Medium-Term (5-15 Years) -/- ✔ The Philippines’ economy becomes more resilient, with self-adjusting policies preventing financial crises. ✔ Lower unemployment and higher wages due to stronger SME support and worker-owned business models. ✔ Stable currency and controlled inflation, preventing peso devaluation. -/- Long-Term (15+ Years) -/- ✔ The Philippines becomes a regional economic model, showing how AI-driven financial policies can balance wealth distribution. ✔ A sustainable, crisis-resistant financial system that prevents boom-and-bust cycles. ✔ A global leader in transparent, ethical banking that eliminates corruption and ensures economic fairness. -/- III. Global Adoption Plan: Expanding This Model Worldwide -/- ✅ Phase 1: Regional Expansion (5-10 Years) -/- Implement similar banking reforms in ASEAN countries (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam) using the Philippines’ success as a model. -/- Encourage blockchain-based financial systems in regional trade agreements. -/- ✅ Phase 2: International Collaboration (10-20 Years) -/- Partner with Nordic countries, Germany, and Singapore to create a Global AI Economic Monitoring System. -/- Establish a UN-backed AI-driven financial oversight body to regulate international trade and wealth distribution. -/- ✅ Phase 3: Global Economic System Integration (20+ Years) -/- Replace speculative fiat currencies with a global stablecoin pegged to real economic productivity. -/- Standardize progressive wealth taxation worldwide, preventing billionaire capital hoarding. -/- Create a universal financial safety net to provide immediate crisis relief for struggling nations. -/- Final Vision: A Financial System That Works for Everyone -/- ✔ No more economic instability due to corruption, debt, or mismanagement. ✔ Fairer wealth distribution, preventing extreme poverty & extreme wealth. ✔ AI-driven, self-correcting financial policies that ensure long-term stability. -/- This blueprint can be replicated in any country with modifications based on local conditions. -/- . 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Comprehensive Reform for the Philippines: A Path to Balance, Progress, and Genuine Spirituality -/- The Philippines faces numerous challenges that hinder its development, with overpopulation, economic struggles, an outdated educational system, and inefficiencies in various sectors. These issues require a comprehensive reform that aligns with sustainable and balanced progress. A strong foundation in education, economic stability, government restructuring, urban planning, increased productivity, and genuine spirituality is essential to achieving long-term national growth. -/- Family, Self-Reliance, and Economic Balance -/- (...) One of the strongest aspects of Filipino culture is its close-knit family ties. While this fosters deep social connections and mutual support, it also highlights the need for self-reliance, especially in financial matters. No family member can provide permanent financial aid, making economic independence crucial. This balance between support and self-sufficiency should be emphasized in education to help individuals develop resilience and long-term financial planning skills. -/- Overpopulation remains a major issue in the country, straining resources, employment opportunities, and infrastructure. Without proper regulation, it creates an Imbalance that affects the economy and the overall well-being of citizens. Addressing this issue requires a world-class or holistic educational system that equips people with critical thinking skills and an understanding of sustainable living. -/- The Role of a Holistic Educational System -/- A key solution to many of the Philippines’ problems lies in education. The major goal of a holistic educational system is to produce a high-quality young generation of Filipinos—individuals who are not only academically competent but also morally upright, socially responsible, and innovative. This kind of education must go beyond memorization and standardized testing. It should focus on developing problem-solving skills, ethical reasoning, leadership, and an awareness of social and environmental responsibilities. -/- A well-educated population is more likely to make informed decisions about family planning, career paths, and financial management. It would also cultivate a workforce that is highly skilled and adaptable to a rapidly changing global economy. If properly implemented, this education system would empower Filipinos to become self-reliant, contribute to national progress, and break the cycle of poverty. -/- Economic Growth, Job Creation, and Increased Productivity -/- At the same time, job creation is crucial. A strong economy relies on a balance between government-driven employment programs, private sector growth, and foreign direct investments (FDI). Encouraging businesses, both local and international, to invest in the Philippines would provide job opportunities, boost the economy, and reduce poverty. However, this requires a government system that is transparent, efficient, and capable of managing these economic initiatives effectively. -/- To maximize economic potential, productivity across all sectors—including agriculture, manufacturing, and services—must be significantly improved. Strategies to increase productivity include: -/- 1. Agricultural Modernization – Investing in better farming techniques, irrigation systems, and post-harvest facilities can improve efficiency in food production and reduce waste. Government support in mechanization and research can increase yields and help farmers transition to more profitable and sustainable practices. -/- 2. Technology Integration in Industry – Encouraging automation, artificial intelligence, and digital tools in various industries will enhance efficiency and competitiveness. Training workers to adapt to these technologies is crucial for long-term success. -/- 3. Skills Development and Workforce Training – Continuous upskilling programs in technical and vocational fields will ensure that workers are equipped with the latest industry knowledge, increasing productivity and innovation. -/- 4. Support for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) – Providing financial assistance, mentorship programs, and access to international markets will help SMEs grow, create jobs, and contribute to the economy. -/- 5. Streamlining Government Processes – Reducing bureaucratic red tape and implementing digital governance solutions will improve efficiency in business registration, taxation, and service delivery, fostering a more productive environment. -/- The Importance of Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development -/- Another critical factor in national progress is urban planning and government investment in high-quality infrastructure projects. Many of the country’s problems, including traffic congestion, flooding, and housing shortages, stem from poor urban planning and outdated infrastructure. To address this, the government must invest in well-planned cities, efficient transportation systems, and sustainable housing projects. -/- Proper urban planning ensures that growing populations are managed effectively, preventing overcrowded informal settlements and ensuring that resources are distributed efficiently. High-quality infrastructure projects, such as modern highways, bridges, airports, and public transport systems, would not only improve the quality of life for Filipinos but also attract more foreign investments, further strengthening the economy. A well-structured and balanced urban environment leads to better economic opportunities, improved public services, and a higher standard of living for all citizens. -/- Comprehensive Government Reform -/- A comprehensive government reform is necessary to address these interconnected problems. Corruption, inefficiency, and short-term political agendas must be replaced with policies that focus on long-term sustainability and national progress. This can be achieved through a structured and merit-based political system, ensuring that competent and visionary leaders are in charge. If decision-makers follow the principles of balance in governance—ensuring fairness, stability, and sustainability—then the country can move toward real progress. -/- The Role of Genuine Spirituality -/- An essential yet often overlooked aspect of national development is genuine spirituality. While religion is deeply ingrained in Filipino culture, it must evolve beyond rituals and dogma to serve as a guiding force for ethical governance, responsible citizenship, and moral leadership. True spirituality is not about blind faith but about inner transformation, self-discipline, and wisdom in decision-making. Leaders and citizens alike must cultivate values such as integrity, compassion, and accountability—principles that align with the universal law of balance in nature. When people are spiritually grounded, they are more likely to act justly, prioritize the common good, and resist corruption and greed. -/- A Vision for the Future -/- Implementing a holistic approach that integrates education reform, economic stability, government restructuring, urban planning, productivity enhancement, infrastructure development, and genuine spirituality is key to fixing the Philippines’ systemic problems. By understanding and applying the universal law of balance in nature, the country can create policies that align with long-term development, benefiting not just the present generation but also the future. A nation guided by wisdom, moral responsibility, and a balanced perspective on life will be able to achieve real and lasting progress. -/- . (shrink)

This study describes and assesses rice marketing practices in Tunga, Leyte, Philippines, identifying associated problems and proposed solutions. Data were collected from 110 randomly sampled rice farmers using a descriptive research design and a researcher-developed questionnaire. The respondents were predominantly male (58%), married (95%), and middle-aged, with 49% aged 46-59. Educational backgrounds varied, with many having completed elementary (15%), high school (26%), or college (15%) levels. The marketing practices analysis revealed that farmers commonly sell directly to local traders, recognizing (...) the value of adding quality to their produce. However, significant challenges hinder their success. Key problems include a severe lack of capital for essential harvesting and threshing operations and the market power of traders who dictate and control prices, disadvantaging the farmers. To address these issues and improve the rice marketing system, the study recommends several strategies. These include promoting fair trade practices to ensure equitable pricing, investing in transportation infrastructure, and establishing grain reserves. Furthermore, providing farmers with training in proper storage and drying techniques and enhancing their access to timely market information are suggested as vital steps toward increasing their income and ensuring the financial stability of the local rice industry. (shrink)

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the academe was introduced to online education, which is complicated. The sudden shift of traditional face-to-face classes to digital learning impacted every student's self-efficacy and motivation towards their studies. This study investigates the relationship between the self-efficacy and academic motivation of the 304 freshmen college students from private higher education institutions in the Philippines. Based on the data gathered, the participants' level of self-efficacy (x̄ = 3.27) and academic motivation (x̄ = 5.93) is high. (...) Further, the statistical analysis concluded a relationship between self-efficacy and academic motivation (r=.002, at 0.05 level) among the graduating college students. Implications of the study were discussed, and recommendations for future research were suggested. (shrink)

This article examines the persistent influence of political dynasties and the cultural practice of utang-na-loob (debt of goodwill) in shaping Philippine democracy. The article explores the question of why Filipinos tend to elect political families through Leonardo Mercado’s sakop philosophy as well as insights on utang-na-loob, a moral debt distinct from utang (monetary debt), as articulated by Dionisio Miranda and Leonardo De Castro. The article critiques how sakop and utang-na-loob entrench patron-client relationships, limiting democratic representation and stifling merit-based governance. To (...) address this, this article proposes reforms, including voter education to promote policy-based voting, anti-dynasty laws to curb familial dominance, and media advocacy for transparency. Central also to the solution proposed by this paper is the Church’s role in guiding ethical political participation, drawing much from Jacques Maritain’s philosophy. By blending cultural analysis with ethical reflection, this paper aims to illuminate the tension between Filipino values and democratic ideals, offering pathways for a more accountable political landscape. (shrink)

Abstract – This study aimed primarily to determine the effectiveness of crime prevention strategies implemented by the Salug Valley Philippine National Police (PNP) in terms of Police Integrated Patrol System, Barangay Peacekeeping Operation, Anti-Criminality Operation, Integrated Area Community Public Safety services, Bantay Turista and School Safety Project as evaluated by 120 inhabitants and 138 PNP officers from four Municipalities of Salug Valley Zamboanga del Sur. Stratified random sampling was utilized in determining the respondents. Index crime rate were correlated with the (...) crime prevention strategies of the PNP in town of Salug Valley. A descriptive method of research was applied in this study utilizing self-made questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using the main statistical tools like frequency count, percentage, mean computation, Kruskal Wallis Analysis of Variance and simple correlation. Findings of the study revealed that the crime prevention strategies in four (4) municipalities were “much effective” to include Integrated Patrol System, Barangay Peace Keeping Operations, Anti-Criminality Operations, Integrated Area Community Public Safety Services, Bantay Turista and School Safety Project in connection to the responses of 158 participants. There is a significant relationship between crime prevention strategies employed and index crime rate. (shrink)

This article asserts that Philippine journalism practices parrhesia by exploring the present situation of the Philippine press vis-à-vis Foucault's concept of Parrhesia (fearless speech). Foucault's concept of Parrhesia is a feasible practice that gives a description as to why the Philippine press experience a curtailment of their rights in their duty to speak truth to power. Foucault claims that the practice of parrhesia is a critique of present circumstances, or what Foucault calls 'history of the present,' where a specific regime (...) of truth is imposed by power via a variety of strategies that run through both institutional and non-institutional practices. In contrast, the Philippine press battles the Duterte administration and its machinery of misinformation in social media amidst the repercussions they might face, all in the name of their duty and obligation to the truth. At present, as the Philippine press continues to do the duty of monitoring Duterte's political power, journalists and press workers continually face dangers and harassments in striving to fulfill their duties as independent monitors of power, and resisting the fascistic tendency of the present government that does everything in its power to control and repress anyone that dares to challenge his power. (shrink)

This study critically examines the efficacy of Agile project management frameworks within the context of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) in Cebu I.T. Park, Philippines. Employing a descriptivecorrelational research design, it gathers insights from 30 participants, comprising rank-and-file employees and management personnel, to evaluate client satisfaction, Agile framework effectiveness, project success metrics, client-provider communication, and continuous improvement practices. The study aims to explore disparities in perceptions between these groups and their implications for Agile adoption. Findings reveal notable differences in how (...) Agile frameworks are perceived and practiced. Rank-and-file employees generally rate Agile practices more favorably, highlighting moderate implementation in areas like client satisfaction and project success metrics. Conversely, management personnel express reservations, rating several indicators as less practiced, particularly in communication and Agile framework effectiveness. These disparities underscore a disconnect between leadership and frontline staff, which hinders consistent implementation and alignment with organizational goals. However, management personnel recognize the importance of continuous improvement, providing a foundation for bridging these gaps. The study recommends targeted training programs, enhanced communication strategies, and the establishment of clear success metrics to align perspectives and foster a culture of collaboration. Incorporating customer feedback loops and iterative development cycles is also emphasized to enhance client satisfaction and adaptability. By addressing these challenges, organizations can optimize Agile adoption, improve project outcomes, and achieve greater efficiency and client satisfaction. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on Agile frameworks, offering actionable insights for their effective implementation in dynamic business environments. (shrink)

This paper will discuss the peace building efforts of the National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP) and the Government of the Philippines (GRP) and argue that these efforts follow the proceduralist conception of Habermas’ deliberative democracy. Habermas, like Kant, contends that peace has a “chronological and ontological priority over violence.”1 The paper will problematize the gap between legality and legitimacy as highlighted by Habermas and relate how such a gap triggered conflicts the same as that of the (...) GRP and the NDFP. I will then propose a communicative process of critique and intervention from civil liberty groups, especially the Church sector, as an avenue to possibly remedy the gaps and its effects. Finally, I will outline possible problems arising from this model of deliberative democracy. (shrink)

This paper analyzes how Jacques Maritain anticipated much of the questions that can be raised concerning the Church’s active participation today in matters that many have supposed to pertain only to politics: To what extent is the Church’s involvement in political life permissible in light of its perceived duty to translate its apostolic and spiritual values into social actions? What boundaries does the Church recognize regarding a proper delineation between the spiritual and temporal spheres towards the linking of which Catholic (...) Action is said to be directed? To what limits can the Church exercise its auctoritas within a personalist democracy that emphasizes the common good as its chief aim for the human community? Insights in response to these will show that far from ‘meddling’ with or ‘disrupting’ the political order, the Church’s approaches are sensible and just within a democracy that Philippine politics embraces. (shrink)

Umalpas at/o umunlad na ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas—hindi na lamang ito isang kanonikal na pamamaraan na may pagkiling at humahango sa kinagisnang positibismong pananaw. Bagama’t kumakalas na roon ang ilang mananaliksik at historyador, hindi ito nangangahulugan ng pagtalikod sa pinagmulang pananaw, bagkus isa itong kaunlarang historiograpikal na habang isinasaalang-alang pa rin nito ang faktuwal na kaalaman, nilalakipan na ito ng samot-saring multidisiplinaryo at/o interdisiplinaryong pananaw na may pagkiling sa disiplinang kinabibilangan at inaambagan ng kaalaman. Humigit kumulang 700-pahina ang (...) aklat ng historyador na si Ian Christopher Alfonso ng National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)— ang Dogs in Philippine History (DPH)—na may 28-kabanata—sa aking pagbibilang, habang ginagabayan ng 503-piraso ng plate o larawan, 3 mapa, 5 talahanayan, 920 na talahuli, at 496 na sanggunian—ay hindi lamang isang historikal ngunit tematiko rin ang pagkakasalanlan. Ito ay maari rin gawing balangkas at salalayan ng susunod pang mga pagaaral na nagkakaroon ng interes sa kalikasan at kapaligiran. (shrink)

The Philosophical Association of the Visayas and Mindanao (PHAVISMINDA), founded in 1979, is one of the oldest philosophical organizations in the country that continued to exist until the present time. This interview article focused on this organization as something distinct from the other major national philosophical organizations of the country, such as the Philosophical Association of the Philippines, the Philosophy Circle of the Philippines, and the Philippine National Philosophical Research Society. Using the method of oral history, this paper (...) tried to document and assess: 1) how PHAVISMINDA differentiated itself from the other major Philippine national philosophical organizations; 2) PHAVISMINDA’s general stand on the development of Filipino philosophy, the contextualization of philosophy to the realities of the Visayas and Mindanao, and the use of Cebuano language in philosophizing; 3) the trends of the research projects of its leading writers/thinkers; 4) its exemplary presidents and their lasting imprints on the organization; and 5) the general direction where the organization is heading. The respondents of this interview article are: 1) Dr. Amosa Velez, of the University of San Carlos, founding member of the organization, practically the first president, and three-time president; 2) Dr. Jane Gallamaso, of Xavier University, and the tenth president of the organization; and 3) Dr. Ruby Suazo, of the University of San Carlos, and the twelfth and current president of the organization. (shrink)

This paper is founded on the assumption that Philippine Studies has five different discouses: 1) Philippine studies as a neutral discourse; 2) colonial Philippine studies as a discourse that is based on western power and reinforces such power; 3) generic postcolonial Philippine studies as a discourse that critiques western hegemony; 4) Pilipinolohiya as a specific postcolonial discourse that was inaugurated by Prospero Covar; and 5) pantayong pananaw as another specific postcolonial discourse that was inaugurated by Zeus Salazar. Malay Journal, on (...) the other hand, is a scholarly periodical intended for researchers in the field of Philippine studies who use the Filipino language. Currently, it is the most respected journal that is exclusively published in Filipino language, based on the fact that it is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education and listed in a number of international abstracting and indexing organizations. This paper intends to establish which among these five discourses of Philippine studies is the most dominant in as far as the articles of the said journal are concerned. In order to attain such goal, this paper analyzed 50% random sample of the articles that were published from 2011, when the journal had completed its shift towards Philippine studies, up to 2015, the present complete year of publication for the said journal. (shrink)

This paper aims to evaluate the knowledge, practices, and production levels of rice farmers and identify their significant factors using statistical models. The study involved 84 rice farmers in Barangay Barobaybay, Calbiga, Samar, Philippines, with the aid of complete enumeration sampling. Primary and cross-sectional data were gathered using the researchers' developed questionnaire based on the current literature. Using a quantitative research design, the data were analysed using descriptive statistical measures, correlation analysis, and ordinal regression modelling. Results suggested that, on (...) average, rice farmers' perceived level of knowledge (M=4.37; SD=0.39), practices (M=4.32; SD=0.41), and production (M=4.29; SD=0.39) in farming are considered very high. This implies that rice farmers display strong knowledge, effective farming practices, and efficient production processes. The correlation analysis revealed that farmers' knowledge, practices, and production levels are highly correlated with each other. This indicates that farmers' knowledge is vital to their farming practices by adopting technologies that positively influence their productivity. Moreover, the ordinal regression revealed that tenure status (being a tenant farmer) is a significant (at a 10% level) predictor of farmers' knowledge, practices, and production activities. Notably, to support rice farmers who lease land, the government should promote policies that provide more secure land tenure, encouraging long-term investment in farming. Moreover, the study suggests that future interventions and support programs should promote innovative and advanced techniques to ensure the continued growth and success of rice farming in the region. (shrink)

The Philippines is one of the fast-growing economies in the South-East Asian and the Pacific region. This study considered eight factors: HEI PRC rate, crime rate, education, employment, health, poverty, income, and basic family amenities of the 17 regions of the country, all taken from the year 2012 databases of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) and Open Data Philippines. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated the indices of the six factors and Cluster (...) Analysis (CA) to group regional similarities. Clustering revealed that ARMM and MIMAROPA Regions have clustered independently, in two individual clusters, while the rest of the 15 regions have clustered in two groups of five and 10. The study revealed that crime, poverty and health mortality rates have generally inverse relationships with HEI PRC percentage performance, employment, education, income and basic housing amenities. (shrink)

This study aims to elucidate the extension support services for rice farmers provided by the Local Government Unit (LGU) in Alangalang, Leyte, Philippines. A total of 108 rice farmers selected at random were the respondents of this study. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect the needed information, and descriptive measures were used to analyze and interpret the collected data. Based on the data, the result revealed that the beneficiaries of the subsidies were highly satisfied with the rice seed (...) subsidy, fertilizer subsidy, and crop insurance, while in farm advisory and training, the farmers are moderately satisfied with the services provided. In addition, rice farmers in the area face various challenges in support services programs, including delayed distribution, unfair service distribution, irregular evaluation, a limited number of extension workers, and poor input supply, which are described as serious problems. Moreover, the lack of information updates and limited funding support are considered very serious problems. Conclusively, the LGU should have training seminars and workshops focusing on modern rice farming techniques and sustainable farming practices to help farmers in times of need. The study suggests that farmers must be provided with enough agricultural extension agents by the LGU to help them solve their problems and obtain sustainability. (shrink)

The MATATAG Curriculum signifies a pivotal shift in the Philippine education system, prioritizing foundational skills, integrating 21st-century competencies, and promoting values education. This study conducts a comprehensive document analysis to examine the curriculum's impact on stakeholders, revealing positive reception and adaptation among educators, students, and parents. Through meticulous examination of official documents, policy papers, and curriculum guidelines, the study elucidates reductions in academic pressure and enhancements in teacher workload, fostering a conducive learning environment. Additionally, the analysis underscores the curriculum's emphasis (...) on holistic development, nurturing responsible, compassionate individuals. Stakeholder engagement emerges as a critical component for ensuring the ongoing relevance and efficacy of the MATATAG Curriculum. As a beacon of educational progress, the MATATAG Curriculum steers the nation towards excellence in education and societal well-being. (shrink)

Graduates' employability indicates the excellent education and relevant preparation they obtained from their respective degrees. Tracer studies have enabled higher education institutions to profile their graduates while also reflecting on the quality of education they provide. With the foregoing, a tracer study determined the demographic and academic profile of teacher education graduates from 2017 to 2020 in a state university in the West Philippines. It also ascertained the advanced studies they attended after college, their employment data, the relevance of (...) college preparation with their current employment, difficulties they encountered while securing employment and in their present job, and recommendations to strengthen the teacher education program. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design with 80 non-random samples chosen based on availability. The survey was based on the Philippine Commission on Higher Education with modifications elucidated from previous studies. Results showed that graduates took the teacher education program with a strong passion for the teaching profession. More graduates received honors and awards, passed the licensure examinations for teachers, attended advanced studies for professional development, and are employable. Besides, the graduates’ college preparation is relevant to their current employment. Further, difficulties and problems encountered and recommendations to strengthen the teacher education program were noted. These findings may serve as a baseline for curriculum review and give suggestions for future tracer studies. (shrink)

The demand in the workplace is rapidly changing brought about by the educational reforms and the emergence of disruptive technology. The changes increase the importance of employability skills and literacy that would ensure career success and degree program relevance. On this premise, a study was carried out using a scoping review to examine the existing literature that published information related to employability skills of Teacher Education graduates in the Philippines. The review covered fifteen published articles that qualified in inclusion (...) and exclusion criteria. Results revealed the top employable skills which include communication; information and communication technology; problem-solving and critical thinking; collaboration, cooperation, and teamwork; research; and leadership. This study offers these skills as a framework in the curriculum enhancement of teacher education programs. It was recommended to Teacher Education Institutions to revisit their curriculum and find out if these competencies were given considerable emphasis in instruction. The partially employable skills of graduates from teacher education programs imply the furtherance of the inquiry to confirm if these skills are employable or not. Future tracer studies may take the lens of the framework in evaluating the responsiveness of the curriculum. (shrink)

This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the adoption of coffee farming in the municipality of Alangalang, Leyte, Philippines. A total of 65 coffee farmers registered in the Local Government Unit served as respondents for this research. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect data, which was then analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Spearman rank correlation. The findings revealed that the respondents were predominantly middle-aged females, most of whom had attained elementary to high school education and operated (...) small to medium-sized farms. Four key categories of factors were identified: economic, environmental, institutional and social. Economic and institutional factors particularly access to subsidies and extension services were rated highly significant in influencing adoption. Major problems identified include lack of access to quality planting materials, limited government support, low farmgate prices, and inadequate training and extension services. These findings highlight the need for enhanced extension services, access to inputs, financial support, training, and infrastructure development to boost the adoption and sustainability of coffee farming in Alangalang, Leyte. (shrink)

Bakla signals “effeminacy” and “homosexuality,” which stigma signifies being “weak,” “fake woman,” and “unreal man.” This historical research interrogates the etymology of bakla, which etymology claims that bakla only became a label for gay identity since the 1960s. A newfound evidence, the Bienvenido N. Santos’ “Recollections” (1932), challenges this etymology; as the document used bakla to signify “effeminate” decades before the 1960s. Mobilizing this newfound evidence alongside theoretical, historiographic, and archival data, this thesis asks: (1) How can the 1932 “Recollections” (...) help explain the crystallization of bakla into a label for “effeminate homosexual male” identity since the 1960s? (2) What can socio-historical processes further reveal about the etymology of bakla, and why the word bears so much stigma? (3) How did “effeminacy” and male “homosexuality” become semantically linked with bakla’s historic senses? At its core, the study argues that sexism and political instability coincide in the social history of the bakla. Contextualizing bakla’s semantic shifts reveals that the word’s stigma comes from its earliest meaning; besides “fearful and weak,” it was bakla as “deceptive.” While tracking bakla’s semantic links with the pre-existing terms for gay identity shows that bakla was forged alongside historical biases against women. These biases rendered gay men and trans women undesirable. And archival data uncover five (5) factors explaining why bakla crystallized into a gender label, which also offer insights on how bakla has been reclaimed and reworked, despite its persisting stigma, in more recent years. The thesis exposes bakla’s status as a “keyword” in the Philippine conceptual, sexual, and social history. It undresses bakla, opens it to critique, and recognizes the importance its etymology can play in undoing bakla’s stigma, and its potential in rethinking Philippine history itself. (shrink)

Introduction The political landscape of the Philippines has long been characterized by the dominance of political dynasties. Elections, rather than serving as genuine contests of ideas or platforms, often become competitions among powerful families who have controlled political power for generations. This paper explores how and why the electoral system in the Philippines evolved into a competition of political dynasties, examining historical, structural, economic, and cultural factors. -/- .

The recent political developments in the Philippines require a reevaluation of the nature of the State under the Rodrigo Duterte regime. Just years ago, scholars illustrated the regime of Duterte to be a populist, illiberal, or authoritarian one. But since then, and especially during the pandemic, a lot of things have changed. In this paper, I will argue that Duterte’s regime is a fascist one. Unlike how Walden Bello characterized Duterte as a fascist original, a characterization laden with theoretical (...) inconsistencies and practical difficulties, I will develop a concept of fascism proper to the neoliberal and semi-colonial conditions of the Philippines. I will likewise trace the rise, development, and stabilization of the regime’s fascism. The discussion will be supported and illuminated by some illustrative examples taken from the experience of the mass movement in Cebu. (shrink)

Every higher education institution (HEI) needs to monitor the employability status of its graduates as this reflects the quality education that HEIs provide to their students. In this study, a retrospective approach was used to analyze the employment status of graduates of a state university in the Philippines from 2015 to 2019. A data mining procedure was adopted to obtain necessary data and analysis. It was hypothesized in the study that the employment rates are the same across programs per (...) year. Also, the employment rates from 2015 to 2019 are the same as the targeted employment rate in the strategic plan of the university. Statistical treatments such as mean, median, and standard deviation, Shapiro-Wilk test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypothesis. Results show that the employment rate of graduates of 2015-2019 is in the high-level category and significantly higher than the targeted employment rate in the university strategic plan. Similarly, findings show significant differences in the employability rates of graduates considering the programs they enrolled in. On the contrary, no significant difference in the employment rate of graduates per year graduated. The study concluded that the university is consistent in producing employable graduates. (shrink)

The study determined the problem-solving performance and skills of prospective elementary teachers (PETs) in the Northern Philippines. Specifically, it defined the PETs’ level of problem-solving performance in number sense, measurement, geometry, algebra, and probability; significant predictors of their problem-solving performance in terms of sex, socio-economic status, parents’ educational attainment, high school graduated from and subject preference; and their problem-solving skills. The PETs’ problem-solving performance was determined by a problem set consisting of word problems with number sense, measurement, geometry, algebra, (...) and probability. A mixed-method research design was employed. Senior PETs purposively served as a sample where they mostly preferred to teach other subjects than mathematics. PETs who preferred math performed satisfactorily, while prospective teachers who opted for other subjects performed unsatisfactorily. The PETs’ unsatisfactory output indicates the need for remediation to advance the mathematical material skills and enrich the problem-solving abilities of these primary schools' potential teachers. Besides, results showed that subject preference strongly affected and predicted the problem-solving success of the PETs. PETs who preferred to teach mathematics performed significantly better than their counterparts; hence, mathematics as a field of specialization in the Bachelor of Elementary Education program may be considered by teacher education institutions. Further, most PETs displayed lack of problem-solving skills; thus, a Problem-Solving course is recommended for them. (shrink)

Subject matter expertise goes far beyond simply knowing and regurgitating facts. It is a multifaceted ability encompassing a deep understanding of the content, pedagogical knowledge, assessment proficiency, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and cultivating positive attitudes and values. This transcendental phenomenological study was conducted to understand the lived experiences of SHS out-of-field research teachers in terms of assignment, instruction, and feedback. To grasp the phenomenon's essence, transcendental phenomenology aims to set aside the researcher's preconceived ideas and strive for neutrality. (...) The study was participated by 14 teacher-participants from the selected private senior high schools in Davao City, Philippines. Findings show that in terms of assignment, participants' experiences include adherence and submission to school administrators, consideration of teacher potential, experience, and training, and feelings of anxiety and frustration. With regards to instructional experiences, it includes lack of experience, aptitude, and administrative support; difficulty in establishing authority and checking outputs. With those, participants must be resourceful and creative and engage in professional development activities. In terms of feedback, participants were honest and open-minded and experienced the welcoming nature of the students. The findings elaborate on the complex and multi-faceted nature of out-of-field teaching, which is expected to inspire improved teacher hiring and placement policy. It is recommended that educational institutions should provide professional development programs to help those out-of-field teachers stay updated with best practices. (shrink)

This study explores farmers' perceptions regarding the contributions of Local Farmer Technicians (LFTs) to rice production within Mauswagon ARC Cooperative, located in Bonifacio, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. LFTs serve as vital community resources, connecting innovative agricultural techniques with traditional farming practices. They are instrumental in advancing sustainable agricultural practices, improving efficiency, and aiding farm administration. The investigation evaluated the technical proficiency, training quality, accessibility, and impact on productivity expertise, training quality, accessibility, and impact on productivity and profitability of LFTs through (...) interviews. The study examined the relational dynamics between farmers and LFTs, emphasizing trust, collaboration, and their influence on adopting modern methods. The results demonstrate that farmers regard LFTs as trustworthy and efficient, valuing their pest management, fertilizer application, and water conservation assistance. LFTs were recognized for linking government initiatives to the requirements of smallholder farmers. Challenges include limited access to LFT services due to budget constraints and difficulties tailoring advice to specific farmers. Given these constraints, LFTs have significantly improved rice production by increasing yields, reducing costs, and fostering collaborative learning among farmers. However, ongoing capacity enhancement and institutional support are needed to ensure LFTs stay updated on agricultural developments and guarantee long-term viability. Strengthening support systems can enhance resilience and development in rural farming communities. (shrink)

Assessing the effectiveness and relevance of livelihood trainings on crop production training impact holds essential importance because it determines the number of trained farmers who deployed technology and enhanced their standard of living. The researchers evaluated how farmers in Lawaan, Eastern Samar, Philippines regarded the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) crop production training programs for quality and economic gain. It involved 147 farmer trainees who participated in five workshops from 2020 to 2023. Data on socio-demographics, economic profiles, training perceptions, and (...) challenges in technology adoption were collected through a survey. The statistics used in this study to analyze the results are descriptive techniques and correlation analysis. The study revealed that trainees approved of the training delivery which corresponded to their needs and evaluation findings and gave them positive feedback. The trainings were seen as helpful in delivering practical knowledge with new abilities while being highly efficient. The training perception of employees was shaped by their age combined with their monthly income alongside their religious affiliation. Financial obstacles proved to be the main obstacle that trainees encountered. The LGU-Lawaan should use budget allocations to conduct specialized training programs for banner programs since the trainings provided by MAO-Lawaan has demonstrated their high importance and success rate. MAO should develop joint ventures with lead agencies to share resources and collectively support the adoption of technology. The study advocates that the budget must increase for diverse training programs and advocates for establishing partnerships in order to improve technology adoption. (shrink)

Introduction -/- The Spanish colonization of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 introduced a unique form of governance characterized by the fusion of ecclesiastical and colonial powers. Although the Spanish Crown was the official source of authority, the Roman Catholic Church—particularly through its religious orders—played a pivotal role in administering colonial society. This paper explores the role of the Catholic Church in governance during Spanish colonization, the socio-political influence of the clergy, key events such as the execution of Gomburza, (...) and the eventual backlash during the Philippine Revolution, including the imprisonment of friars under Emilio Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government. -/- . (shrink)

Mathematical confidence and critical thinking are essential in preparing preservice teachers. Thus, this study explored the perceived confidence and critical thinking levels in mathematics of elementary and secondary preservice teachers. A descriptive-correlational-comparative research design was employed, with a sample of 107 randomly selected preservice teachers enrolled in the Bachelor in Elementary and Secondary Education programs of a state university in West Philippines. The study used arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Spearman’s rank-order correlation, and independent samples t-test to analyze and draw (...) conclusions from the data. The findings revealed that the preservice teachers have high confidence and critical thinking skills. Their program significantly correlates with their perceived critical thinking and confidence level. Besides, the preservice teachers’ confidence levels and perceived critical thinking skills significantly correlate. Further analysis found significant confidence and critical thinking differences favoring the secondary over the elementary preservice teachers. These findings provide insights that would benefit mathematics educators in providing priority programs to enhance the preparation of future math teachers. (shrink)

-/- The Hindrances to Development in the Philippines: A Legacy of Colonization and Religion -/- Abstract -/- The Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia, has faced significant challenges in its pursuit of economic, social, and political development. While many factors contribute to these challenges, the historical context of colonization and the influence of religion have had long-lasting effects on the nation’s growth. This paper explores how the history of colonization and the strong influence of religion continue to hinder (...) the development of the Philippines. By analyzing psychological, cultural, economic, educational, political, and social dimensions, this paper highlights how these two historical legacies have shaped the Philippines’ present-day struggles and proposes avenues for overcoming these obstacles to sustainable development. -/- Introduction -/- The Philippines’ history of colonization and religious influence is often cited as a central factor in the country’s continued development challenges. Colonized by Spain for over 300 years and later by the United States, the Philippines experienced significant alterations to its social, economic, and political structures. Additionally, the Catholic Church, which played a pivotal role during the Spanish colonial period, continues to hold substantial influence over social and political life in the country. These intertwined legacies have created systems that often resist change, limit social mobility, and perpetuate inequalities. This paper examines the psychological, cultural, economic, educational, political, and social effects of colonization and religion, and how they continue to hinder the Philippines’ development. -/- Psychological and Cultural Effects of Colonization -/- Colonization in the Philippines was marked by the imposition of foreign governance, education, and social structures. The Spanish colonization of the Philippines (1565–1898) and subsequent American occupation (1898–1946) suppressed indigenous Filipino knowledge, cultural practices, and governance systems. As a result, the Filipino identity became fragmented, with colonizers’ cultural norms and values taking precedence over local traditions. This cultural dissonance often created a sense of inferiority among Filipinos, with the colonial powers positioning themselves as superior. -/- The psychological effects of this cultural dislocation are evident in modern-day Filipino society, where there is an ongoing struggle to reconcile indigenous Filipino values with the globalized, Western-influenced identity that emerged from centuries of colonization. This fragmentation hampers national unity and collective action for societal advancement, as diverse groups within the country may have conflicting priorities due to this lack of a cohesive cultural foundation (Lopez, 2005). -/- Economic Dependency and Exploitation -/- Colonization established an economic system in the Philippines that was heavily reliant on the extraction of resources for the benefit of the colonial powers. Under Spanish rule, the Philippines became a major producer of agricultural goods like sugar, tobacco, and rice, much of which were exported to Spain and other European countries. The United States continued this pattern by orienting the Philippine economy toward the export of raw materials such as coconut and hemp. This legacy of economic dependency persists today, as the Philippines remains heavily reliant on foreign capital and imports (Bello, 2004). -/- This continued dependency has inhibited the growth of local industries and has limited the country’s capacity for self-sustaining economic development. Despite efforts to industrialize in recent decades, the Philippines’ economy remains largely export-dependent, with few homegrown industries that can compete on the global stage (Lamberte, 2002). The dominance of foreign interests in key sectors of the economy continues to restrict the development of a diverse and self-reliant economy. -/- The Impact of Colonization on Education and Knowledge Systems -/- Under Spanish and American rule, the education system in the Philippines was structured to serve the needs of the colonial powers rather than to foster local knowledge, critical thinking, or technological advancement. The educational system emphasized religious instruction, the teaching of colonial languages (Spanish and later English), and the inculcation of loyalty to colonial authorities. Science, technology, and critical thinking were not priorities in this system, leaving gaps in the Philippines' scientific and technological capabilities (Quijano, 2000). -/- These educational shortcomings continue to affect the country today, with many Filipinos lacking access to high-quality education that emphasizes critical thinking and innovation. The country’s educational system still struggles with outdated curricula that do not adequately prepare students for the demands of the modern global economy (Santos, 2010). The lack of emphasis on local scientific research and development further limits the Philippines’ potential to build a knowledge-based economy. -/- Religion and Social Control -/- Religion, particularly Catholicism, has played a central role in shaping the social structure of the Philippines. During the Spanish colonial period, the Catholic Church was an instrument of social control and governance. The Church played a significant role in education, the legal system, and the daily lives of Filipinos. Although the Philippines gained independence from Spain in 1898, the Church continued to exert influence over Filipino society, especially in rural areas (Tiongco, 2004). -/- This religious influence remains strong today, with the Catholic Church often opposing policies related to reproductive health, family planning, and gender equality. The conservative stance of the Church on these issues has created tension between religious doctrine and progressive policies aimed at improving health outcomes and economic well-being. Religious conservatism can, therefore, act as a barrier to the implementation of policies that would benefit the nation's development, particularly in areas such as population control and women’s rights (Silliman, 2014). -/- Political Structures and Governance Challenges -/- Colonization also shaped the governance structures of the Philippines, creating a political system that was more focused on maintaining control and extracting resources than on promoting national welfare. The legacy of authoritarian rule, corruption, and patronage politics remains entrenched in Philippine governance today. The lack of strong political institutions and the persistence of elite domination over political processes have undermined the effective implementation of policies that could drive long-term development (Hernandez, 2011). -/- The political culture in the Philippines, influenced by colonial legacies, often prioritizes short-term political gain over long-term national development. This culture of patronage politics, in which elected officials rely on loyalty and personal connections rather than merit, exacerbates issues such as corruption, inefficiency, and inequality (Uson, 2016). These challenges make it difficult for the Philippines to achieve sustained economic growth and social progress. -/- Social Stratification and Inequality -/- Colonization and religious influence have also contributed to deep social divisions within the Philippines. Under Spanish rule, a hierarchical social structure was established, with a small elite class controlling land and resources while the majority of Filipinos lived in poverty. This system of inequality was perpetuated by the Catholic Church, which supported the social order that maintained the status quo. -/- Today, the Philippines remains one of the most socially stratified countries in Asia. The wealth gap between the elite and the rest of the population continues to grow, and social mobility is limited by a lack of access to quality education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for the majority of Filipinos (David, 2007). This inequality hampers the country’s development by preventing large segments of the population from contributing fully to economic growth and societal progress. -/- Conclusion -/- The history of colonization and the influence of religion have created significant barriers to the development of the Philippines. From the psychological effects of cultural dissonance and the economic dependency fostered by colonial exploitation, to the constraints imposed by an outdated education system and entrenched social hierarchies, these legacies continue to shape the country’s struggles for progress. Overcoming these challenges requires a concerted effort to decolonize the Filipino mind, reform the educational system, promote inclusive economic policies, and encourage a more progressive approach to religion and governance. Only by addressing these historical legacies can the Philippines hope to unlock its full potential and achieve sustainable development. -/- References -/- Bello, W. (2004). The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. University of the Philippines Press. -/- David, C. C. (2007). The Filipino Economy: Development and Underdevelopment. Ateneo de Manila University Press. -/- Hernandez, L. (2011). Political Patronage in Philippine Politics: An Analysis of Political Dynamics in the Philippines. Philippine Political Science Journal, 32(1), 74-92. -/- Lamberte, M. B. (2002). The Philippine Economy: A Study of Growth and Development. University of Philippines Press. -/- Lopez, A. S. (2005). Colonial Mentality and the Filipino Mind: A Study in Psychological Resistance. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 9(2), 125-140. -/- Quijano, W. (2000). Colonialism and its Legacy in the Philippines. Philippine Studies, 48(4), 449-466. -/- Santos, R. M. (2010). Education in the Philippines: Challenges and Opportunities for Reform. Philippine Education Review, 3(1), 56-72. -/- Silliman, J. (2014). Religion, Politics, and Society in the Philippines. Southeast Asian Studies, 15(3), 208-225. -/- Tiongco, M. G. (2004). The Catholic Church in the Philippines: A Historical Perspective. Philippine Studies Journal, 29(2), 173-192. -/- Uson, E. L. (2016). Corruption, Politics, and Governance in the Philippines. Asian Politics and Policy, 8(1), 65-83. -/- . (shrink)

Abstract The Philippines faces persistent development challenges, including poverty, governance inefficiencies, environmental degradation, rapid urbanization, financial vulnerability, and population pressure. Despite comprehensive planning frameworks such as the Philippine Development Plan and Ambisyon Natin 2040, systemic imbalances continue to generate recurring social and economic stress. This paper advances a systems-based analytical framework grounded in a universal principle of balance observed in natural and social systems. Human decision-making—individual and collective—operates through feedback mechanisms constrained by ecological, economic, and institutional limits. By integrating (...) family structure, education, governance, economic and financial systems, population dynamics, ecosystem management, and urban development, the framework offers a non-coercive, culturally compatible foundation for long-term Philippine development planning. The approach emphasizes alignment, feedback transparency, and intergenerational sustainability while preserving democratic processes, religious diversity, and human dignity. -/- . (shrink)

Objectives: The study determined the competencies of teachers and performance of learners in 2017-2018 National Achievement Test. It identified the influence of teachers’ competencies on performance of learners. Methods: It employed descriptive-correlational and explanatory designs and it involved three divisions in Northern Mindanao region, Philippines. Findings: The Grade 10 and 6 teachers have possessed very satisfactory competencies across areas, while the Grade 10 and Grade 6 learners had a low mastery and very low mastery, respectively. Furthermore, there was no (...) significant relationship between the competencies of teachers and the performance of learners, while their competencies did not significantly influence the performance of learners. Conclusion: Teachers were deemed competent in all areas and learners had not acquired most of the competency standards of the curricula. Hence, no matter how competent teachers are, this would not contribute significantly to improving the performance of learners in the National Achievement Test. Thus, competencies of teachers cannot determine the performance of learners. (shrink)

This study focused on the farmers’ satisfaction and its influencing determinants under the implementation of Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) in Leyte, Philippines. Currently, very limited studies are available in literature regarding the Law. Hence, this study is conducted to evaluate the farmers’ satisfaction while experiencing the Law. With the aid of probabilistic sampling method, the study employed 169 rice farmers as the participants. A developed questionnaire was used to gather primary data and analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric modelling. (...) Results showed that the farmers’ actual satisfaction is relatively lower compared to expected satisfaction. This is due to negative effects of RTL. The study documented a significant socio-demographic determinants of satisfaction in farming, namely: gender, marital status, education and rice farm ownership. Income from rice farming has inverse effect on satisfaction. Farmers with high income also experience high expenses in agricultural inputs which negatively affects their well-being. A low other monthly income of farmers has a chance of being satisfied in rice farming. Satisfied farmers spend more time in farming and results to higher opportunity cost for other income activities. Furthermore, household consumption, household assets, and household expense positively affects satisfaction of farmers due to the benefits and comfort. (shrink)

Corruption in the Philippines has persisted despite repeated leadership changes, legal reforms, and anti-corruption campaigns. This persistence indicates a structural, rather than moral, failure. This paper conceptualizes corruption as an emergent outcome of systemic imbalance caused by weakened feedback mechanisms, excessive discretionary power, and belief-driven decision-making. Using a comparative institutional framework and grounded in a universal law of balance, the study evaluates international reform models and their contextual applicability to the Philippines. The findings suggest that sustainable anti-corruption reform (...) requires the redesign of governance systems as self-correcting feedback structures, supported by digital separation, selective institutional resets, legitimacy restoration mechanisms, and foundational education reform centered on systems thinking. The paper concludes that durable governance stability can only be achieved when institutions operate in accordance with natural balance principles rather than assumptions of human virtue. (shrink)

Cristina Pantoja Hidalgo, Professor Emeritus of English & Comparative Literature at the University of the Philippines (UP) and one of the foremost contemporary Filipina scholars on travel studies, once wrote: -/- All travel writing is, in a sense translation. Travelers come to an unknown place and try to “translate” it, i.e. to make it comprehensible, for themselves first, and then for their readers (Hidalgo 2020). -/- Travel writing as an act of translation is not only personal (i.e., making the (...) unknown known through personal experiences) but also cultural. When we travel and write about these travels, we are not looking at the foreign places and peoples simply as they are (or in Kantian terminology, “noumenon” or “thing-in-itself”). We always. (shrink)