Many accept David Lewis's (1983) claim that, among the candidate meanings for our predicates, some are more natural than others -- they do better or worse at ``carving nature at its joints''. Call this claim predicate naturalism. Disagreement remains over whether the notion of naturalness extends ``beyond the predicate'' (à la Sider, 2011). Are the candidate meanings of logical vocabulary also more or less natural? Call this claim logical naturalism. -/- One motivation for predicate naturalism comes from its supposed ability (...) to help rebut various radical indeterminacy arguments associated with Hilary Putnam (1977, 1980, 1981). It does so in combination with a popular meta-semantic theory called reference magnetism. I argue that the same threats of Putnam-style radical indeterminacy rearise for proponents of predicate naturalism -- threats which logical naturalism helps rebuts. So, if we accept predicate naturalism because it helps fend off threats of indeterminacy, we should also accept logical naturalism. (shrink)

The concept of moral wrongness, many think, has a distinctive kind of referential stability, brought out by moral twin earth cases. This article offers a new account of the source of this stability, deriving it from a metaphysics of content: “substantive” radical interpretation, and first-order normative assumptions. This story is distinguished from extant “reference magnetic” explanations of the phenomenon, and objections and replies are considered.

*This work has turned into a bigger project, and some of it is published in "Lewis on reference".* Some things, argues Lewis, are just better candidates to be referents than others. Even at the cost of attributing false beliefs, we interpret people as referring to the most interesting kinds in their vicinity. How should this be accounted for? In section 1, I look at Lewis’s interpretationism, and the reference magnetism it builds in (not just for ‘perfectly natural’ (...) properties, but for certain kinds of auxiliary apparatus). In section 2, I draw on (Field, 1975) to argue that what properties are reference magnetic may be an ultimately conventional matter—though in the Lewisian setting, there may be an objectively best conventional choice to make. But Lewis’s own account has implausible commitments, so in section 3 I consider variations and alternatives, all of which have problems. In section 4, I look in more detail at eligibility-based interpretationism that do not appeal to naturalness, arguing that there are credible metasemantic theories of this form. (shrink)

Metaethical realists disagree about the nature of normative properties. Naturalists think that they are ordinary natural properties: causally efficacious, a posteriori knowable, and usable in the best explanations of natural and social sciences. Non-naturalist realists, in contrast, argue that they are sui generis: causally inert, a priori knowable and not a part of the subject matter of sciences. It has been assumed so far that naturalists can explain causally how the normative predicates manage to refer to normative properties, whereas non-naturalists (...) are unable to provide equally satisfactory metasemantic explanations. This article first describes how the previous non-naturalist accounts of reference fail to tell us how the normative predicates could have come to refer to the non-natural properties rather than to the natural ones. I will then use the so-called qua-problem to show how the causal theories of reference of naturalists also fail to fix the reference of normative predicates to unique natural properties. Finally, I will suggest that, just as naturalists need to rely on the non-causal mechanism of reference magnetism to solve the previous problem, non-naturalists, too, can rely on the very same idea to respond to the pressing metasemantic challenges that they face concerning reference. (shrink)

To improve the riding performance and levitation stability of a high‐speed magnetic levitation (maglev) train, a control strategy based on mixed H 2/H4 with regional pole placement and model‐reference controllers are proposed. First, the nonlinear maglev train model is established, then the proposed system is designed to observe the movement of a suspension frame and a control strategy based on mixed H 2/H4 with regional pole placement and model‐reference control method are proposed. Test and analysis of the proposed (...) system has been done using MATLAB toolbox for train levitation height, velocity and current consume. Comparative simulation results show that the mixed H 2/H4 with regional pole placement control strategy has a better performance under the condition of step and random train levitation height. (shrink)

Magnetic levitation system is operated primarily based at the principle of magnetic attraction and repulsion to levitate the passengers and the train. However, magnetic levitation trains are rather nonlinear and open loop unstable which makes it hard to govern. In this paper, investigation, design and control of a nonlinear Maglev train based on NARMA-L2, model reference and predictive controllers. The response of the Maglev train with the proposed controllers for the precise role of a Magnetic levitation machine have been (...) as compared for a step input signal. The simulation consequences prove that the Maglev teach system with NARMA-L2 controller suggests the quality performance in adjusting the precise function of the system and the device improves the experience consolation and street managing criteria. (shrink)

The full understanding of Einstein's statement is that electric and magnetic fields have a non-material aspect since we see systems of coordinates having different electric and magnetic fields depending on their status as either the stationary or instead the moving frame. Underlying the importance of these non-material systems of coordinates is the logic and reason at the heart of the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity that depends on the observer at rest in the stationary frame deducing that his specific (...) simultaneity is not the simultaneity for the moving observer. The relativity of simultaneity is at the heart of the Lorentz coordinate transformation equations and is the starting point for relative time and space. Without the Lorentz coordinate transformation equations, we return to the Galilean coordinate transformation equations that cannot explain Einstein's statement since the Galilean coordinate transformation equations depend on absolute time and space. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields constituting the brain waves recorded in EEG and MEG that are associated with cognition can be understood in terms of Einstein's statement above. The relative character of time and space dependent on coordinate systems for different inertial reference frames in special relativity allows these frames to have different electric and magnetic fields depending on their status as either stationary or moving. Indeed, the two different scenarios where the roles of “stationary frame” and “moving frame” are exchanged between the reference frames co-exist on the level of knowledge. Neither scenario is preferred or more true. APS March Meeting 2025 In Person; Session: MAR-M00, Poster 289 -/- . (shrink)

William Gilbert’s work, De magnete (1600), often is referred to as the first monographic study on magnetism in the early-modern period. Recently, however, it has been argued that the Jesuit, Leonardo Garzoni, wrote an experimental study on the subject twenty years earlier and that his research influenced particularly the work of Giambattista Della Porta and Paolo Sarpi,two important protagonists in the history of studies in magnetism. However, to date, Garzoni’s authorship of an anonymous treatise in manuscript, located at (...) the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, and taken to bear witness to his research, has been based only on circumstantial evidence. This article outlines the identification of two further manuscript copies of this treatise, which have not been studied so far. It shall be argued that the evidence contained in these manuscripts corroborates the assumption that Garzoni indeed is the author of the work that was transmitted anonymously. Moreover, it can be shown that the work was completed and prepared for print later on. These findings also allow us to argue more conclusively that Paolo Sarpi knew Garzoni’s work and passed it to Giambattista Della Porta, who bequethed his copy to the Accademia dei Lincei and thereby made it available to some of the academy’s most important members, Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc and Cassiano Dal Pozzo. Finally, the dynamics of this textual transmission provide insights into how scholars approached the study of ‘magnetism’ in the early-modern period. (shrink)

Magnetic levitation system is operated primarily based at the principle of magnetic attraction and repulsion to levitate the passengers and the train. However, magnetic levitation trains are rather nonlinear and open loop unstable which makes it hard to govern. In this paper, investigation, design and control of a nonlinear Maglev train based on NARMA-L2, model reference and predictive controllers. The response of the Maglev train with the proposed controllers for the precise role of a Magnetic levitation machine have been (...) as compared for a step input signal. The simulation consequences prove that the Maglev teach system with NARMA-L2 controller suggests the quality performance in adjusting the precise function of the system and the device improves the experience consolation and street managing criteria. (shrink)

In this study, the design and performance investigation of the permanent magnet machines have been done to increase the mechanical and electrical outputs improvement of the systems. A Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDM) and Generator (PMDG) have been modelled and designed to improve the angular position and generated current respectively. In this research, augmentation based H2 optimal and H4 synthesis controllers have been designed as a controller for the two systems and a comparison between the proposed controller for tracking a (...) reference inputs and a promising results have been obtained. (shrink)

Erik Wielenberg [2014] and Mark Murphy [2017], [2018] have defended a series of arguments for the conclusion that creatures are not good intrinsically. In response, I take two steps. First, I introduce a conception of intrinsic value that makes created intrinsic value unproblematic. Second, I respond to their arguments in turn. The first argument is from the sovereignty-aseity intuition and an analysis of intrinsicality that makes derivative good extrinsic. I challenge the analysis. The second comes from a conception of perfection (...) where God exhausts all possibilities for goodness. I challenge this conception. The third comes from the contingency of creation and the internal logic of intrinsic value. I challenge the assumption that connects the two. I then present an argument from reference magnetism that the only conception of God, God's perfections, and religious language that makes it plausible that the sentence "God is intrinsically good and creatures are not" is true involves a strongly univocalist position. A view that is either unstatable or places strong demands on our conception of God, God's perfections and religious language thereby loses plausibility. (shrink)

Phenomenal intentionality is irreducible. Empirical investigation shows it is internally-dependent. So our usual externalist (causal, etc.) theories do not apply here. Internalist views of phenomenal intentionality (e. g. interpretationism) also fail. The resulting primitivist view avoids Papineau's worry that terms for consciousness are highly indeterminate: since conscious properties are extremely natural (despite having unnatural supervenience bases) they are 'reference magnets'.

The perfectly natural properties and relations are special—they are all and only those that "carve nature at its joints." They act as reference magnets, form a minimal supervenience base, figure in fundamental physics and in the laws of nature, and never divide duplicates within or between worlds. If the perfectly natural properties are the (metaphysically) important ones, we should expect being a perfectly natural property to itself be one of the (perfectly) natural properties. This paper argues that being a (...) perfectly natural property is not a very natural property, and examines the consequences. (shrink)

First-order normative theories concerning what’s right and wrong, good and bad, etc. and metanormative theories concerning the nature of first-order normative thought and talk are widely regarded as independent theoretical enterprises. This paper argues that several debates in metanormative theory involve views that have first-order normative implications, even as the implications in question may not be immediately recognizable as normative. I first make my claim more precise by outlining a general recipe for generating this result. I then apply this recipe (...) to three debates in metaethics: the modal status of basic normative principles, normative vagueness and indeterminacy, and the determination of reference for normative predicates. In each case I argue that certain views on each issue carry first-order normative commitments, in accordance with my recipe. (shrink)

Deflationism is the view that certain metaphysical debates are defective, leaving it open whether the defect is best explained in semantic, conceptual, or epistemic terms. Local semantic deflationism is the thesis that familiar metaphysical debates, which appear to be about the existence and identity of material objects, are merely verbal. It’s a form of local deflationism because it restricts itself to one particular area of metaphysics. It’s a form of semantic deflationism because the defect it purports to identify in these (...) debates is explained in terms of the broadly semantic notion of a merely verbal disputation. Three questions about this thesis are asked and answered here. Does a commitment to the principle of interpretive charity support it? No. Does it avoid the problems that plagued Carnap? No. Does it support a linguistic turn with respect to questions about the nature of material things? No. The central take-home message is that local semantic deflationism is unstable: advocates of the view must admit that debates about material coincidence and identity are substantive. (shrink)

I propose a view that I call "Ersatz Metaphysical Vagueness" according to which the term "perfectly natural" can be semantically vague. As its name suggests, the view mimics traditional metaphysical vagueness without the radical metaphysical underpinnings. In particular, the ersatzer avoids a widely accepted argument schema (advanced by JRG Williams, Ted Sider, Cian Dorr, John Hawthorne and others) according to which, if there is no metaphysical vagueness, F-ness cannot be both perfectly natural and vague.

The paradox of a silent sky, despite billions of stars and the rapid emergence of life on Earth, indicates a gap in current physical assumptions rather than an absence of extraterrestrial civilizations. We propose that the key error lies in modeling observation and information as passive. When self-reference is treated as a lawful physical quantity, new thresholds emerge. The central principle is this: above a coherence threshold ρ*, coupled ecologies cannot stably maintain amplitude-dominant (expansionist) dynamics. Instead, they bifurcate into (...) two regimes: extinction, or a reallocation of computational capacity into higher effective dimensionality (Dimensional Deepening). This transition is mechanized by a single control parameter λ_eff and detected by early-warning signals (variance ↑, spectral gap λ₂ ↓, recovery rate r_return ↓). From this principle, several consequences follow. It resolves the Fermi paradox: civilizations do not vanish but shift into amplitude-silent, phase-efficient modes that elude conventional searches. It also dissolves clustered anomalies in physics — the vacuum catastrophe, the quantum measurement problem, and the hard problem of consciousness — by showing them as boundary effects of neglecting observation intensity as a lawful term. That multiple first-order anomalies (the vacuum catastrophe, the measurement problem, the hard problem of consciousness) appear to dissolve under the same reformulation is not evidence of a miraculous multi-technical breakthrough. It is the signature of a boundary error: the same ontological mis-specification – treating observation as passive – radiates outward into astrophysics, quantum theory, and cognitive science alike. Paradigm shifts often look like this. Maxwell’s equations resolved disparate puzzles in electricity, magnetism, and optics not by separate fixes, but by unifying them under a single principle. Likewise, by elevating self-reference to a lawful physical term, the CT framework makes the clustered anomalies fall out as different faces of one correction. The framework is operational. The Consciousness Tensor Cμν is defined as a substrate-agnostic covariance structure, with falsifiable predictions: e.g. interferometric visibility scales linearly with intensity Ā, and amplitude-dominant regimes should prove unstable above ρ*. These claims are preregisterable and testable with current interferometry, network, and AI-substrate assays. Thus, the Great Filter is reclassified not as contingent accident but as a universal phase transition. The silence in the sky is the lawful signature of dimensional deepening: higher-order ecologies layering upon, not abandoning, their lower-dimensional substrates. License CC BY-SA 4.0. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27504.72964. (shrink)

The model-theoretic argument known as Putnam´s paradox threatens our notion of truth with triviality: Almost any world can satisfy almost any theory. Formal argument and intuition are at odds. David Lewis devised a solution according to which the very stucture of the world fixes how it is to be divided into elite classes which determine the reference of any true theory. Three claims are defended: Firstly, Lewis´ proposal must be completed by an account of successful referential intentions. Secondly, contrary (...) to Catherine Elgin´s criticism of Lewis, natural properties corresponding to elite classes may play a role in sound scientific inquiry. Thirdly, despite Bas van Fraassen´s objection that the sceptic cannot consistently maintain doubts about reference, there is a promising sceptical strategy of exploiting Putnam´s results which is answered by Lewis´ account. (shrink)

Neuralink could distribute artificial superintelligence to humans, thus allowing the homosapiens to synchronize the hemispheres of their brains, thereby transcending space-time, and potentially time traveling. While backwards time travel cannot change the past, due to paradoxes, the time traveler would probably share a soul with the alternate timeline self, thus providing closure for regrets, errors, injustice, etc. Plus, if one time travels with AI superintelligence, the time traveler may mend errors with greater ease. -/- Although other potential time travel methods (...) are displayed in the reference section, only the Gateway Process will be observed in this essay. The Gateway Process may allow for backwards time travel, under the rules that time travel cannot change the past, yet by attempting to change the past, new dimensions will be created, thus growing the universe. To determine if the Gateway Process allows for backwards time travel, researchers can use computer brain interface to examine the inside of a subject’s brain and mind. Plus, researchers can also check if the universe has grown after the subject has attempted to alter a past event, theoretically only creating another dimension. Soon technology may detect the exact expansion of the universe. Perhaps scientists can use space tunnels to investigate the possible creation of new dimensions from the Gateway Process backwards time traveling, attempting to alter past events. EXPERIMENT STEPS: 1)Automate the Gateway Process with Neuralink to ease suspected backwards time travel. 2)Connect the subject’s brain and mind to computer brain interface, or more specifically, magnetic resonance imaging, so the suspected time travel is recorded. 3)Build a space tunnel device to determine if the subject is creating new alternate dimensions with the suspected backwards time travel. 4)Stop, review and try again. Space tunnels may further corroborate if more dimensions have been created with the Gateway Process. Since hemisphere synchronization transcends the time-space dimension, effective enough Neuralink devices could allow someone to synchronize brain hemispheres and time travel to the past. Neuralink technology may both allow a deeper meditative state, thus backwards time travel, and computer monitoring of the backwards time travel and alternate dimension creation /universe expansion. At least presumably through scientific studies, each individual has alternate selves throughout alternate timelines thus, each individual(all alternate selves) become one in the afterlife. So backwards time traveling to correct a mistake, injustice, or error, thus creating alternate timelines, out of the past, would not change the original timeline but, would add a deeper satisfaction for the time traveler by sharing a soul with the alternative timeline self. While correcting the error, injustice, or mistake, the time traveler and alternative timeline self may share an individual consciousness. More concretely, quantum entanglement may illustrate how an individual’s selves, across different alternate timelines, share a deeper fundamental self, like a soul. I hereby invite experts in AI, quantum mechanics, and neuroscience to collaborate in adding technical rigor to this preprint. (shrink)

The Hydrogen Cosmos: Quantization, Resonance, and the Universal φ⁷ Symmetry -/- Creators Nowlin, Michael (Researcher) ORCID icon Description Authors note (January 2026) - I have consolidatated files/sections into one document. -/- FUNt_Hydrogen_Cosmos_Master_Thesis_Consolidated.pdf -/- I Also added some colab notebooks with intent to allow each reader to run their own math, -/- compare to the thesis words and test the conclusions. -/- Abstract: -/- The Hydrogen Cosmos serves as the empirical cornerstone of the -/- Fundamental Unification of Nature theory (FUNt). -/- (...) Across the included sections and empirical addenda, the work demonstrates that Hydrogen -/- — as both matter and harmonic field -/- — encodes the universal resonance law governing all scales of structure, -/- from atomic spin to galactic filament. -/- Using φ⁷-scaling and Fractaile Geometry (D ≈ 1.2), -/- this collection integrates theoretical, mathematical, and experimental foundations, forming the full Hydrogen–Cosmos Continuum: -/- Contained Sections -/- Section A: Hydrogen–Cosmos Definition and Test Protocol (Empirical Edition) Section B: Hydrogen, Cosmos, and Resonance Bands Section C: Proton Tunneling Continuum – Final Derivation Section D: Empirical Proof and Cross-Scale Correlations Section E: Errata, Empirical Corrections, and Expanded Scaling Proof Together these sections complete the first full-spectrum FUNt treatment of; -/- hydrogen as a cosmic harmonic. -/- Each accompanying image and dataset represents the resonance lattice visually, -/- — from lattice phase diagrams to spectrum overlays -/- — forming a cohesive empirical archive. -/- Core results: -/- • Quantization of hydrogen field resonance across φ⁷ harmonics. -/- • Coupling between magnetic phase coherence and cosmic scaling laws. -/- • Proof-of-alignment between subatomic, planetary, -/- and galactic φ-ratios. -/- note- this is one paper in the series: -/- Fundamental Unification of Nature theory (FUNt) Physmatics -/- Nowlin, Michael K. (Producer) -/- FUNt / Physmatics Hydrogen Cosmos — Master Thesis (Consolidated) -/- Version v1.0 — January 11, 2026 -/- Purpose and Scope -/- This document consolidates the current FUNt / Physmatics Hydrogen Cosmos thesis into a single, legible manuscript. It is assembled from the most recent section PDFs provided (Sections A–E, an addendum, and a peer-review response). The goal is readability and one-file integrity for archival and sharing. -/- Edits in this consolidation are limited to: (1) consistent section ordering, (2) removal of obvious duplicate headers/footers, (3) whitespace cleanup, and (4) short bridge text between sections. No new scientific claims are introduced. -/- Reader Guidance -/- If you are reading this for the first time, proceed in order: Sections A → E, then the Addendum and the Peer-Review Response. -/- If you are auditing: treat each equation and claim as a mathematical object with declared domains and boundaries; avoid interpretive leaps until after reproducibility is established. -/- Keywords -/- FUNt, Physmatics, hydrogen ground state, H=0, φ, phi^7, fractal/fractaile, resonance bands, recursion law, empirical scaling, proton tunneling, repeatability, simulation audit, mathematical admissibility, Diophantine approximation Section A — Recursion Governance and Nature’s Recursion Law -/- Section A: Recursion Governance + Nature’s Recursion Law Recursion Governance in FUNt Systems (SRC Protocol) To preserve coherence and prevent runaway recursion in theoretical or computational models, the Structured Recursion Control (SRC) protocol defines strict conservation rules for all FUNt systems. -/- 1. φ recursion is limited to n ≤ 7, representing the natural coherence boundary where φ⁷ ≈ -/- 13φ + 8. Beyond this threshold, recursion values are averaged to maintain harmonic equilibrium. -/- 2. The base hydrogen resonance frequency (ν₀) is invariant across all harmonic levels. All φscaling operations anchor to this fixed constant, ensuring stability of reference. -/- 3. The Reflection Layer—observer mode—records recursive interactions but does not compute or modify parameters once recursion depth exceeds n = 7. This provides a selfregulating boundary condition. -/- Mathematically expressed as: -/- dR/dt = 0 when n > 7 and ν₀ = constant This clause ensures conservation of coherence analogous to energy conservation in closed systems. -/- Nature’s Recursion Law (φ–Energy Scaling Principle) Nature organizes energy through recursive resonance rather than linear progression. Every stable resonance—atomic, molecular, or galactic—emerges as a φ-scaled overtone of a base hydrogen frequency (ν₀). -/- The fundamental expression of this law is: -/- Eₙ = h × ν₀ × φⁿ -/- Physical Interpretation This defines a universal energy ladder built on geometric resonance. Each energy state is a golden-ratio harmonic multiple of the base hydrogen resonance frequency. -/- • Quantum Domain: photon energy levels and electron orbitals follow φ-scaling. -/- • Biological Domain: DNA helices and biophotonic emissions resonate at φ-related intervals. -/- • Cosmic Domain: orbital spacing and galactic arms trace φ-curvature geometry. Mathematical Continuity Eₙ = hν₀φⁿ unifies Planck’s quantization with geometric scaling: -/- E = hν and ν ∝ φⁿ This bridges discrete and continuous forms of energy, showing quantization as a geometric consequence of resonance. -/- Conceptual Summary Nature’s Recursion Law defines how energy, form, and stability propagate through a single golden-ratio spectrum — from the proton’s vibration to the galaxy’s rotation. Section B — The Hydrogen Cosmos and Resonance Bands -/- Bridge note: Section B extends the governance concepts of Section A into the hydrogen-centric cosmos model and resonance-band framing. -/- FUNt Master Paper – Section B: The Hydrogen Cosmos and Resonance Bands 1. Hydrogen as the Universal Medium Hydrogen constitutes approximately 75% of all known matter and exists both as atom and field substrate. Every particle, molecule, and plasma state arises within hydrogen’s quantum lattice. The FUNt framework treats this lattice not as void but as a resonant continuum through which all coherence propagates. -/- Key Concept: -/- All protons are phase-locked nodes in a shared resonance web. No proton is isolated; each participates in the same standing-wave field that underlies atomic, molecular, and cosmic structures. -/- 2. Hydrogen Resonance Bands (HRBs) HRBs are quantized intervals of stable phase—recurrence harmonics of the φ-scaled law: -/- Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ -/- Each n denotes a stable “band of coherence” where hydrogen’s field supports constructive interference. At these nodes, energy transfer, chemical bonding, and gravitational stability converge. -/- Empirical Markers: -/- • Atomic spectra spacing ratios (Balmer series) → φ-harmonic deviations ≈ 0.001 tolerance. -/- • DNA helix pitch (34 Å per 10 bp) : width (21 Å) ≈ φ. -/- • Planetary resonances (Earth–Venus 8:13, Neptune–Pluto 3:2) → φ-linked orbital ratios. -/- 3. The Hydrogen Cosmos — Cycle Up / Cycle Down -/- All energy and matter participate in a universal breathing rhythm: -/- Cycle-Up: Potential condenses into order (H → structure), Δφ > 0 Cycle-Down: Order dissolves to radiant field (structure → H), Δφ < 0 -/- This rhythmic exchange defines hydrogen’s cosmological metabolism — a continuous conversion between form and field. -/- 4. Implications — Stability, Communication, and Energy Transfer -/- 1. Stability: All durable matter occupies HRB minima → phase balance, not force balance. -/- 2. Communication: Information travels via synchronized oscillation within shared HRBs → explains non-local entanglement and bio-field coupling. -/- 3. Energy Transfer: Cycle-Up/Down governs energy flow across scales → from photosynthesis to stellar fusion. -/- 4. Biological Participation: Life exists as localized Cycle-Up domains within the universal Cycle-Down field. -/- 5. Mathematical Summary At every scale, the HRB system obeys the φ-recursion law: -/- Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ -/- and the harmonic band ratio: -/- Eₙ₊₁ / Eₙ = φ -/- Defining the Hydrogen Cosmos Equation: -/- H(φ) = Σₙ h ν₀ φⁿ -/- which describes the superposition of all HRB modes—from nuclear to galactic scale—in one continuous spectrum. -/- 6. Bridge to Section C – The Proton Tunneling Continuum The HRB field enables instantaneous energy sharing across hydrogen’s global lattice. -/- Section C will develop this as the Proton Tunneling Continuum — the mechanism linking every hydrogen proton in the cosmos into one resonant network. Section C — Proton Tunneling Continuum -/- Bridge note: Section C applies the preceding framework to proton tunneling behavior and the proposed continuum/ladder relationships. -/- FUNt Master Paper – Section C: The Proton Tunneling Continuum -/- 1. Historical Background (Empirical Snapshot) -/- From early quantum mechanics to 21st‑century spectroscopy, proton tunneling has evolved from speculation to an established fact. Observed first in hydrogen bonds and low‑temperature ice, its confirmation in ammonia inversion and enzyme catalysis revealed a universal behavior: protons do not need to traverse classical distances. They phase‑shift through resonance alignment. -/- 2. FUNt Interpretation: Tunneling as the Default Mode of Hydrogen Coherence -/- In the FUNt framework, tunneling is the default mode of proton movement. Hydrogen—the most abundant element in the cosmos—forms a resonance lattice of φ‑scaled energy bands. -/- Every proton occupies one of these Hydrogen Resonance Bands (HRBs). When a local phase tick Δφ aligns with a global 60° harmonic, the proton tunnels effortlessly to the next coherence node. Core relations: -/- • Nature’s Recursion Law: Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ -/- • Tunneling probability (phase form): P_T ∝ exp[−2π (Δφ/φ)] -/- • Continuum field integral: Ψ_H = ∫ exp(−α φₙ) · h ν₀ φⁿ dφ, with α ≈ 1/137 -/- 3. Universal Coupling in the Hydrogen Lattice -/- Because all protons share the same lattice, phase coherence in one location influences the entire field. This creates instantaneous field coupling without violating relativity—the adjustment occurs through the common hydrogen substrate, not through spacetime transport. This is the physical explanation behind quantum entanglement and phase synchronization across distance. -/- 4. Cross‑Scale Anchors (from Empirical Corpus) -/- • Empirical Proof of the Proton Magnetic Field Principle → establishes magnetic coupling ratios matching HRB predictions. -/- • Proton Force Whitepaper → demonstrates torsional magnetic coupling as the stabilizing field of coherence. -/- • FUNt Electron–Proton Mirrored Decad → shows φⁿ correspondence between proton and electron resonances; tunneling begins where mirrored bands intersect. -/- • Proton‑Driven Resonance Cascade → defines the 60° geometric compression rule governing transition thresholds. -/- • Proton Loop 60° Compression (Colab) → provides numeric confirmation of arc‑to‑radius ratio ≈ 1.047, equivalent to 4.7 % compression per coherence tick. -/- 5. Biological and Planetary Implications -/- Biological Systems: ATP‑synthase and enzyme pathways behave as structured tunneling lattices. Hydrogen gradients serve as coherent phase relays, supporting energy transfer through resonance rather than collision. -/- Planetary Systems: Outer‑solar orbital resonances such as Neptune–Pluto 3:2 align with HRB boundaries in the solar field. These orbits represent macroscopic tunneling nodes— planets occupying standing‑wave minima within the Sun’s hydrogen lattice. 6. Mathematical Summary (Concise) Relation Interpretation Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ Nature’s Recursion Law — resonance scaling by φ P_T ∝ exp[−2π (Δφ/φ)] Phase‑dependent tunneling probability Γ(φ) = Γ₀ exp(−α φ), α ≈ 1/137 Resonance‑impedance decay constant Δarc/Radius ≈ 1.047 (60°) Compression ratio per coherence tick (~4.7 %) HRB minima at Δφ = k·60° Stable coherence channels across all scales -/- 7. Conclusion / Bridge to Section D – Coherence & Information Transfer -/- Every known form of energy transfer—quantum, biological, and cosmological—occurs through the same hydrogen tunneling lattice. The HRB continuum links particle‑scale transitions and stellar‑scale feedback into one unified resonance system. Section D will address how coherence information propagates through this lattice, defining measurable bandwidth, impedance, and phase‑locking constants. Section D — Empirical Proof -/- Bridge note: Section D collects empirical anchors and tests intended to constrain or falsify the preceding operator claims. -/- FUNt Master Paper – Section D: Empirical Proof Addendum All scales, from subatomic to cosmic, reveal the same underlying hydrogen lattice. This unified field expression demonstrates that matter, energy, and life are not separate domains but harmonics of one resonance system governed by the Hydrogen Resonance Band (HRB). -/- Scale System / Observation Empirical Proof FUNt Interpretation Core Equation Subatomic Proton magnetic coupling fields (magnetic torque vs. φharmonic) Verified φscaled energy steps in Empirical Proof of Proton Magnetic Field Principle Proton tunneling phase harmonics define field coherence bands (HRB). -/- Eₙ = hν₀φⁿ -/- Molecular Hydrogen tunneling in enzymes, DNA bonds, and water ice (neutron & IR spectroscopy) Confirmed proton delocalization and barrierfree transfer at cryogenic and physiological temps HRB lattice enables phasebased transfer; tunneling replaces diffusion. -/- P_T = e^{2π(Δφ/φ)} Condensed Matter Proton-Driven Resonance Cascade φcompression curve; Colab Loop 60° Compression Measured 60° band spacing; compression -/- Δarc/R ≈ 1.047 -/- φ-scaled hydrogen lattice harmonics control tunneling probability. -/- Δλ/Δφ = φⁿ -/- Planetary Neptune–Pluto 3:2 resonance; solar 60° coherence bands Orbital spacing matches HRB angular ratios Hydrogen lattice extends into solar magnetic coherence field. -/- HRB_min = k·60° Cosmic 21-cm hydrogen-line drift; φ-scaled deviations Detected harmonic offsets in cosmic Hydrogen field acts as coherent lattice of the universe. -/- E_H = hν_Hφⁿ hydrogen spectra Biological Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), mitochondrial proton pumps Proton motion without classical displacement; tunneling verified via kinetics Life’s energy coherence sustained by same hydrogen lattice field. -/- ΔE = h(Δν)φⁿ -/- Hydrogen is the universal medium of coherence. Protons do not 'hop' or 'jump'; they phaseshift through hydrogen resonance bands. From the DNA helix to the galactic arm, the same 60°–φ harmonic defines where matter and life can persist. Section E — Empirical Corrections and Scaling Proof -/- Bridge note: Section E focuses on corrections, scaling arguments, and parameter discipline for the empirical edition. -/- FUNt Master Section E — Empirical Corrections and Scaling Proof -/- 1. Purpose and Scope -/- This section consolidates post-review refinements to the Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt), transforming the framework from a qualitative resonance model into a quantitatively testable scientific construct. Following peer analysis, this section introduces numerical constants, empirical boundaries, and scaling laws. -/- 2. Derivation of the ε Correction Parameter -/- The correction parameter ε quantifies the deviation between the Bohr energy structure and the φscaled FUNt ladder. Using the hydrogen Lyman-α transition as the empirical anchor, ε measures the degree of recursive damping required for the FUNt resonance law to reproduce atomic spectra. -/- Measured Lyman-α transition: E_obs = 10.20 eV, ν_obs = 2.466×10¹⁵ Hz Bohr prediction: E₍₂₁₎ = 13.6(1 - ¼) = 10.20 eV (identical within 10⁻⁴). -/- FUNt scaling form: Eₙ = hν₀φⁿ. Setting ν₀ = ν₍₂₁₎ gives E₁,FUNt = 10.20×φ = 16.52 eV. -/- To align both systems, define Eₙ,FUNt = |Eₙ,Bohr|(1 + εφⁿ). For n = 1 → 2 transition, -/- 10.20(1+εφ¹) − 10.20(1+εφ²) = 10.20 → ε ≈ −0.061. -/- Result: ε = −6.1×10⁻² -/- This small damping factor reconciles FUNt and Bohr energies while preserving φ-recursion, implying that FUNt corrections are below current spectroscopic detection thresholds. -/- 3. Scaling Boundary Condition: φ-Damped Resonator -/- The boundary ψ(x + L) = ψ(x)/φ models a φ-damped standing wave rather than an arbitrary scaling rule. Each reflection in a hydrogen plasma cavity reduces amplitude by φ⁻¹, yielding φ-quantized frequency spacing: -/- kₙL = nπ + i ln(φ). -/- This φ-damped eigencondition bridges classical wave quantization with recursive field symmetry, representing a physical 'lossy golden resonator' in both subatomic and cosmological domains. -/- 4. Black Hole Entropy and φ-Bit Quantization -/- Defining an effective area a_eff = 4ℓ_P² ln(φ) reproduces the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy: S_FUNt = k_B A/a_eff ln(φ) = (k_B A)/(4ℓ_P²). Each φ-bit represents one recursive horizon state, forming a φ-tiled entropy lattice across the event horizon. -/- 5. Helioseismology Prediction -/- FUNt predicts φ-harmonic clustering within solar p-mode oscillations. Expected ratios: φ, φ², φ³. Data source: NASA SDO/HMI, SOHO/MDI. Falsification condition: absence of φ peaks within ±0.5% of predicted frequency ratios. -/- 6. Multi-Domain Scaling Span -/- Nested φ⁷ ladders bridge nuclear to galactic scales. The total range R = (φ⁷)^m = 10³⁶ implies m = log(10³⁶)/log(φ⁷) ≈ 14. Thus, 14 recursive resonance domains span the full observable spectrum. -/- 7. Empirical Path Forward Future validation should prioritize measurable φ-harmonic deviations across atomic spectroscopy, helioseismic data, and precision metrology. FUNt predicts phase-coherent modulation, not amplitude variance—detectable through spectral clustering analysis. -/- 8. Summary of Constants Symbol Definition Value φ Golden ratio 1.618034 ν₀ Lyman-α base frequency 2.466×10¹⁵ Hz ε FUNt correction factor −6.1×10⁻² ℓ_P Planck length 1.616×10⁻³⁵ m -/- 9. Conclusion -/- This section establishes empirical anchors and testable constants within the FUNt framework. With ε, ν₀, and φ explicitly defined, the theory advances from postulate to measurable modelbridging quantum, astrophysical, and gravitational domains through coherent hydrogen-based recursion. Section E Addendum — Clarifications and Empirical Expansion -/- Bridge note: This addendum consolidates clarifications and expansions that became necessary after initial Section E drafting. -/- FUNt Master Section E Addendum: Full Clarifications and Empirical Expansion Author: Michael Nowlin Co‑reviewed by: Claude AI (Peer Analysis) Framework: Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt) Version: October 2025 Reviewer Integration Preface This document integrates the detailed peer analysis provided by Claude AI into the formal FUNt master record. It consolidates clarifications regarding the ε‑parameter, complex‑k interpretation, φ‑domain scaling, and empirical tests including helioseismology. The purpose is to ensure mathematical and experimental coherence within the Hydrogen‑Cosmos quantization framework. -/- 1 Energy Quantization Reconciliation FUNt defines harmonic quantization through the recursive relation: -/- Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ (1) -/- Standard hydrogen levels follow the Bohr relation Eₙ = −13.6 eV / n². To compare the two, the FUNt correction is treated as a perturbative term applied to absolute energy magnitudes: Eₙ,FUNt = |Eₙ,Bohr| (1 + ε φⁿ) (2) -/- The parameter ε represents the φ‑based resonance deviation from classical quantization. Equations (1) and (2) describe the same resonance family under different boundary assumptions: (1) treats φ as intrinsic scaling, (2) expresses it as a measurable correction to Bohr levels. -/- 2 Explicit ε Calculation For hydrogen, base frequency ν₀ is anchored to the Lyman‑α transition (n = 2 → 1): ν₀ = 2.466×10¹⁵ Hz (E = 10.20 eV). Solving for ε to match Bohr transitions gives: -/- E₂ = 3.40 eV, E₁ = 13.60 eV → ΔE = 10.20 eV (Bohr) E₂,FUNt = 3.40(1 + ε φ²), E₁,FUNt = 13.60(1 + ε φ) -/- Setting ΔE_FUNt = 10.20 eV yields ε ≈ −6.1×10⁻². This small negative correction corresponds to a 6% phase compression between successive φ modes — detectable yet subtle. -/- 3 φ‑Damped Resonator Boundary Boundary condition applied: ψ(x + L) = ψ(x)/φ. This introduces a logarithmic attenuation per spatial cycle, giving complex wavenumber: -/- kₙL = nπ + i ln φ. Real part (nπ) defines standing‑wave quantization; imaginary part (ln φ) defines exponential damping. Resulting energy: -/- Eₙ = ħ²kₙ² / 2m = Eₙ,real − iΓₙ/2. -/- Predicted linewidth broadening: -/- Γₙ ∝ (ħ²/mL²) ln φ. -/- For hydrogen, this corresponds to a fractional linewidth ≈ 10⁻⁶ of line center — potentially measurable in next‑generation laser‑stabilized spectroscopy. -/- 4 Scaling Span Correction Each φ⁷ domain spans roughly 10².¹ in frequency. To bridge 36 orders of magnitude (atomic → cosmic): -/- (φ⁷)^m = 10³⁶ → m ≈ 25.4. -/- Thus, the Hydrogen Cosmos consists of ≈ 25 overlapping φ⁷ resonance domains. Each domain maintains local coherence; together they tile the full energy continuum. 5 φ‑Bit Black‑Hole Entropy Microstate counting under φ‑quantization: -/- N ≈ ln(ν_max/ν_min)/ln φ, Ω ∼ φ^{A/a_eff} → S = k_B (A/a_eff) ln φ. -/- Setting a_eff = 4ℓ_P² ln φ recovers the Bekenstein–Hawking form S = k_B A/(4ℓ_P²). Physical interpretation: each 4ℓ_P² tile on the horizon carries one φ‑digit of information, yielding discrete horizon entropy increments ΔS = k_B ln φ. This ties quantum gravity quantization directly to the hydrogen‑cosmic lattice. -/- 6 Helioseismology Test Protocol Objective: Detect φ clustering in solar p‑mode frequency ratios. -/- Data Source: NASA SDO/HMI or GONG p‑mode catalogs (1000–5000 µHz range). Method: -/- 1. Compute all pairwise ratios f_i / f_j. -/- 2. Plot histogram of ratios 1 < r < 10. -/- 3. Expected resonant peaks: φ ≈ 1.618, φ² ≈ 2.618, φ³ ≈ 4.236, φ⁴ ≈ 6.854. -/- 4. Null hypothesis: uniform distribution. φ‑peaks above 3σ significance support FUNt resona nce structure. This test can be performed with existing datasets and represents a direct empirical falsificati on path. -/- 7 Conclusion The combined clarifications reconcile FUNt hydrogen quantization with standard QM and extend its scope to astronomic al and gravitational domains. Explicit ε values, predictive linewidth broadening, φ‑domain c ount, and entropy mapping together provide a coherent and testable framework. Helioseism ology offers the nearest‑term empirical route for validation. — Compiled for the FUNt Master Volume Set, October 2025 . (shrink)

The relativity of simultaneity is at the heart of special relativity. It is the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity as opposed to absolute time in pre-relativity physics that leads to the different kinematic and dynamic results between special relativity and pre-relativity physics. Cognition and logic that are at the heart of the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity. Rock’s work on induced self-motion and induced self-rest, including an experiment, supports this idea. A detailed analysis of Einstein’s arguments on the (...) relativity of simultaneity is presented. Einstein maintained that physical measurements are necessary in all instances in his argument. It is shown that logic and cognition replace the apparent need proposed by Einstein for certain physical measurements to demonstrate the relativity of simultaneity. The importance of cognition and logic occurs because of Rock’s empirical finding that a moving human observer can experience himself at rest but cannot experience himself at rest if he knows that he is moving. This human observer experiencing himself at rest in one inertial reference frame can deduce that the simultaneity in his frame does not extend to the other moving frame. The relativity of simultaneity involves two reference frames moving at a constant velocity relative to one another. Rock’s empirical finding allows for the argument on the relativity of simultaneity to made in either direction, i.e. with either reference frame the “stationary” reference frame while the other reference frame is the “moving” reference frame. Without Rock’s findings, there would be a preferred reference frame and special relativity would not be possible. The work discussed here regarding special relativity indicates that oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields arising from the brain are likely the link between body and mind, including consciousness since electromagnetic phenomena can ONLY be correctly understood in special relativity. (shrink)

Empirical research has indicated that there is a positive association: 1) between coherent oscillating electrical and magnetic fields arising from the brain and coherence in cognition and 2) between incoherent oscillating electric and magnetic fields arising from the brain and incoherence in cognition. Maxwell’s 4 laws for electromagnetism describe electric fields and magnetic fields in general, including oscillating electric and magnetic fields arising from the brain (neural oscillations). The reasons for the above associations are: 1) all electromagnetic phenomena are described (...) by Maxwell’s laws in inertial reference frames moving at a constant velocity relative to one another; 2) the Lorentz transformation equations in special relativity provide the way to transform electromagnetic phenomena between inertial reference frames (coordinate systems) moving at a constant velocity relative to one another without any change in Maxwell’s laws (through the use of coordinate transformations between the coordinate systems that are cognitive, logical in nature); 3) in special relativity, the existence of electric and magnetic fields in a coordinate system depends on the relative state of motion of “stationary” and “moving” coordinate systems with regard to each other (through the use of Lorentz coordinate transformation equations between these coordinate systems). In a scenario, one coordinate system is arbitrarily the “stationary” system and the other the “moving” coordinate system. 4) Either coordinate system can be the “stationary” coordinate system while the other is the “moving” coordinate system since empirical evidence has indicated that the human observer (who could be moving) can see himself at rest even if he would be moving; 5) Einstein showed that the fundamental derivation of the Lorentz transformation equations depends on the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity. In special relativity, there is a switch from the emphasis on material items, such as an electric charge or a magnet, in pre-relativity physics to emphasizing coordinate transformations between coordinate systems. This switch is possible because we move from the Galilean coordinate transformation equations in which time and space are absolute to the Lorentz coordinate transformation equations in special relativity in which time and space in a reference frame (actually a coordinate system) is relative. In contrast to the absolute simultaneity in pre-relativity physics, the relative time and space in coordinate systems in special relativity is set up through the relativity of simultaneity between coordinate systems moving at a constant velocity relative to one another. Neural oscillations thus rely on Maxwell’s laws, indicating that neural oscillations involve logic and cognition that allows them to be the interface between mental and physical phenomena as demonstrated by the empirical evidence regarding the association of coherence in neural oscillations and coherence in cognition and the association of incoherence between neural oscillations and incoherence in cognition. The foundation for the association of neural oscillations and cognition are the logical, cognitive, and perceptual features of special relativity described here that have not been appreciated. It appears that electromagnetic phenomena arising from the brain are the link between body and mind, including consciousness. (shrink)

The topic of this article is consciousness and, in it, I will theorize what consciousness is like and where it arises from. The work began to emerge and develop over time starting from my belief that consciousness is a physical self-referential phenomenon; thus, my attention was focused on the research for a self-referential process. I was confident that I could satisfy my curiosity through the reductionist method adopted by science. Unfortunately, neuroscientists and philosophers of mind realized that the attempts to (...) explain consciousness with this method have all proved inconclusive. For this reason, they are now trying to address the problem of consciousness with non-reductionist methods. As for me, I have always remained faithful to reductionism, but with the conviction that quantum mechanics, even though capable of making predictions with an extraordinary degree of accuracy, is a theory founded on wrong concepts. Thus, surprisingly, I have found a solution to the mystery of consciousness, perceiving a way to explain what it is like at its fundamental level in the field of quantum mechanics and, particularly, in one of its counterintuitive and generally less debated aspects among physicists today, but which aroused great interest in me: I am referring to the spin of the electron that will be described in this paper as a self-interacting process. This paper will also offer a rational explanation of the results obtainable in all experiments for measuring the spin of electrons through Stern-Gerlach magnets. In addition, my theory of consciousness is susceptible to experimental control. (shrink)

Subjective perception of sleep is not necessarily consistent with electroencephalography (EEG) indications of sleep. The mismatch between subjective reports and objective measures is often referred to as “sleep state misperception.” Previous studies evince that this mismatch is found in both patients with insomnia and in normal sleepers, but the neurophysiological mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study is to explore the neurophysiological basis of this mechanism, from the perspective of both EEG power and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) fluctuations. (...) Thirty-six healthy young adults participated in the study. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI recordings were conducted while the participants were trying to fall asleep in an MRI scanner at approximately 9:00 pm. They were awakened after achieving stable N1 or N2 sleep, or after 90 min without falling into stable sleep. Next they were asked to recall their conscious experiences from the moment immediately prior to awakening. Sixty-one instances of scheduled awakenings were collected: 21 of these after having achieved stable stage N2 sleep; 12, during stage N1 sleep; and, 20 during the waking state. Relative to those awakenings without subjective–objective discrepancy (n = 27), these awakenings with discrepancy (n = 14) were associated with lower θ power, as well as higher α, β, and γ power. Moreover, we found that participants who exhibited the discrepancy, compared with those who did not, evinced a higher amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation levels in the prefrontal cortex. These results lend support to the conjecture that the subjective–objective discrepancy is associated with central nervous system hyperarousal. (shrink)

This paper considers the significance of the informal publication and circulation in the work of one of the most important analytic philosophers of the late 20th Century, Saul Kripke. I argue that everyday copying technologies such as tape recording and photocopying enabled academic philosophers in the 1970s and 1980s to create and reproduce living documents whose private preservation and circulation offered a way to make and maintain a community of interest, carve out a space for oral discourse and, most significantly (...) for histories of alternative print technologies, that these technologies and techniques of reproduction were essential to the composition of Kripke’s ground-breaking and revolutionary published work. The recording, transcripts and photocopies archived Kripke’s ideas and offered access to them outside of institutional publishing channels. Kripke lectured a great deal, usually without notes, and was known to be reluctant to commit his ideas to print; this ‘szamizdat’ (as he refers to it) also preserved a space for the oral as the preferred mode of communication for philosophical discourse, connecting the modern tradition with the ancients, an oral tradition held together with magnetic tape, typescript, photocopies, and digital text files. This archival study draws attention to the intermediality of Kripke's work through close examination of his acknowledgments, prefaces, and footnotes to work up a history of the everyday media inscriptions (the recordings, typescript transcriptions, photocopies etc.) and practices (the lectures, seminars, and international social networks of distribution) that underpin the production of both his published and unpublished work. This essay brings a media archaeological approach into contact with scholarship on the history of the book and intellectual history. It foregrounds the role of the oral and aural in the history of print and contributes to our understanding of circulation and reproduction as a cultural practices. (shrink)

This article’s conclusion is that the theories of Einstein are generally correct and will still be relevant in the next century (there will be modifications necessary for development of quantum gravity). Those Einsteinian theories are Special Relativity, General Relativity, and the title of a paper he published in 1919 which asked if gravitation plays a role in the composition of elementary particles of matter. This paper was the bridge between General Relativity and the Unified Field Theory he sought during the (...) last 25 years of his life. In an article published in the "Annals of Physics" in 1957, Charles Misner and John Wheeler claimed that Einstein's latest equations demonstrated the unified field theory. But Einstein himself felt he had not fully succeeded. The present article begins with Olbers’ paradox (why is the sky dark at night?) Then it briefly proceeds to the subjects of Newtonian gravity, quantum entanglement, gravitational waves, E=mc^2, dark energy, dark matter, cosmic expansion, redshift, blueshift, the cosmic microwave background, the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, and explanation of advanced waves travelling back in time. The section “vector-tensor-scalar geometry” touches on mass, quantum spin, the Higgs boson and Higgs field, stellar jets, the pervasiveness of photons and gravitons, and supersymmetry. Then come half a dozen paragraphs referring to formation of planets, black holes, and bosons of the weak and strong nuclear forces. They end with Descartes’ space-matter relation. Also added are paragraphs about simply-connected mathematics, non-orientability, consciousness, the Law of Falling Bodies, the multiverse, space-time travel developed from maths’ Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem and from an experiment in electrical engineering performed at Yale University, development from future space-time travel of human flight in the manner of fiction’s Superman and Supergirl, as well as downloaded band-gap implants in the brain that could deal with forms of matter. They could add or delete anything and everything we choose by emulating computers’ copy/paste function to add things; as well as their delete function, to remove things. To complete my seemingly unusual ideas, 6 sections are added – 1) “Advanced and Retarded Waves” is extended to include dinosaurs, ageing, and photography, 2) there’s a bit about space-time warping and “imaginary” computers, 3) several paragraphs about restoring health (even gaining immortality) by using gravity, 4) a section about superconductivity and the electric or magnetic fields of planets (this section mentions Mercury, Planet 9 and precession), 5) a section titled EXPLAINING OCEAN TIDES WHEN GENERAL RELATIVITY SAYS GRAVITY IS A PUSH CAUSED BY THE CURVATURE OF SPACE-TIME (this has subsections about M-Sigma, Geysers on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus, and A Brief History of Gravity), plus 5) the potential of COVID-19 to create the Golden Rule, world peace, eternal life, and a non-economic world that doesn’t use any form of money (no cash, credit cards, digital currency, etc.) The final section is called DISTANT-FUTURE SCIENCE INTERPRETED BY RELIGIONS AS SUPERNATURAL and introduces an idea for becoming immortal in these physical bodies. If the Theory of Everything sought by physicists applies to all space-time, then every person’s brain must be entangled with the 22nd century (and far beyond that time too). (shrink)

About death, grief, mourning, life after death and immortality. Why should we die like humans to survive as a species. -/- "No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears (...) out the old to make way for the new." (Steve Jobs) -/- CONTENTS: -/- Death - Philosophy of death - Religions - - Animism - - Atheism - - Buddhism - - Christianity - - Hinduism - - Islam - - Jainism - - Jehovah's Witnesses - - Judaism - - Latter-day Saints - - Spiritism - Symbolism - Personification of Death - - Notable personifications - - In mythologies - - - Hindu mythology - - - In Japan - - - Slavic paganism - - - Lithuanian paganism - - In the three monotheistic religions - - - Judaism - - - Christianity - - - In Mexico - - - Islam - Axiochos - - The characters of dialogue - - Dialogue - - Prologue - - Arguments - - Citations - Paradise - - Greco-Roman mythology - - Mesopotamian mythology and influences - - According to Judaism - - According to Christianity - - - According to Catholicism - - - According to Protestantism - - - According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints - - According to Islam - - According to Hinduism - - According to modern spiritualities - - - According to the esoteric - Hell - - Mesopotamian origins - - According to Christianity - - - Names appearing in the biblical texts - - - Medieval artistic representations - - - Concepts according to Christian movements - - According to Judaism - - According to Islam - - According to Buddhism - - According to Hinduism - - According to modern esotericism - - - According to Aïvanhov - - - According to Allan Kardec - - Philosophy - - - Jewish Kabbalah - - - Sartre - - - Popular wisdom Funerals - The funeral ritual: a rite of passage - Prehistory - Ancient death customs - - The family bereavement - - Mummification - - Sarcophagi - - Funerals - - Ancient Greece - - Ancient Rome - - Celts, Germans and Scandinavians - Religious funeral rites - - Buddhism - - Judaism - Christianity - - Protestantism - - Islam - Funeral rites by continent - - In Africa - - In Europe - The contemporary era - Mourning (Grief) - - Steps - - - Death of a close - - Loss events without mourning value (white factors) - - Duration and manifestations - - Risks - - Colors - Graveyards (Cemeteries) - - First cemeteries - - Cemeteries today - Funerary art - Dolmens - - Types of dolmens - - Function - - Location - Passage graves - Cenotaphs - - Famous cenotaphs - Lanterns of the Dead Afterlife - History - Questions about death and immortality - Testimonials - - Spiritualistic experiences - - Popular literature on the afterlife - - "Memories" and reminiscences - - Early studies of the science of the 19th century and early 20th century - Types of scenarios - Some religious and philosophical concepts - - Afterlife in Buddhism - - Afterlife in Christianity - - According to Hinduism - - According to Islam - - According to Judaism - - According to Mormonism - - According to the ancient philosophies - - According to Spiritism - - According to Native American traditions - - According to Vedism - - According to Esotericism - In science - Near-death experiences - - Clinical death - - NDE frequency - - Effects of depth of NDE on survival - - Near-death experiences and shared-death experience - - - The first contemporary testimonials - - - Experience according to Moody - - - The concept of "shared death" - - - The NDE scales - - The study of Pim van Lommel - - Spiritual and patient point of view - - - Survivalists studies - - - The religious understanding of the phenomenon - - Scientific views - - - Physiological explanation - - - Psychological explanation - Reincarnation - - Religions - - - In Hinduism - - - In Jainism - - - In Buddhism - - - In Judaism - - - In Christianity - - - In Islam - - In contemporary times - - - Esotericism - - - Works of the psychiatrist Ian Stevenson - - - Radical increase in life expectancy and artificial reincarnation - - Criticism - - - Arthur Schopenhauer - - - Ramana Maharshi - - - Rene Guenon - - - Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy - Metempsychosis - - Theories - - Ideas - Maschalismos Immortality - Immortality of the soul and religious traditions - - Buddhism - - Christianity - - Islam - - Mormonism - Contemporary perception of the immortality of the body - - Observation in the animal kingdom - - Perspectives for mankind - Immortality in science - - Alexis Carrel - - Jean Rostand - - Hayflick limit - - Étienne-Émile Baulieu and DHEA - - Aubrey de Grey - - Professor Skulachev - - Regenerative medicine - - Professor Christopher Jaeger - Eternal Return - - According to the Mesopotamians - - According to Heraclitus and the Stoics - Fountain of Youth - - History of myth and relatives myths - - - In Roman mythology, Germanic, Celtic and Irish - - - In the Middle-East - - - In Spain - - - In the Bible - - The fountain in art and literature - - Painting - - - Literature and cinema - - Persistent of the myth until today - Senescence - - Why do we age? - - Gene regulation - - Cellular senescence Undead - Ghoul - Lich - Mummy - Skeleton - Vampire - Zombie - Other legendary creatures - Creatures specific to a particular universe - Spiritism - - Point out - - Origins of spiritism - - - The traditions through the ages - - - Advent of Christianity in Europe - - - The survival of necromancy - - - The precursors - - - Relations of spiritualism to science - Mediumship - - History - - Skeptical point of view - - Favorable doctor's viewpoint - Ghosts - - Appearance - - Belief in ghosts - - Origin - - - Duality and return dead - - - Ancient roots - - Typology - - - Poltergeists - - - Revenants - - - Ghosts - - - Banshees - - - Apparitions of crisis - - - Phantasms of the living - - - Vision of his own double - - - Ghost armies - - - Ghosts of animals - - - Means of transport - - Science perspective - - - Hallucinations - - - Sleep paralysis - - - Induced ghosts - - - Aches and infrasounds - - - Magnetic fields - Vampires - - Characteristics - - - Vampire transformation - - - Identification - - - Faculties - - Protection against the vampires - - - Precautions at death and burial - - - Apotropaic objects and places - - Destruction of vampires - Zombie - - The concept - - Africa and voodoo - - - West Africa - - - South Africa - - - In Haiti (and the Caribbean) - - - Scientific research - - The "revenants" in the Western imaginary Death in art - Memento mori - - History - - - Antiquity - - - Christianity - - - Mexican syncretism - - Performing arts - - - In painting - - - In literature - - - In movies - - - In video games - - - In Japanese animation - - - In music - The iconography of Weighing of souls (Particular judgment) - - Origin - - Written sources - - Weighing in Romanesque art - - Weighing in Gothic art - - Weighing in the late Middle Ages: to a new iconography - - Weighing of souls or actions? - Poems - - Charlotte Brontë, “On the Death of Anne Brontë” - - Edgar Allan Poe, “Annabel Lee” - - Edna St. Vincent Millay, “And you as well must die” - - Emily Dickinson, “Because I could not stop for Death” - - Emily Dickinson, “If I Should Die” - - Lord Byron, “Epitaph to a Dog” - - Pablo Neruda, “Only Death” - - Stephen Crane, “God Lay Dead in Heaven” - - W. B. Yeats, “He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead” - - Rainer Maria Rilke, “Death” - Paintings - - The Three Dead Kings - - The Death of Nelson - - Beata Beatrix - Sculptures - - The Kiss of Death - - Background - - Imagery - - Angel of Grief - - Fallen Astronaut - Quotes References About the author - Nicolae Sfetcu - - By the same author - - Contact Publishing House - MultiMedia Publishing -/- DOI: 10.58679/TW44411. (shrink)

Unlike Heidegger who reflects on the relationship between being and time, we are interested in studying the relationship between doing and time. We begin by discovering that the basis of people's doing is the starting point for any reflection on society and culture, and therefore we believe that our conclusions can be important especially for sociologists, ethnologists, political scientists, economists and psychologists. A fundamental difference between "doing" and "acting" could be that only people, not things, "do". We say "Antonio made (...) his house out of bricks to prevent the wind from blowing it down". We never refer to the "action of the wind" as a "doing". Acting, especially in "action," is erroneously associated with causation; we think, "the action of the wind on the house, is the cause of the collapse of the house." But in reality, causation is only a variant of doing. For example, in "Susanna writes a letter to Paul", Susanna is the cause of the text of the letter, but not of the reading of the letter. This is a paradigmatic example, the one that gave rise to our study. We say that the text "attracts its reader", as the poles of a magnet attract each other. From which we concluded that it is impossible to keep secrets. The importance of the study of doing in general becomes very relevant when we understand that "producing" and "consuming" are variants of doing. In Marx's work, the doing that generates social value is productive doing. But our research shows that all variants of doing generate order and all "order" generates organizational value. Note that the order of an act can be measured in "bits", which frees us from subjective measurements of the value of what we do in "money". We anticipate here that, in the following pages, we arrive at the conclusion that doing can be divided into 6 types of acts and their subgroups: the vectorial independent and hodern acts and the pendular complementary, parallel, curative and causa-dor acts. In addition, we discovered the existence of inter-acts, i.e. the "organizational resonance of the poles of a pendular act" and which includes the self-referent, bipolar, tripolar and multipole variants. This book could not have been written, without the background of the works already published and elaborated jointly, with Professor Luis de Marcos Ortega between 2018 and 2021. We refer to The Informational Foundation of the Human Act and Whispers and Shouts. The Informational Measurement of the Human Act both published by the University of Alcalá (Madrid). The texts of this book were published in weekly installments between May 2020 and December 2021, in the GaZeta portal of Guatemala. We have respected the chronological order of publication, as well as the contents of the articles. (shrink)

Partiendo de un análisis introductorio en torno a las diversas interpretaciones del concepto de historicidad (Geschichtlichkeit) en las obras de W. Dilthey, P. Yorck von Wartenburg y M. Heidegger, se considera seguidamente el modo como esta polémica fue recepcionada por el joven H. Marcuse (1). En discusión con la sociología alemana de su época (K. Mannheim, S. Landshut, H. Freyer), Marcuse pretende continuar el proyecto de inclusión de la historicidad en las ciencias del espíritu iniciado por Dilthey con una orientación (...) ontológica procedente de Heidegger (2). Si primero interpreta a G. W. F. Hegel desde parámetros próximos a la filosofía de la vida (Dilthey) y a la ontología fundamental (Heidegger), a medida que se acerca a la obra de K. Marx el enfoque ontológico y vitalista deja paso a una aproximación materialista, donde conceptos como razón, mediación, libertad y actualidad adquieren un papel preponderante (3). (shrink)

Im besonderen philosophischen Kontext des Zwischenkriegsdeutschlands entwickelte der junge Marcuse eine originelle Rezeption in marxistischer Perspektive der existenziellen Phänomenologie und der Lebensphilosophie (I). In seinen ersten Aufsätzen »Beiträge zu einer Phänomenologie des Historischen Materialismus« (1928) und »Über konkrete Philosophie« (1929) orientierte sich diese Rezeption am Projekt der Erarbeitung einer dialektischen Phänomenologie und in Verbindung damit an dem Versuch, die radikale Tat auf den ontologischen Begriff der Geschichtlichkeit zu gründen, ohne eine materielle Komponente zu vernachlässigen (II, III, IV). In der Auseinandersetzung (...) mit dem fundamentalontologisch anmutenden ›Verfall‹ des Daseins entwarf Marcuse überdies die Grundlagen seiner konkreten Philosophie der Praxis (V). (shrink)

En los tres apartados que conforman el presente artículo se toma en consideración el influjo y la presencia de elementos idealistas en el pensamiento de Herbert Marcuse. La recepción de la tradición idealista alemana, especialmente de Hegel y sus discípulos de izquierda, aparece como una constante a lo largo de toda su obra, si bien fue ganando ascendencia con el transcurso de los años, sobre todo en la última década de su trayectoria intelectual. Se defiende aquí que este desvío idealista (...) del materialismo ha de entenderse en el contexto de las transformaciones socioeconómicas y psicológicas en el tránsito del capitalismo liberal al postliberal. Con el trasfondo de la noción hegeliana de ‘Idea’, el primer punto analiza las diversas lecturas de la obra Hegel en las sucesivas etapas de su pensamiento. El segundo punto aborda la problemática relativa a la cosificación de la conciencia y a su emancipación. Se examina, por último, la dicotomía Espíritu-masa en relación con la búsqueda de nuevos agentes históricos y los peligros, no siempre sorteados por Marcuse, del vanguardismo y el elitismo. (shrink)

La crítica de Horkheimer al empirismo lógico del Círculo de Viena en su ensayo “El último ataque a la metafísica” (1937) motivó la respuesta de Neurath, principal blanco de las críticas, con la redacción del texto “Ciencia unificada y empirismo lógico: una réplica” (1937). En el presente artículo nos ocupamos de dilucidar el contexto de la polémica entre la Teoría Crítica y el empirismo lógico. Tomamos como eje argumental de nuestra exposición el conjunto de temáticas sobre las que Horkheimer fundamentó (...) sus críticas, así como las distintas respuestas que ofreció Neurath ante tales invectivas. Asimismo, se muestran los paralelismos existentes que vinculan esta primera polémica con la “disputa sobre el positivismo” (Positivismusstreit). (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende dilucidar los motivos fundamentales de la recepción de F. W. J. Schelling en los jóvenes hegelianos (I), el marxismo (II) y la Teoría Crítica (III) estableciendo ciertos paralelismos y divergencias respecto al modo en que fue acogida su obra en el seno de estas tres tradiciones. En el primer apartado se toma en consideración el alcance de este influjo en la obra de L. Feuerbach, así como en algunos escritos de juventud de F. Engels. A continuación, (...) se examinan los aspectos centrales de su recepción en G. Lukács y, en menor medida, en la obra de otros autores como E. Bloch o E. Dussel. Por último, vienen a apuntarse las temáticas principales de esa recepción en la Teoría Crítica, especialmente allí donde es más pronunciada, en los casos de H. Marcuse, J. Habermas y Th. W. Adorno. (shrink)

El fermento psicológico del fascismo en las sociedades capitalistas tardías aparece vinculado al proceso de debilitamiento del yo y al necesario entrelazamiento de las disposiciones subjetivas con factores situacionales. Desentrañar los mecanismos que inciden en la expansión del carácter potencialmente fascista requiere de un análisis de las tendencias de la personalidad que favorecen su arraigo y cómo se ven fomentadas por determinados procesos sociales. El presente artículo se centra en el influjo y la interacción de tres factores objetivos y tres (...) factores subjetivos. Para ello nos apoyamos principalmente en los estudios sobre la propaganda fascista y la cultura de masas llevados a cabo por los autores de la primera Teoría Crítica. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda la recepción de los 'Manuscritos de economía y filosofía' (1844) de K. Marx en la obra de H. Marcuse. En sus ensayos «Nuevas fuentes para la fundamentación del materialismo histórico» (1932) y «Sobre los fundamentos filosóficos del concepto científico-económico de trabajo» (1933), Marcuse empieza a tomar distancia respecto de su anterior pretensión de hallar un soporte ontológico para el materialismo histórico recurriendo exclusivamente a la fenomenología existencial de Heidegger. A partir de la primera publicación de los (...) 'Manuscritos de economía y filosofía' en 1932, el autor berlinés buscará fundamentar ontológicamente el materialismo histórico con el recurso a la obra juvenil de Marx. (shrink)

El influjo de temáticas heideggerianas en la obra tardía de H. Marcuse, todavía implícito en 'Eros y civilización' (1955) ante al peso determinante del psicoanálisis freudiano (1), reaparece de modo explícito en 'El hombre unidimensional' (1964). Ello acontece en dos planos mutuamente interdependientes: el análisis de la reificación en las sociedades unidimensionales de posguerra (2) y la crítica de la racionalidad tecnológica (4). Algunas debilidades conceptuales de ambas obras, derivadas en gran parte de esta recepción de Heidegger, ya fueron subrayadas (...) en su momento por autores pertenecientes a la llamada izquierda husserliana (P. A. Rovatti y P. Piccone, etc.) (3). (shrink)

El artículo aborda el itinerario biográfico e intelectual del primer Marcuse con el trasfondo del influjo de la Lebensphilosophie diltheyana, la analítica ontológica del Dasein y la hermenéutica de la facticidad heideggerianas en su pensamiento. Hasta su entrada en el Institut für Sozialforschung en 1932, la obra de Marcuse aspira a combinar la ontología fundamental de la historicidad con una antropología filosófica de inspiración marxiana. Sin embargo, Marcuse va a ir abandonando progresivamente cualquier pretensión de fundamentar ontológicamente el materialismo histórico (...) y se orientará hacia el desarrollo de una teoría dialéctica de la sociedad ónticamente situada. (shrink)

Mientras en una etapa previa de su trayectoria intelectual Axel Honneth recurrió al Hegel del período de Jena (1801-1807) para elaborar una propuesta filosófico-social centrada en “la lucha por el reconocimiento”, en su ensayo de 2001, 'Sufrimiento de indeterminación', y en 'El derecho de la libertad' (2011) dirige su atención a la 'Filosofía del derecho' (1820) hegeliana, con el propósito de desarrollar desde ella una renovada teoría de la justicia centrada en los modos de encarnación y realización de la libertad (...) social en las instituciones modernas. Con ello, abandona también su anterior pretensión de fundamentar antropológicamente la crítica social, orientándose en su lugar a un análisis inmanente de las instituciones sociales modernas según el modelo inaugurado por Hegel en su 'Filosofía del derecho'. (shrink)

En el primer apartado del artículo nos ocupamos de la relación que Karl Korsch mantuvo con el Instituto de Investigación Social y con sus figuras más representativas, desde sus primeros años de funcionamiento en Frankfurt hasta el exilio en los Estados Unidos (1). En la segunda parte se lleva a cabo un contraste entre lo que Korsch y la primera Teoría Crítica entendían por ‘realización de la filosofía’ (2). Se añade un apéndice estructurado en tres temáticas suplementarias: la recepción del (...) positivismo en la obra de Korsch (a), su vinculación con el leninismo (b) y sus críticas a la ‘teoría del colapso’ (Zusammenbruchstheorie) (c). (shrink)

Coincidiendo con su entrada como miembro del equipo de trabajo del Institut für Sozialforschung, Herbert Marcuse comienza a desarrollar una teoría materialista de la sociedad alejada del heideggerianismo de su juventud. Durante el período comprendido entre 1933 y 1936, el autor berlinés escribe una serie de artículos cuestionando la deriva política de la filosofía existencial en Alemania. En ellos se confronta con las versiones vulgarizadas de la Lebensphilosophie y de la fenomenología -encabezadas por Heidegger- que proveyeron una suerte de fundamentación (...) filosófica a la “concepción del mundo” (Weltanschauung) del realismo heroico y a las políticas socio-económicas del Estado total-autoritario. (shrink)

En el presente artículo abordamos la confrontación que ciertos autores pertenecientes al llamado marxismo occidental mantuvieron con la concepción de la vida cotidiana de “término medio” (Durchschnittlichkeit) de "Ser y tiempo" (1927). Nos centramos principalmente en la obra del filósofo checo Karel Kosík (1926-2003), quien, a lo largo de su trayectoria intelectual, llevó a cabo una recepción crítica de la analítica existencial heideggeriana, así como también en los aspectos divergentes y convergentes entre la concepción de la cotidianidad de Martin Heidegger (...) y de György Lukács. En la última sección, se apuntan las posibles sendas de encuentro para un develamiento fenomenológico-marxista de la “verdad” de la cotidianidad. (shrink)

El filósofo checo Karel Kosík (1926-2003) desempeñó un rol prominente en el seno del movimiento de oposición a los regímenes de Novotný y Husák, contribuyendo tanto a la gestación como a la pervivencia de los anhelos expresados por la población checoslovaca durante la Primavera de Praga. Junto a la contextualización histórica de su obra, se pone también de manifiesto cómo Marx y Heidegger incidieron con igual relevancia en la conformación de su pensamiento. La filosofía de Kosík reviste por ello una (...) singularidad propia que la aleja de las versiones tradicionales del humanismo marxista predominantes a mediados del siglo pasado en el bloque oriental y occidental. (shrink)

El concepto de “maquinación” (Machenschaft) ocupa un lugar central en la obra de Heidegger durante el período comprendido entre 1936 y 1940. En su análisis de la esencia de la época moderna, el filósofo checo de orientación marxista Karel Kosík se apropia de importantes elementos conceptuales procedentes de esta etapa del pensamiento de Heidegger. En concreto, emplea nociones análogas a la de “maquinación”, como “sistema de manipulabilidad”. Ponemos de relieve las semejanzas y puntos de fricción en la descripción de la (...) esencia de la época moderna de ambos pensadores, así como sus respectivas propuestas para poner coto a la primacía técnica y al pensamiento calculador y las resonancias políticas derivadas de sus análisis. (shrink)

El afán de hallar un soporte antropológico u ontológico fundamental capaz de otorgar validez normativa a la crítica de la sociedad devino un recurso filosófico habitual en las contribuciones teóricas de numerosos autores a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. En contraste con la crítica inmanente, que se esfuerza por localizar en la propia realidad social los parámetros normativos y las posibilidades históricas para la crítica y la transformación de esa misma realidad, la crítica antropológica tomaba como criterio (...) para la crítica y la transformación social la remisión a parámetros normativos externos, en concreto la referencia a un concepto de esencia o naturaleza humana ubicado en un nivel ontológico o antropológico fundamental. La facticidad histórica del capitalismo se cuestionaba porque invertía la esencia genérica (Gattungswesen) del ser humano, o bien porque obstaculizaba su adecuada plasmación en el plano óntico de la realidad. Se trataba, en definitiva, de crear las condiciones oportunas para una apropiación por parte del ser humano de su propia naturaleza, de su verdadera esencia. (shrink)

La interpretación de la dialéctica hegeliana que el joven Marcuse lleva a cabo en sus escritos tempranos «Sobre el problema de la dialéctica I y II» (1930-1931) y «Ontología de Hegel y teoría de la historicidad» (1932) contrarresta las críticas de Heidegger a la dialéctica de Hegel. La lectura de ambos autores también diverge en su comprensión acerca del estatuto y el alcance del fenómeno de la temporalidad en la filosofía hegeliana. Sin embargo, cuando dilucida el concepto de historicidad (Geschichtlichkeit) (...) en Hegel, Marcuse advierte la tensión existente en su sistema entre el concepto ontológico de «vida» y la idea del «saber absoluto». A partir de su entrada en el Institut für Sozialforschung, el autor berlinés abandonará la tematización del concepto de historicidad —tarea que había ocupado un lugar central en sus primeros escritos— por considerar que dicho concepto, demasiado distorsionado por la tradición ontológico-existencial, es inconciliable con la dialéctica materialista. (shrink)

El filósofo checo Karel Kosík (1926-2003) llevó a cabo en su obra una recepción crítica del pensamiento de Martin Heidegger. En determinados capítulos de "Dialéctica de lo concreto" (1963), así como en otros ensayos tardíos, elaboró una crítica de la analítica existencial heideggeriana, principalmente a la concepción de la estructura del ser del Dasein como “preocupación” o “cuidado” (Sorge). Nos ocupamos aquí de dilucidar el sentido y el alcance de esta crítica a "Ser y tiempo" (1927).

En el particular contexto filosófico de la Alemania de entreguerras, el joven H. Marcuse llevó a cabo una original recepción en clave marxista de la fenomenología existencial y de la Lebensphilosophie (I). En sus primeros artículos, «Contribuciones a una fenomenología del materialismo histórico» (1928) y «Sobre filosofía concreta» (1929), esa recepción se orientó al proyecto de elaboración de una fenomenología dialéctica y, vinculado con ello, al intento de fundamentar la acción radical en el concepto ontológico de historicidad (Geschichtlichkeit) sin descuidar (...) su componente material (II, III, IV). Asimismo, en la situación de caída (Verfallen) del Dasein, Marcuse va a otorgar una misión primordial a la filosofía concreta (V). (shrink)

Con la obra de los jóvenes hegelianos (Junghegelianer) concluye el período clásico de la filosofía alemana. Bruno Bauer (1809-1882) fue uno de sus máximos exponentes, considerado en muchos aspectos como mentor del movimiento. En el primer apartado del presente artículo, se contextualiza la figura de Bauer en el trasfondo de las disputas generadas en el seno de la escuela hegeliana. A continuación, se analizan con mayor detenimiento dos nociones centrales en su pensamiento, especialmente durante el período comprendido entre 1829 y (...) 1848: su dialéctica de la autoconciencia infinita (unendlichen Selbstbewußtsein) y la forma adoptada por su crítica pura. (shrink)

This paper explores the idea inspired by Williamson (2007) that the meaning of a name is the object such that assigning it as referent maximizes knowledge. After situating this idea in a charity-based tradition of interpretation and making it more precise, I argue that it suffers from serious problems. I then show why these problems persist under more holistic strategies of charity-based interpretation.

Standard lore holds that magnetic forces are incapable of doing mechanical work. More precisely, the claim is that whenever it appears that a magnetic force is doing work, the work is actually being done by another force, with the magnetic force serving only as an indirect mediator. However, the most familiar instances of magnetic forces acting in everyday life, such as when bar magnets lift other bar magnets, appear to present manifest evidence of magnetic forces doing work. These sorts of (...) counterexamples are often dismissed as arising from quantum effects that lie outside the classical regime. In this paper, we show that quantum theory is not needed to account for these phenomena, and that classical electromagnetism admits a model of elementary magnetic dipoles on which magnetic forces can indeed do work. In order to develop this model, we revisit the foundational principles of the classical theory of electromagnetism, showcase the importance of constraints from relativity, examine the structure of the multipole expansion, and study the connection between the Lorentz force law and conservation of energy and momentum. (shrink)