This paper raises two problems for plan-expressivism concerning normative judgments about non-corealizable actions: actions which cannot both be performed. First, plan-expressivists associate normative judgment with an attitude which satisfies a corealizability constraint, but this constraint is (in the interpersonal case) unwarranted, and (in the intrapersonal case) warranted only at the price of a contentious normative premise. Ayars (2022) holds that the pair of judgments ‘A should φ’ and ‘B should ψ’ is coherent only if one believes that A can φ (...) while B ψ’s. But this is false. Both Gibbard (2003) and Ayars hold that the pair of judgments ‘A should φ’ and ‘A should ψ’ is coherent only if one believes that A can φ and ψ. But this assumes possibilism. Second, the paper demonstrates, cases involving interpersonal non-corealizability prompt judgments about what multiple agents should do which – contra Gibbard – are not plausibly associated with any planning subject. (shrink)

In philosophical action theory there is a wide agreement that intentions, often understood in terms of plans, play a major role in the deliberation of rational agents. Planning accounts of rational agency challenge game- and decision-theoretical accounts in that they allow for rationality of actions that do not necessarily maximize expected utility but instead aim at satisfying long-term goals. Another challenge for game-theoretical understanding of rational agency has recently been put forth by the theory of team reasoning in which (...) the agents select their actions by doing their parts in the collective action that is best for the group. Both planning and team reasoning can be seen as instances of a similar type of reasoning in which actions are selected on the basis of an evaluation of a larger unit than an individual’s momentary act. In recent theories of collective agency, both planning and team reasoning have been defended against orthodox game theory, but, interestingly, by different authors: Raimo Tuomela has defended team reasoning in his theory of group agency, but he ignores temporally extended planning in this context. Michael Bratman has extended his theory of planning to the case of shared agency, but he does not seem to see a role for team reasoning in understanding shared intentional activities. In this paper, we argue that both accounts suffer from this one-sidedness. We aim to combine the main insights of Tuomela’s we-mode approach and Bratman’s planning approach into a fruitful synthesis that we think is necessary for understanding the nature of group agency. (shrink)

This study investigated the experiences, coping mechanisms, and beneficial insights of principals in the Division of Davao del Norte, Philippines, who participated in strategic planning for School Improvement Plans (SIPs). The study utilized a phenomenological approach, employing purposive sampling to select a sample of seven principals from public schools in Davao del Norte. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and analyzed using a phenomenological method. The study's findings revealed that the principals' experiences with strategic planning for SIPs were (...) characterized by collaboration and communication, emotional management, and a focus on teacher professional development. However, they also encountered difficulties, including limited resources and a lack of support. The study concluded that the findings had significant implications for school administrators, policymakers, and researchers, highlighting the need for further research and support in strategic planning for SIPs. (shrink)

The article explores strategic innovation management as a fundamental approach to achieving sustainable development and maintaining competitiveness within an increasingly dynamic business environment. Particular attention is given to the formulation and implementation of long-term innovation objectives grounded in a comprehensive analysis of both internal capabilities and external threats. These objectives aim to optimize business processes, improve resource allocation, and modernize the technological infrastructure of enterprises. Through such initiatives, companies become better equipped to respond proactively to market demands and enhance operational (...) efficiency. -/- The key components of strategic innovation management are identified, emphasizing the development of a clear strategic vision, the discovery of new growth opportunities, and the establishment of specific, measurable goals. The article underscores the importance of continuous adaptation to external environmental changes — not only to maintain market relevance but also to foster conditions that encourage productive innovation. This adaptability strengthens organizational resilience amid industry transformations and intensifying competition. -/- An analysis of current trends in strategic innovation planning demonstrates that successful companies consistently seek new ways to integrate traditional and modern management practices, effectively balancing foundational approaches with forward-looking solutions. In particular, the paper presents a comparative assessment of strategic planning and scenario planning, highlighting the advantages of their combined application. The scenario-based approach — focused on predictive modeling and flexible decision-making — complements strategic planning by providing structured responsiveness to future uncertainties. -/- In conclusion, the authors emphasize the crucial role of integrating scenario-based methods into strategic innovation planning frameworks. Together, these approaches make a significant contribution to the sustainable success of enterprises. The findings suggest that organizations should develop multi-level business models that reflect the interdependence of global, national, and sector-specific factors. Such models enhance a company’s capacity to manage its innovation potential effectively, aligning long-term strategic goals with short-term operational flexibility. This integrated approach strengthens the enterprise’s long-term resilience and enables it to thrive amid complex and volatile market conditions. (shrink)

The research aims to study the role of strategic and operational planning as approach for crises management in UNRWA - Gaza Strip field- Palestine. Several descriptive analytical methods were used for this purpose and a survey as a tool for data collection. Community size was (881), and the study sample was stratified random (268). The overall findings of the current study show that strategic and operational planning is performed in UNRWA. The results of static analysis show that there (...) are a relation between strategic and operational planning and crises management. In spite this relation existence, it need more improvement and expanding. Also there are shortcomings in the way that organization manages the crises before and after they occur. A crisis management is only practicing during the crisis. The study suggests that UNRWA must invest in more resources to enhance strategic and operational palming and improve other methods to face potential crises in the future. (shrink)

This paper argues that the “Canberra Plan” picture of physicalistic reduction of mind--a picture shared by both its proponents and opponents, philosophers as diverse as David Armstrong, David Chalmers Frank Jackson, Jaegwon Kim, Joe Levine and David Lewis--neglects ground (Fine, 2001, 2012). To the extent that the point of view endorsed by the Canberra Plan has an account of the physical/functional ground of mind at all, it is in one version trivial and in another version implausible. In its most general (...) form, the point of view of the Canberra Plan is committed to unacceptably treating indexical or name-related facts as part of the ultimate physical/functional ground of the mental. (shrink)

This study linked strategic planning and staff management relatively and cumulatively to the effectiveness of post-graduate programmes at two public Nigerian universities. The study was directed by the formulation and testing of three null hypotheses. The entire population of 157 administrators (including 24 deans and 133 HODs) participated in a survey, where a questionnaire was used to elicit responses. The questionnaire was designed by the researcher but validated by five experts. The reliability for internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s (...) alpha, with acceptable indices. Data obtained were analysed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. In a bivariate sense, both strategic planning and staff management significantly correlated with the effectiveness of post-graduate programmes respectively. Cumulatively, the two predictors are responsible for explaining 57% of the variation in the effectiveness of post-graduate programmes, with the remaining 43% of the unexplained variance attributable to other extraneous variables. The composite contribution of the two predictors was verified to be statistically significant. Staff management was the strongest predictor ahead of strategic planning. It was recommended, among other things, that the coordinator of post-graduate programmes should ensure that plans are made concerning the procurement and maintenance of facilities that will be required for the smooth running of the programmes in graduate schools. (shrink)

In "Pascal's Mugging" (Bostrom 2009), Pascal gives away his wallet for an extremely tiny chance of an extremely large reward. In this continuation of Bostrom's story, Pascal's friend counsels him to take into account the possibility of making mistakes about his true expected utilities, and they consider to what extent this will help Pascal make plans to avoid future muggings.

A popular approach in philosophy, the so-called Canberra Plan, is critically scrutinized. Two aspects of this research program, the formal and the informal program, are distinguished. It is argued that the formal program runs up against certain serious technical problems. It is also argued that the informal program involves an unclear leap at its core. Consequently, it is argued that the whole program is much more problematic than its advocates recognize.

Greaves and Wallace argue that conditionalization maximizes expected accuracy and so is a rational requirement, but their argument presupposes a particular picture of the bridge between rationality and accuracy: the best-plan-to-follow picture. And theorists such as Schoenfield and Steel argue that it is possible to motivate an alternative picture—the best-plan-to-make picture—that does not vindicate conditionalization. I show that these theorists are mistaken: it turns out that if an update procedure maximizes expected accuracy on the best-plan-to-follow picture, it is guaranteed to (...) maximize expected accuracy on the best-plan-to-make picture as well, in which case moving from the former to the latter cannot help us avoid the conclusion that conditionalization is a rational requirement. If there is a problem with Greaves and Wallace’s argument, it must lie elsewhere. (shrink)

In in this paper, I make use of an “doxastic planning model” of epistemic evaluation to argue for a form of epistemic internalism. In doing so, I begin by responding to a recent argument of Schoenfield’s against my previous attempt to develop such an argument. In doing so, I distinguish a variety of ways that argument might be understood, and discuss how both internalists and externalists might make use of the ideas within it. Then I argue that, despite these (...) complexities, the doxastic planning model continues to support a modest form of epistemic internalism. I conclude by showing that, far from conflicting with “anti-luminosity” arguments in epistemology, this form of internalism is best understood as a natural reaction to these arguments. (shrink)

The article explores adaptive business planning as a modern management approach capable of ensuring flexibility, resilience, and competitiveness of beauty industry enterprises under conditions of increasing market turbulence. The authors emphasize that traditional linear models of strategic planning are becoming less effective in a dynamic environment characterized by uncertainty, rapidly changing consumer trends, digital innovations, and socio-economic challenges. Special attention is given to the beauty business as a segment of the service economy that is highly sensitive to external (...) changes, features short product life cycles, and faces growing customer expectations for personalization and high-quality service. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively examine adaptive business planning as a tool for strategic management of beauty industry enterprises. The article addresses three key objectives: to justify the conceptual framework of adaptive planning in the service sector; to identify sector-specific features of such approaches in the beauty industry; and to develop a typology of strategic models based on content analysis of practices adopted by Ukrainian and international companies. The research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative methods, particularly content analysis of strategic documents, digital platforms, marketing activities, and CRM solutions across seven enterprises—two Ukrainian and five international. Four criteria were developed to assess adaptability: strategic transparency, flexible planning, digital infrastructure, and marketing dynamics. Based on these, four types of strategic behavior were identified: integrated strategic adaptiveness, product-marketing flexibility, fragmented tactical adaptiveness, and situational reactivity. The findings reveal substantial differences between companies, driven not by geography but by the level of institutional maturity, digital integration, and managerial capacity. Companies that actively implement CRM systems, frequently revise strategic objectives, and apply long-term planning models show the highest degree of adaptiveness. Ukrainian firms demonstrate growth potential but require stronger strategic reflection, process automation, and structured customer data analysis. Theoretical contribution of this study lies in extending the academic understanding of adaptive planning within the service sector, especially in the underexplored beauty industry. Its practical relevance is grounded in the proposed typology, which can serve as a diagnostic framework for business owners and managers. The study also offers implications for training programs and business consulting. Future research should expand the sample, use mixed methods, and explore the effects of adaptive strategies on financial performance, customer loyalty, and sustainable competitiveness in beauty and related service industries. (shrink)

Maintaining systems of military plans is critical for military effectiveness, but is also challenging. Plans will become obsolete as the world diverges from the assumptions on which they rest. If too many ad hoc changes are made to intermeshed plans, the ensemble may no longer lead to well-synchronized and coordinated operations, resulting in the system of plans becoming itself incoherent. We describe in what follows an Adaptive Planning process that we are developing on behalf of the Air Force Research (...) Laboratory (Rome) with the goal of addressing problems of these sorts through cyclical collaborative plan review and maintenance. The interactions of world state, blue force status and associated plans are too complex for manual adaptive processes, and computer-aided plan review and maintenance is thus indispensable. We argue that appropriate semantic technology can 1) provide richer representation of plan-related data and semantics, 2) allow for flexible, non-disruptive, agile, scalable, and coordinated changes in plans, and 3) support more intelligent analytical querying of plan-related data. (shrink)

Comprehensive Plan for Population Growth Control & Senior Citizen Social Safety Net in the Philippines -/- To ensure sustainable population growth while also supporting senior citizens who have no children or lack financial support, the government must integrate social safety net laws for both family planning and elderly welfare. -/- I. Population Growth Control Through Social Safety Net Laws -/- 1. TAX REFORMS TO INCENTIVIZE SMALLER FAMILIES -/- A. Incentives for Small Families -/- Higher tax deductions for families with (...) one or two children. -/- Gradual removal of tax benefits for families with more than two children. -/- Corporate tax incentives for businesses that provide family planning services. -/- B. Tax Penalties for Large Families -/- Higher progressive taxation on families with three or more children. -/- Luxury taxes on housing, vehicles, and government subsidies for large families. -/- 2. EDUCATION REFORMS FOR RESPONSIBLE FAMILY PLANNING -/- A. Strengthening Sex Education (Comprehensive Sexuality Education – CSE) -/- Mandatory inclusion in the school curriculum from Grade 5 onward. -/- Covers reproductive health, contraception, financial responsibility, and gender equality. -/- B. Scholarships & Financial Aid for Small Families -/- Additional educational subsidies for children from families with one or two kids. -/- Gradual reduction of education subsidies for larger families. -/- 3. EMPLOYMENT & SOCIAL WELFARE REFORMS -/- A. Job Incentives for Women & Working Parents -/- Work-from-home incentives and subsidized childcare for working mothers. -/- Paid maternity leave benefits tied to small family sizes. -/- B. Adjustments to 4Ps Social Welfare Program -/- Full cash benefits limited to the first two children. -/- Mandatory family planning education to continue receiving benefits. -/- 4. AI & BIG DATA FOR POPULATION PLANNING -/- AI-driven demographic tracking to adjust tax policies, social benefits, and economic incentives. -/- Predictive modeling for workforce planning to prevent future labor shortages. -/- 5. URBAN & RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES -/- Housing and urban planning incentives for small families. -/- Smart city initiatives to balance population density. -/- II. Social Safety Net for Senior Citizens Without Children or Financial Support -/- 1. Universal Pension & Financial Support Programs -/- A. Strengthening the SSS and GSIS Pension System -/- Mandatory government contributions for all workers, regardless of employment sector. -/- Higher pension benefits for seniors without children or financial support. -/- B. New “Guaranteed Minimum Pension” Program -/- Senior citizens without private savings receive a baseline pension from the government. -/- Indexed to inflation to ensure financial security in old age. -/- 2. Housing & Living Assistance for Seniors Without Family Support -/- A. Senior Citizen Cooperative Housing Program -/- Government-subsidized shared housing facilities for elderly individuals without family support. -/- Community-based senior housing with healthcare and caregiving services. -/- B. Expansion of Public Nursing Homes -/- New state-run assisted living facilities in every province. -/- Affordable senior apartments with subsidized utilities and food programs. -/- 3. Healthcare & Insurance for Elderly Without Family Support -/- A. Expansion of PhilHealth & Free Healthcare Services -/- Automatic PhilHealth coverage for all seniors with no child support. -/- Higher government healthcare subsidies for single and childless seniors. -/- B. Free Home-Based Healthcare -/- Barangay-level healthcare workers assigned to provide free home visits for elderly citizens. -/- Mobile clinics and telemedicine for those in remote areas. -/- 4. Employment & Social Engagement for the Elderly -/- A. Senior Employment & Livelihood Programs -/- Tax incentives for companies hiring seniors (part-time or consultancy roles). -/- Government-backed microfinance loans for seniors starting small businesses. -/- B. “Adopt-a-Senior” Community Program -/- Encourage local communities to support senior citizens without family assistance. -/- Volunteer-based programs where younger individuals help care for seniors. -/- III. Implementation Challenges & Solutions -/- A. Overcoming Religious & Cultural Barriers -/- Frame policies as “family economic security programs” rather than population control. -/- Community-based awareness campaigns to promote responsible parenthood. -/- B. Ensuring Fair Implementation in Rural Areas -/- Deploy mobile healthcare teams to reach isolated seniors and educate rural families. -/- Offer financial rewards for barangays with successful family planning programs. -/- C. Balancing Population Growth & Workforce Needs -/- Encourage skilled migration to prevent future labor shortages. -/- Promote education and automation to compensate for a smaller workforce. -/- Final Recommendations -/- Integrate population planning into the national economic strategy. -/- Create a “National Senior Citizen Welfare Act” ensuring financial security for the elderly. -/- Strengthen AI-driven demographic management to balance population growth. -/- . (shrink)

We present and defend the Australian Plan semantics for negation. This is a comprehensive account, suitable for a variety of different logics. It is based on two ideas. The first is that negation is an exclusion-expressing device: we utter negations to express incompatibilities. The second is that, because incompatibility is modal, negation is a modal operator as well. It can, then, be modelled as a quantifier over points in frames, restricted by accessibility relations representing compatibilities and incompatibilities between such points. (...) We defuse a number of objections to this Plan, raised by supporters of the American Plan for negation, in which negation is handled via a many-valued semantics. We show that the Australian Plan has substantial advantages over the American Plan. (shrink)

Planning organizes our actions and conditions our effective-ness. To understand this philosophical hint better, the author investigates and juxtaposes two important accounts in action theory. He discusses the concept of a plan proposed by Tadeusz Kotarbiński in his praxiology (theory of efcient action), and the so called “planning theory of intention” by Michael E. Bratman. The conceptual meeting of these two proposals helps to remove aws in Kotarbiński’s action theory, it also shows the way, in which we can (...) enrich the idea of plans in the frame-work of intentions. Generally, praxiology occurs to be still an important perspective in action theory, which particularly shows how we can improve our understanding of planning when confronted with infuentialcontemporary accounts. (shrink)

The article analyzes the features of adaptive strategic planning as a tool for building managerial flexibility in small enterprises of the beauty industry. It focuses on the differences between improvisational, hybrid and institutionalized management models, as well as on the role of digital infrastructure, strategic publicity and marketing flexibility. A multiple case study of two Ukrainian beauty brands using structured content analysis was conducted, which allowed the development of an integrated model of the evolution of managerial flexibility. The findings (...) demonstrate the gradual accumulation of managerial capacity through the implementation of CRM, AI personalization algorithms and inclusive branding. Practical recommendations are proposed for owners and managers of small service companies to facilitate the transition from situational to systemic strategic management, thereby enhancing their resilience and competitiveness. (shrink)

The humanities have not enjoyed preeminence in academe since the Scientific Revolution marginalized the old trivium. But they long continued to play a subordinate educational role by helping constitute the distinguishing culture of the elite. Now even this subordinate role is becoming expendable as devotees of the profit motive seek to reduce culture to technological delivery of cultural products (Noble, Digital diploma mills: The automation of higher education, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003). The result is a deliberate downsizing of (...) the humanities as traditionally understood. Personal preferences aside, is this planned obsolescence morally defensible? Arguably not, if one appeals to traditional ethical norms. But what if its legitimacy is assessed instead according to the quite different norms of capitalism that figure so prominently in university administrators’ rationales as they embrace corporatization? The corporatization of American universities has had multiple effects, and some of these have not been entirely positive. In particular, it has had an adverse effect on the professional status and values of faculty. But how faculty respond to these changes varies according to their institutional situation. (shrink)

At the end of 1671 and start of 1672, while in the service of the Archbishop and Elector of Mainz, Leibniz composed his Egypt Plan, which sought to persuade Louis XIV to invade Egypt. Scholars have generally supposed that Leibniz’s rationale for devising the plan was to divert Louis from his intended war with Holland. Little attention has been paid to the religious benefits that Leibniz identified in the plan, and those who do acknowledge them are often quick to downplay (...) them. This tendency to downplay or even dismiss the religious benefits Leibniz claimed of the Egypt Plan is undermotivated and stems from a very superficial reading of the documents that together comprise it. In this paper I argue that we should take seriously Leibniz’s claim that a French invasion of Egypt would bring religious benefits, and that he saw them as important and intrinsically desirable inasmuch as he came to believe that the execution of the plan would lead to the flowering of co-operation and brotherhood among Christians in a show of inter-denominational koinonia, that is, fellowship with other Christians in the participation of shared goals. (shrink)

The Second World War and its associated political events of a national and global scale brought new circumstances, which was considerably influenced the development processes of Tehran. During World War II, Iran hoped that Washington would keep Britain and the Soviet Union from seizing control of the country’s oil fields. In 1951 and 1952 Truman worked with Iranian Prime Minister, though unsuccessfully, to regain some of those lost oil rights for Iran. By the late 1950s and President Kennedy’s presidency, he (...) used aid as leverage for social reform. During the early years of 1960s, the Kennedy Administration was urging its allies in the third world to carry out necessary reforms in order to prevent popular discontent and enhance the dominant ideology of ‘modernism’. In 1968, a major piece of legislation, the Urban Development and Renewal Act, enabled the municipality to implement Tehran’s Comprehensive Plan (TCP 1968), which integrated all the elements of a 1960s’ American city such as the separation of functions, highways, suburbs, shopping centers and housing area. The export of these American cities principles can only be understood from the background of the Cold War period, in which the east and west were both competing for cultural colonization of Middle Eastern strategically important cities like Tehran. During this period, the new developments supported by the oil boom of 1970s, were built in different forms to constitute an expanding metropolis. In 1974, the second “International Congress of Architecture” with the theme of “Toward a Quality of Life” held at Persepolis and brought together all leading world architects and planners to review Iran’s progress in its professional response to the challenges posed by increasing oil revenues. This research aims to represent the export of planning as a political means of cultural colonization of the Third World during the cold war period. (shrink)

The Budget and Expense Tracker System is designed to simplify personal and business financial management. It enables users to record, monitor, and analyze their income and expenses, offering categorized insights and visual reports. With features like budget allocation, transaction tracking, and real-time notifications, the system ensures users stay informed about their financial health. By integrating tools like chart visualization, notifications, and data export options, this application is a comprehensive solution for efficient financial planning. With advancements in technology, financial tools (...) have become more accessible. This project leverages modern technologies like React.js, Django, and secure databases to provide an intuitive, user-friendly platform. The system’s modular structure allows scalability, ensuring it can adapt to future enhancements such as AI-driven financial predictions and automated banking integrations. (shrink)

The conventional wisdom about advance care planning holds that the normative force of my prior wishes is simply that they are mine. It is their connection to me that matters. This paper challenges conventional thinking. I propose that the normative force of prior wishes does not depend exclusively on personal identity. Instead, it sometimes depends on a special relationship that exists between a prior, capacitated person and a now incapacitated person. I consider what normative guidance governs persons who stand (...) in a special relationship, and contrast these with the standard model of respect for autonomy. My conclusion is that advance care planning for individuals who have lost decision-making capacity should incorporate the virtues of prudence and integrity, even when one and the same person ceases to exist, and respect for personal autonomy is no longer relevant. (shrink)

The first signs of historical settlements in Tirana date back to the year 1614. These settlements and their road system belongs to the Ottoman city structure. Nowadays this historic northeast area of Tirana consists of a conglomeration of buildings that date back to different historical periods. A good part of these dwellings are informal ones, which damage the morphology of the area. This paper is considering a genuine historical basis to create an intervention model in this specific area of Tirana. (...) The total surface of the area which is rigorously analyzed is 2.08 ha. Regulatory plans that will be considered for this analysis are the regulatory plans of 1917, 1921, 1937, 1953, 1980, up to today (the existing situation of the city of Tirana). The whole area will be analyzed including the typical road system; the typical structure of the dwellings, and the typical morphology of the area. All dwellings will be filed, according to historical dating situation and the existing situation. The current local general (PPV) plan provides a radical intervention in this area which seriously damages the historical heritage of the city of Tirana. This article aims and focuses on a territorial development model recovering it and not damaging it, (in contradiction with the current regulatory plan). The new model will be clearly detailed (up-to-level plans). The city of Tirana needs historical heritage and historical identity. How can one damage such treasure which the time took care so much to create and preserve? Such allusions are to be spoken out loudly! (shrink)

The ontology of decision theory has been subject to considerable debate in the past, and discussion of just how we ought to view decision problems has revealed more than one interesting problem, as well as suggested some novel modifications of classical decision theory. In this paper it will be argued that Bayesian, or evidential, decision-theoretic characterizations of decision situations fail to adequately account for knowledge concerning the causal connections between acts, states, and outcomes in decision situations, and so they are (...) incomplete. Second, it will be argues that when we attempt to incorporate the knowledge of such causal connections into Bayesian decision theory, a substantial technical problem arises for which there is no currently available solution that does not suffer from some damning objection or other. From a broader perspective, this then throws into question the use of decision theory as a model of human or machine planning. (shrink)

El artículo ofrece una mirada crítica al Plan Educativo Covid-19 en contextos indígenas ecuatorianos, exami-nando alternativas situadas como la radio-educación para responder a la crisis educativa en dichas comunida-des. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los desafíos y la realidad enfrentada por las comunidades indígenas en el marco del Plan Educativo Covid-19, enfocándose en el caso de Tzalarón. La metodología implementada fue de enfoque cualitativo, apoyada en el análisis bibliográfico de documentos oficiales del MINEDUC en rela-ción a la educación durante (...) la pandemia. Asimismo, se basa en datos recabados de entrevistas semiestructura-das para indagar la viabilidad del Plan en contextos vulnerables. Los hallazgos revelan que las expectativas de impacto de las políticas educativas del Plan no conciliaron la teoría con las realidades contextuales, particularmente en áreas con acceso limitado a internet y herramientas digitales. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes, la radio-educación surge como una opción viable para enfrentar los problemas de acceso a la educación en línea durante la crisis. Sin embargo, se subraya la necesidad de diseñar nuevas propuestas y políticas educativas públicas que se adecuen de manera coherente a la realidad de los sectores vulnerables. (shrink)

This essay argues against global plans and hierarchical systems, whether in urban planning or art and life.

Clinical guidelines are special types of plans realized by collective agents. We provide an ontological theory of such plans that is designed to support the construction of a framework in which guideline-based information systems can be employed in the management of workflow in health care organizations. The framework we propose allows us to represent in formal terms how clinical guidelines are realized through the actions of are realized through the actions of individuals organized into teams. We provide various levels of (...) implementation representing different levels of conformity on the part of health care organizations. Implementations built in conformity with our framework are marked by two dimensions of flexibility that are designed to make them more likely to be accepted by health care professionals than standard guideline-based management systems. They do justice to the fact 1) that responsibilities within a health care organization are widely shared, and 2) that health care professionals may on different occasions be non-compliant with guidelines for a variety of well justified reasons. The advantage of the framework lies in its built-in flexibility, its sensitivity to clinical context, and its ability to use inference tools based on a robust ontology. One disadvantage lies in its complicated implementation. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to give an account and a rational reconstruction of the heuristic advice provided by Aristotle in the Topics and Prior Analytics in regard to the difficulty or ease of strategic planning in the context of a dialectical dialogue. The general idea is that a Questioner can foresee what his refutational syllogism would have to look like given the character of the thesis defended by the Answerer, and therefore plan accordingly. A rational reconstruction of (...) this advice will be attempted from three perspectives: strategic planning based on the acceptability of Answerer’s thesis, strategic planning based on the predicational form of the thesis, strategic planning based on the logical form of the thesis. In addition, we will provide an illustration of the potential of this heuristic advice as we apply it to the interpretation of a fragment from Plato, presuming that, in a similar way, a reading of this kind might be more generally applicable in the interpretation of the Platonic dialogues. (shrink)

Brand Equity Planning with Structuralist Rhetorical Semiotics furnishes an innovative conceptual model and methodology for brand equity planning, with view to addressing a crucial gap in the marketing and semiotic literatures concerning how advertising multimodal textual elements may be transformed into brand associations, with an emphasis on rhetorical relata as modes of connectivity between a brand’s surface and depth grammar. The scope of this project is inter-disciplinary, spanning research areas such as brand equity, structuralist semiotics, textual semiotics, visual (...) and film semiotics, multimodal rhetoric, film theory, psychoanalysis. The proposed connectionist conceptual model of the brand trajectory of signification is operationalized through a methodological framework that encompasses a structuralist semiotic interpretative approach to the textual formation of brand equity, supported by quantitative content analysis with the aid of the software Atlas.ti and the application of multivariate mapping techniques. (shrink)

This paper responds to the call "For Planetary Governance" written by Benjamin Bratton and issued by The Terraforming and Strelka Mag. Through a hermeneutics of the nuclear facilitated by Martin Heidegger, Jean Baudrillard, and Patrick Jagoda, it examines the atomic bomb as the final symbol of a nationalist, metaphysical age of spirit, and the initial structure of a postnational, antimetaphysical age of control. Progressing from Baudrillard's nihilism through Jagoda's ludology, this paper then deploys David Graeber's critique of bureaucracy to interpret (...) the generalization of control in the intermediate international age, a generalization that prevents passage to the ethical planetary governance Bratton solicits. Finally, Jagoda's theory of experimental games is placed into conversation with Legacy Russell's glitch feminism and Fred Moten and Stefano Harney's critique of governance in an attempt articulate a combinatorial science of play and planning suited to a properly antimetaphysical and ethical planetarity. (shrink)

I develop an expressivist account of verbal disagreements as practical disagreements over how to use words rather than factual disagreements over what words actually mean. This account enjoys several advantages over others in the literature: it can be implemented in a neo-Stalnakerian possible worlds framework; it accounts for cases where speakers are undecided on how exactly to interpret an expression; it avoids appeals to fraught notions like subject matter, charitable interpretation, and joint-carving; and it naturally extends to an analysis of (...) metalinguistic negotiations. (shrink)

Purpose: To substantiate the use of a scenario-based approach for planning the processes of Ukraine’s post-war economic recovery under conditions of high uncertainty in resource provision and multichannel financing. -/- Design/Method/Approach: A conceptual framework is proposed, based on recursive modeling techniques to develop scenario planning. The study includes analytical review of publications, macroeconomic estimates of war-related damages, and modeling of interdependencies between funding, labor force, and project implementation timelines. -/- Findings: The article introduces a methodology for scenario-based (...) class='Hi'>planning using recursive functions and bifurcation points to assess and adjust project execution timelines. It presents models for calculating financial, labor, and material needs depending on the evolution of recovery scenarios. -/- Theoretical Implications: The study formalizes a new model of scenario planning applicable to exceptionally large-scale projects characterized by uncertainty, expanding the boundaries of traditional state-level strategic planning. -/- Practical Implications: The proposed methodology can be applied by government institutions, international donors, and investors to manage recovery processes in real time, adapting to changes in supply and financing conditions. -/- Originality/Value: This paper is the first to formalize scenario-based planning for post-war recovery using recursive logic and bifurcation point analysis, introducing an innovative tool for strategic macroeconomic planning. -/- Research Limitations/Future Research: The model does not account for regional disparities or political risks. Future research could empirically validate the framework within pilot recovery projects or adapt it to specific economic sectors. -/- Paper Type: Conceptual -/- JEL Classification: E65, F35, H54, O21, R58. (shrink)

The study aims to analyze the impact of top management support for strategic planning on crisis management in UNRWA-Gaza Strip field in Palestine. Several descriptive analytical methods were used for this purpose, and a survey as a tool for data collection. Community size was (881), and the study sample was stratified random (268). The overall findings of the current study show that top management provides needed HR for strategic planning but with no financial support. Also there are shortcomings (...) in the way that organization manages the crises before and after they occur. A crisis management is only practicing during the crisis. The study suggest that top management must provide the financial support for strategic planning, periodic meetings to prepare how to deal with potential crisis in the future, establishing a specialized team and provide them with all sources needed. (shrink)

Two studies investigated how planning affects intention-behavior consistency. In Study 1 an experimental group and control group which each consisted of 14 undergraduates were requested in computerized interviews to indicate which activities they intended to perform on the following day. Subjects in the experimental group were also requested in a second phase of the interviews to specify when and where they intended to perform the activities. The results showed that activities for which time and place had been specified were (...) more likely to be performed. In Study 2 another 75 undergraduates volunteered to participate in an experiment in which they were requested to perform an activity (reporting mood effects of reading a prose excerpt) by themselves on one of three following days. One group of subjects only agreed to perform the activity, another group agreed to perform the activity as well as indicated when and where they would do it, and a third group in addition to this indicated which other activities they would perform on the same day. In support of the hypothesis that planning an activity increases the likelihood that it will be performed, the results showed that subjects who indicated other activities more frequently performed the target activity. More efficient time management resulting from planning may account for the findings, although further research is needed to show this conclusively. (shrink)

Fleming & Michel (F&M) argue that the function of perceptual consciousness is to aid unconscious model-based planning. Unfortunately, unconscious model-based planning probably does not exist. F&M therefore face a dilemma: either perceptual consciousness is for conscious model-based planning, or it is for something else. We argue that it is for something else.

The transition toward addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious justice challenges. The just transition framework—originally developed within the U.S. labor movement to safeguard workers’ interests during shifts toward sustainable economies—has been proposed as a valuable framework for guiding the AMR transition. In the AMR context, similar conflicts of interests arise—such as those between farmers’ interest in maintaining routine antimicrobial use and the public interest in preserving their long-term effectiveness. This brief proposes enhancing the just transition framework by incorporating elements of (...) Transitional Justice. Transitional justice has emerged as a practice aimed at addressing past political tragedies and building a more equitable future. While traditionally applied in post-conflict settings—such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa—transitional justice offers valuable tools for navigating conflicts rooted in past injustices and long-term uncertainty. One circumstance that makes transitional justice necessary in the context of AMR is the conflict between opposing views on the role the past should play in planning the transition. In this brief, we highlight key research gaps that the sciences, social sciences, and humanities should prioritize in order to better identify the conflicts and trade-offs that an AMR transition informed by a transitional justice framework must address. (shrink)

This study addresses the issue of maintaining nutritional quality amidst financial hardship faced by families in Plateau State, Nigeria. Surveys research designed was used for the study. The study covers 3 local government areas in Plateau State, ensuring diverse representation. The sample size of 400 families residing in Plateau State was used. Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study which capture the demographic information, dietary habits, household budget allocation for food, and perceptions of nutritional value. Mean and standard (...) deviation was used to present result for the findings. The findings of the study revealed that that there should be cost-effective meal planning strategies in promoting healthy eating habits. Also, socioeconomic factors impact cost-effective meal planning in promoting healthy eating habits. Based on the findings, stakeholders, policymakers, and community organizations should implement interventions that support cost-effective meal planning, enhance nutritional literacy, and alleviate financial burdens on families in Plateau State. This study may empower families to make informed dietary choices and achieve better health outcomes despite economic constraints. (shrink)

This paper questions the efficacy of social adverts in promoting Nigeria’s democracy and proposes creative planning as a key strategy for designing effective media messages for effective democratic principles. Social advertising pleads a course through advocacy, social mobilization or behavior change communication. The business of democracy is to get the people involved in the business of leadership. Many media messages created to inform and educate the citizenry under democratic set-ups in Nigeria have been ineffective with regards to changing behavior (...) of the citizens towards a particular course. The creative planning strategy under consideration in this paper involves the steps in the creation of media messages with focus on variables such as discourse, dramatic logic or arguments, signs and significations and the audience. Basic questions in this paper include: Why are social adverts used as tools in promoting democratic values? Are the social adverts used in Nigeria predicated on the creative planning strategy? To what extent have the social adverts contributed to the promotion of democratic principles in Nigeria? The paper examines some advertising theories as applied to message development and questions the basis for creating or designing most media messages in promoting democratic values in Nigeria. The methodology adopted in this paper is analysis and recommendations will be based on the findings. (shrink)

This article reflects on the ten-year journey of plaNext – Next Generation Planning, an open-access, peer-reviewed journal initiated by the AESOP Young Academics Network (AESOP-YAN). First published in 2015, plaNext has served as a platform for early-career researchers to engage in planning debates, publish their work, and foster professional development. As the journal approaches its tenth anniversary, this reflection examines its history, legacy, and future directions, highlighting its role in promoting inclusive, critical, and innovative scholarship in the field (...) of planning. Over the past decade, plaNext has evolved into a dynamic forum that publishes diverse contributions, fosters international dialogues, and challenges conventional planning paradigms. The journal’s commitment to promoting interdisciplinary dialogues is evident in its eclectic range of published works, encompassing empirical research, theoretical discussions, innovative methodologies, and critical case studies. This breadth reflects plaNext’s mission to serve as a conduit for creative and socially responsive planning research. As the journal evolved, it remained steadfast in its dedication to nurturing the professional development of young academics by providing opportunities for early-career researchers to engage in editorial processes, peer review, and scholarly debates. As plaNext transitions to a new editorial board, this article offers a comprehensive overview of its evolution and impact. Drawing on the journal’s trajectory and broader shifts in planning scholarship, the discussion highlights the critical role of platforms like plaNext in shaping the discipline’s future. (shrink)

Conscious or Unconscious, we survive under the age of strategy or strategic planning. It is one of essential process for the public organization, and the kind of central reference for the leadership. For the followers, it is the kind of standard of conduct for reward and discipline, probably a soft norm from the hard nature of laws. It is a province for development and sustainability, as distinct from the latter, often a province of inertia for law- abiding and some (...) career pursuing modern personality. For the general public, the strategic planning or its crystallization into the mission statement or vision plan allow to understand the public organization, and hence the kind of thread for public relations or general awareness of complex mosaic of world dynamism. In this context, the paper deals with the primary feature of strategic planning and its evolution with the intense speed of globalization. For the stimulation, the author begins with the part of communication exchanged with the peer scholars. Next the author proceeds with the nature of strategic planning, its benefits, limitations, and pitfalls. The author delivers a final message, which highlights a new fashion of strategic planning in response with the global environment. Keywords: strategic planning; globalization; 3 Cs; entrepreneurship; public organization; leadership; efficiency. (shrink)

The concept of Tabula Rasa, as a desire for sweeping renewal and creating a potential site for the construction of utopian dreams, is presupposition of Modern Architecture. Starting from the middle of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Iranian urban and architectural history has been integrated with modernization, and western-influenced modernity. The case of Tehran as the Middle Eastern political capital is the main scene for the manifestation of modernity within it’s urban projects that was (...) associated with several changes to the social, political and spatial structure of the city. In this regard, the strategy of Tabula Rasa as a utopian blank slate upon which a new Iran could be conceived “over again” – was the dominant strategy of modernization during First Pahlavi era (1925–1941). This article explores the very concept of constructing a new image of Tehran through the processes of autocratic modernism and orientalist historicism that also influenced the discourse of national identity during First Pahlavi era. (shrink)

In this position paper for the 2019 CSCW workshop Good Systems: Ethical AI for CSCW I propose one tool and one idea for navigating the complex ethical problem space that results from the interaction of human and/or AI agents in shared, hopefully cooperative, computing environments.

This paper investigates strategic planning to understand managers’ perception of its benefits to Non- Profit Organisations (NPOs). The investigation was preceded by a review and repertoire of theoretical evidence of NPOs integration of strategic planning in support of management function: a management tool designed for and used mainly by businesses. The study was based on the application of quantitative data collection and analysis to understand respondents’ perceptions. The paper found considerable increase and popularity in the usage of strategic (...) planning by NPOs having learned about its benefits from prior working experience in businesses. Even though, there is an increase in NPOs’ usage of strategic planning because of envisaged benefit, other NPOs’ Managers simply do not have enough time, skills and resources to deploy them in their respective NPOs. With limited and competitive funding, the use of strategic planning becomes competitive imperatives for NPOs seeking to attract the much-needed funds to support and promote their operations in South Africa. (shrink)

Carroll William Westfall has claimed that building types can serve as natural symbols of (the purposes served by) activities such as venerating, celebrating, trading, and dwelling. The aim of this paper is to interpret Westfall’s claim in a way that makes it non-trivial and yet worthy of further investigation. In particular, an attempt is made to explain the connection between building types and what they symbolize without appealing to convention. The question is also answered whether a non-conventional connection is compatible (...) with one and the same building type having a different significance in different cultures. (shrink)

This study presented the policy of functional integration of the product planning team as a strategy for the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Palestine. The study population consists of all the workers in companies operating in the field of medicine in Palestine, which are (5) companies producing in the West Bank only for pharmaceuticals used by these companies, which are (296) employees, and was used a simple random sample to choose the sample and size (87) employees of the (...) study population, and to achieve the objectives of the study (87) questionnaires were distributed. The descriptive analytical method was used, and SPSS was used to answer and discuss the study's questions. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the effectiveness of the policy of product development and the competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies in Palestine (West Bank), where the policy of product development efficiency accounts for 56.6% of the total change in the competitiveness of companies. The product quality component was most influential at all levels of product development effectiveness policy, followed by product identification, product cost reduction, packaging and product deletion. The weakest areas of strategic direction in pharmaceutical companies in Palestine (West Bank) are 67%. The weakest aspects of job integration are: non-regular meetings of representatives of different positions to participate in any project related to product development, to achieve spatial convergence of members of the product planning policy team in offices, laboratories and workplaces. (shrink)

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in healthcare has emerged as a pivotal shift, facilitating the development of precision-based treatment plans that are tailored to the individual characteristics of patients, particularly those with chronic and multi-faceted health conditions. This paper explores the application of advanced AI and ML algorithms to predict and optimize treatment strategies by analyzing complex medical data and identifying patterns that would be challenging for traditional methods to discern. The paper begins by reviewing (...) the fundamental principles and evolution of AI and ML techniques used in healthcare, focusing on their roles in predictive analytics and decision-making support systems. This investigation also assesses the evolving landscape of AI and ML in healthcare by examining future directions and the potential for integration with other technologies, such as wearable health monitoring devices and telemedicine platforms. The potential to harness data from these additional sources is significant, offering a more comprehensive view of patient health and enabling more nuanced treatment planning. The implications of integrating AI and ML with electronic health records (EHRs) for real-time analysis and the enhancement of clinical decision support systems are discussed. Additionally, the prospective role of AI in predictive modeling for preventive care and its application to patient stratification for targeted interventions is considered, reinforcing the paradigm shift from reactive to proactive healthcare. The findings presented in this paper highlight the transformative potential of AI and ML in precision medicine, where tailored treatment plans are no longer a theoretical aspiration but an emerging reality. The ability to integrate complex datasets, extract actionable insights, and predict treatment responses with high accuracy opens new frontiers in the management of chronic and complex conditions. However, realizing this potential requires a concerted effort to overcome technical, ethical, and logistical hurdles. This research emphasizes that, with appropriate safeguards and continued development, the adoption of AI and ML in medical practice can revolutionize the approach to patient care, leading to better outcomes and an optimized allocation of medical resources. (shrink)

This paper formalizes a structural limit on planning, foresight, and intelligence in finite cognitive systems. While planning is often treated as an extensible capacity—bounded primarily by computational resources or information availability—this work argues that foresight is constrained by a finite envelope imposed by coherence, integration cost, and adaptive stability. Beyond a certain horizon, additional planning does not increase intelligence but instead destabilizes the system’s internal organization, forcing reversion to local navigation. -/- Within the Structural Resonance Theory (SRT) (...) framework, intelligence is characterized not as optimal global prediction but as the maintenance of coherence under uncertainty. From this perspective, planning operates as a bounded structural process: useful within a limited range, but necessarily lossy and fragmenting when extended beyond the system’s integrative capacity. This finite envelope applies across biological and artificial agents and is independent of implementation details. -/- By articulating explicit limits on foresight, this paper blocks teleological interpretations of intelligence, clarifies why open-ended exploration persists even in advanced systems, and explains why planning depth saturates rather than converging toward omniscience. The result is a non-teleological account of intelligence as constrained navigation rather than mastery, with implications for cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and theories of rational agency. (shrink)