ANTI-SYSTEM POLITICS: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies by Jonathan Hopkin (2020)
A specter is haunting rich white capitalist democracies – the specter of populism.
Political elites in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union say democracy itself is threatened by popular political movements – radical nationalists on the right and radical progressives and socialists on the left.
These two kinds of movements are opposites in many ways, but they agree that their countries’ political and economic systems are rigged against the common people by powerful elites, who should be overthrown.
They also agree in rejecting globalism – an international order set up to give business free rein and protect corporations from nationalist or socialist governments.
Jonathan Hopkin’s Anti-System Politics is a big-picture look at this, with a focus on the USA, the UK, Greece, Spain and Italy. These are the countries in which anti-system politics (a term he prefers to populism) were strongest in the late 2010s because, according to him, their governments did the least to shield them from the impact of the Great Recession of 2008.
Here is Hopkin’s account of how and why of anti-system politics arose.
The rich white democracies enjoyed unprecedented economic growth and prosperity in the three decades from 1945 to 1975. Economies produced enough to enable corporations to be profitable and governments to provide good public services and a strong public safety net.
Then growth slowed down. Ronald Reagan in the USA, Margaret Thatcher in the UK and conservatives in other countries said they could revive economic growth by what came to be called neoliberalism.
This was a combination of deregulation of business, cutbacks in public welfare and government services and lower taxes for corporations and the rich.
These policies were largely copied by Bill Clinton in the USA, Tony Blair in the UK, Gerhard Schroeder in Germany and other proponents of a supposed “third way” movement between left and right.
This created what Hopkin called a political policy cartel. There was no alternative – at least not within the existing party system.
For a time, neoliberalism seemed to stimulate stagnant economies, Hopkin wrote. But it created a widening gap between economic winners and losers, and, over time, the losers came to outnumber the winners.
An illusion of prosperity was created by a poorly-regulated financial system. Stock prices rose beyond any objective measure of their worth. Government debt and consumer debt was allowed to pile up beyond any possibility it could be repaid.
All this came crashing down in the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the worst economic crash since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
“Inconceivable sums of money were mobilized to bail out banks and insolvent governments, while ordinary citizens were asked to pay increasing taxes on their stagnant or falling wages, all while government spending was being cut,” Hopkin wrote.
“It would have been surprising if there had not been a political backlash, but, even so, most politicians, opinion leaders and academics contrived to be surprised by it.”
People in northern European countries with strong social safety nets weathered the storm best, he wrote, although the backlash occurred to some extent in all the rich white capitalist democracies.
The ones that fared worst were the USA and UK, with their weak social safety nets, and Greece, Spain and Italy, indebted southern European countries subject to the austerity measures of the European Union.
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