L. —On the Miocene Flora of Nobth Greenland. By Prof. Oswald Heer. Translated by Robert H. Scott.

L.—On the Miocene Flora of North Greenland. By- Prof. Oswald Heer. Translated by Robert H. Scott.
£From the Report of the Thirty-sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Nottingham in August 1866; Transactions of the Sections, pp. 53-55; 1867.t]
The Royal Dublin Society is in possession of a rich collection of fossil plants, which have been brought from the Arctic regions by Capt. Sir F. Leopold M'Clintock and Capt. Philip H. Colomb at various times, and have been presented by those gentlemen to the Museum of the Society. 1 am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Robert H. Scott, Hon. Sec. of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, for a sight of these specimens, as the Royal Dublin Society has been induced to entrust the whole collection to me for examination. Before I received these, Dr. J. D. Hooker had entrusted to me specimens which had been presented to the museum at Kew by Dr. Lyall and Dr. Walker. In this latter collection I discovered seven determinable species, which are also to be found among the specimens of the Dublin collection. In this I find 63
f Also in the “ Journal of the Royal Dublin Society,” vol. v. No. 36, pp. 69-85, with rather more details and some notes by Captains Inglefield, Colomb, and M'Clintock, and an extract from Giesecke’s Journal.

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recognisable species. If we add to this the additional species mentioned by Brongniart and Vaupel, we obtain a total of 66 species.
All the specimens of the Dublin and Kew collections come from Atanekerdluk, as do also the specimens which Capt, E. A. Tngle- field brought home, of which he deposited a portion in the Museum of the Geological Survey, and retained a portion in his own hands. The former have been kindly sent to me by Sir Roderick Murchison, while I have obtained the latter through the goodness of their owner.
Fossil Plants from Atanehcrdluk. —Atanekerdluk lies on the Waigat, opposite Disco, in lat. 70°. A steep hill rises on the coast to a height of 1,080 feet, and at this level the fossil plants are found.* Large quantities of wood in a fossilised or carbonised condition lie about. Captain Inglefield observed one trunk thicker than a man’s body standing upright. The leaves, however, are the most important portion of the deposit, The rock in which they are found is a sparry-iron-ore, which turns reddish- brown on exposure to the weather. In this rock the leaves are found, in places packed closely together, and many of them are Tn a very perfect condition. They give us a most valuable insight into the nature of the vegetation which formed this primaeval forest.
The catalogue which I append to this paper f will give a general idea of the flora of this forest of Atanekerdluk ; but before we proceed to discuss it I must make a few remarks.
(1.) The fossilised plants of Atanekerdluk cannot have been drifted from any great distance. They must have grown upon the spot where they are found. This is proved—
(a.) By the fact that Capt. Inglefield and Dr. Rink observed trunks of trees standing upright.
(i b .) By the great abundance of the Leaves, and the perfect state of preservation in which they are found. Timber, hard fruits, and seeds may often be carried to a great distance by ocean currents ; but leaves always fall to pieces on such a long journey, and they are the more liable to suffer from wear and tear the larger they are. We find in Greenland very large leaves, many of which are perfect up to the very edge. It is, however, difficult to work them out from a stone which splits very irregularly, and consequently we can hardly exhibit the entire leaves in a perfect condition.
(c.) By the fact that we find in the stone both fruits and seeds of the trees whose leaves are also found there. Thus of Sequoia Langsdorffii we see not only the twigs covered with leaves, but also cones and seeds, and even a male catkin. Of Popnlus, Corylus, Ostrya, Paliums, and Prunus there are leaves and some remains of fruit, which could not be the case if the specimens had drifted from a great distance.
* For detailed sections by Prof. Nordenskiold and Dr. Brown, see further on .— Editor.
f For a later and more perfect catalogue, see further on .— Editor.
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( d .) By our finding remains of Insects with the leaves. There is the elytron of a small Beetle, and the wing of a good-sized Wood-bug (probably belonging to the family of the Pcntatomidre.)
(2.) The Flora of Atanekerdluk* is Miocene. Of the 66 species of North Greenland, 18 occur in the Miocene deposits of Central Europe. Nine of these are very widely distributed both as to time and space, viz., Sequoia Langsdorffii, Taxodium dubium, Phragmitcs Oeningensis, Quercus Drymeia, Planera Ungeri, Diospyros brachysepala, Andromeda protogcea, Rhamnus Erulani, and Juglans acuminata. These are found both in the Upper and Lower Molasse of Switzerland, while some speeies, viz., Sequoia Couttsiee, Osmunda Heerii, Corylus Macquarrii, and Populus Zaddachi, have not as yet been noticed in the Upper Molasse. From these facts it seems probable that the fossil forest of Atanekerdluk flourished in that high northern latitude at the earlier Miocene epoch.
(3.) The Flora of North Greenland is very rich in species. This is evident from the great variety of plants which the specimens exhibit. Although the amount of material obtained from Atanekerdluk is of small extent compared with that which has come from the Swiss localities, yet many of the slabs contain four or five species, and in one instance even eleven. Atanekerdluk has only been twice visited,')' so that we have only got a glimpse of the treasures buried there, and which await a more careful search. At Disco and Hare Island there are extensive beds of brown coal, in whose neighbourhood we may fairly expect to find fossil plants. Professor Goppert mentions three species from Kook (Kome) in lat. 70° N., (nearer 70° 30') Pecopteris borealis, Sequoia Eangsdorffii, and Zamitcs arcticus,% which last he has described in the Neues Jahrbucli fur Mineralogie, &c., 1866, pp. 130 and 134.
(4.) The Flora of Atanekerdluk proves, without a doubt, that North Greenland, in the Miocene epoch, had a climate much warmer than at present. The difference must be at least 30° F.
Professor Heer discusses at considerable length this proposition. He says that the evidence from Greenland gives a final answer to those who objected to the conclusions as to the Miocene climate of
* The fossil Plants here referred to were obtained high up on the hill-side ; lower down, at the foot of the hill, Nordenskiold subsequently discovered remains of a Cretaceous Flora (see further on) ; and Prof. Heer suggests that Eocene Plants also are to be found in that section.— Editor.
f This was written in 1866. In 1869 Prof. Heer communicated to the Koyal Society of London (Phil. Trans, for 1869,1 a memoir descriptive of additional specimens from Atanekerdluk and Kudlisaet (Noursoak and Disco) collected by Messrs. E. Whymper and R. Brown, in the summer of 1867, A further collection, made by the Swedish Expedition in 1870, is described in the K. Sv. Vet. Akad. xiii. No. 2, 1874. A general resume is given in the 3rd. vol. of his “Flora fossilis aretica,” 1875.
J Prof. O. Heer subsequently proved that both Pecopteris borealis, Brong., and Zamites arcticus, Goppert, are Cretaceous species, from Kome, on the Noursoak Peninsula; whilst Sequoia Langsdorfii (Brongniart) is of Miocene age and common in Disco Island.— Editor.

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Europe drawn by him on a former occasion. It is quite impossible that the trees found at Atanekerdluk could ever have flourished there if the temperature were not far higher than it is at present. This is clear, first, from many of the species, of which we find the nearest living representatives 10° or even 20° of latitude to the south of the locality in question. Some of the species are quite peculiar, and their relationship to other forms is as yet in doubt. Of these the most important are a Daphnogene (I). Kanii) the genus Macclintockia, and a Zamites.* The Daphnogene had large thick leathery leaves, and was probably evergreen. Macclintockia, a new genus, comprises certain specimens belonging perhaps to the family of the Proteacece. The Zamites is also new. Inasmuch as we know no existing analogues for these plants we cannot draw accurate conclusions as to the climatal conditions in which they flourished. It is, however, quite certain that they never could have borne a low temperature.
If, now, we look at those species which we may consider as possessing living representatives, we shall find that on an average the highest limit attainable by them, even under artificial culture, lies at least 12° to the southward. This, however, does not give a fair view of the circumstances of the case. The trees at Atanekerdluk were not all at the extreme northern limit of their growth. This may have been the case with some of the species ; others, however, extended much further north, for in the Miocene Flora of Spitzbergen, lat. 78° N., we find the Beech, Plane, Hazel, a Poplar {Populus Richardsoni), a Fir, and the Taxodium of Greenland ; and in lat. 79° N., a Lime and Populus arctica. For the opportunity of examining these specimens I am indebted to Professor Nordenskiold. At the present time the Firs and Poplars reach to a latitude 15° above the artificial limit of the Plane, and 10° above that of the Beech. Accordingly we may conclude that the Firs and Poplars which we meet at Atanekerdluk and at Bell Sound, Spitzbergen, must have reached up towards the North Pole so far as there was land there in the Tertiary Period. The hills of fossilised wood found by M‘Clure and his companions in Banks’ Land (lat. 74° 27' N.) are therefore discoveries which should not astonish us; they only confirm the evidence as to the original vegetation of the Polar regions, which we have derived from other sources. The Professor then proceeds to say that the course of reasoning which led him to the conclusion that the Miocene temperature of Greenland was 30° F. higher than its present temperature would be fully developed in his work “ On the Fossil Flora of the Polar Regions,” which will contain descriptions and plates of the plants discovered in North Greenland, Melville Island, Banks’ Land, Mackenzie River, Iceland, and Spitzbergen, and which he hopes to publish at an early date.
He then selects Sequoia Langsdorffii, the most abundant of the trees at Atanekerdluk, and proceeds to investigate the conclusions as to climate deducible from the fact of its existence in Greenland.
* See the more perfect list further on.—E ditor.
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IlEEIi, MIOCENE FLORA OF GREENLAND.
Sequoia sempervirens, Lamb (Red-wood), is its present representative, and resembles it so closely that we may consider S. semper- •virens to be the direct descendant of S. Langsdarffii. This tree is cultivated in most of the botanical gardens of Europe, and its extreme northern limit may be placed at lat. 53° N. For its existence it requires a summer temperature of 60° F. Its fruit requires a temperature of 65° F. for ripening. The winter temperature must not fall below 31° F., and that of the whole year must be at least 50° F. Accordingly we may consider the isothermal of 50° as its northern limit. This we may then take as the northern temperature of the Sequoia Langsdorffii, and 50° F. as the absolute minimum of temperature under which the vegetation of Atanekerdluk could have existed there.
The present annual temperature of the locality is about 20° F. Dove gives the normal temperature of the latitude (70° N.) at 16° F. Thus Greenland lias too high a temperature ; but if we come further to the eastward we meet with a temperature of 33° F. at Altenfiord. Even this extreme variation from the normal conditions of climate is 17° F. lower than that which we are obliged to assume as having prevailed during the Miocene period.
The author states that the results obtained confirm his conclusions as to the climate of Central Europe at the same epoch (conf. Heer, Recherches sur leClimat et la Vegetation duPays Tertiaire, p. 193), and shows at some length how entirely insufficient the views of Sartorius von Waltershausen are to explain the facts of the case.
Herr Sartorius would account for the former high temperature of certain localities by supposing the existence of an insular climate in each case. Such suppositions would be quite inadequate to account for such extreme differences of climate as the evidence now under consideration proves to have existed.
Professor Heer concludes his paper as follows :—
I think these facts are convincing, and the more so as they are not insulated, but confirmed by the evidence derivable from the Miocene Flora of Iceland, Spitzbergen, and Northern America. These conclusions, too, are only links in the grand chain of evidence obtained from the examination of the Miocene Flora of the whole of Europe. They prove to us that we could not, by any re-arrangement of the relative positions of land and water, produce for the northern hemisphere a climate which would explain the phenomena in a satisfactory manner. We must only admit that we are face to face with a problem whose solution in all probability must be attempted and, we doubt not, completed by the astronomer.
Appendix by Editor.
Memoirs and Reports on the Fossil Plants of Greenland, &c.
1867.—On the Miocene Flora of North Greenland. By Professor Oswald Heer. Translated by R. H. Scott. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1866, Trans. Sections, p. 53. 1867.

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1867. —On the Miocene Flora of North Greenland. By Professor Oswald Heer. Translated by Robert H. Scott, M.A. With Notes by E. A. Inglefield, P. H. Colomb, Sutherland, and M'Clintock, and extract from Giesecke’s Journal. Read November 19, 1866. The Journal of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. v., for 1867, pp. 69-85.
1868. —Flora fossilis arctica. I. Die fossile Flora der Polar- lander, enthaltend die in Nordgronland, auf der Melville-Insel, im Banksland, am Mackenzie, in Island und in Spitzbergen entdeck- ten fossilen Pflanzen, von Dr. Oswald Heer, Professor am Polytechnikum und an der Universitat in Zurich. Mit einem Anhang liber versteinerte Ilolzer der arctischen Zone, von Dr. Carl Cramer, Professor am Polytechnikum in Zurich. (Mit 1 Karte und 50 Tafeln.) 4to. Zurich, 1868.
1870.—Report of Proceedings to obtain a Collection of Fossil Plants in North Greenland for the Committee of the British Association. By Edward Whymper. Brit. Asoc. Report for
1869, pp. 2-8. 1870.
1870. —Report on the Fossil Plants collected by Mr. Whymper
(and Mr. Brown) in North Greenland in 1867. By Professor O. Heer. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1869, pp. 8-10. 1870.
1871. —Flora fossilis arctica. II. Die foss., &c., Zweiter Band,
enthaltend: 1. Fossile Flora der Biiren-Insel (Kongl. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., vol. ix., No. 5, 1871). 2. Flora fossilis Alaskana (K. Sv. Yet. Ak. Handl., vol. viii., No. 4, 1869). 3. Die miocene [miocane] Flora und Fauna Spitzbergens (K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl., vol. viii., No. 7, 1870). 4. Contributions to
the Fossil Flora of North Greenland (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, 1869). Mit 59 Tafeln. 4to. Winterthur, 1871.
1872. —Notice of Heer’s Flora fossilis arctica (vol. ii.). Communicated by R. II. Scott, F.R.S. Geol. Mag,, vol. ix., pp. 69-72. 1872.
1871. —Prof. E. A. Nordenskiold. Redogbrelse for en Expedition till Gronland Ar 1870; Ofversigt af K. Yet.-Akad* Forhandl., 1870, No. 10. Separately published, 1871.
1872. —Prof. E. A. Nordenskiold. Expedition to Greenland in
1870. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., pp. 289, 354, 409, 449, & 516, 1872.
js 1875.—Flora fossilis arctica. III. Die foss., &c., Dritter Band, enthaltend : 1. Beitrage zur Steinkohlenflora der arctischen Zone (1C Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xii., No. 3, 1874). 2. Die Kreide- flora der arctischen Zone (K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xii., No. 6, 1874). 3. Naclitriige zur miocenen [miocanen] Flora Gron-
lands (K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xiii., No. 7, 1874). 4.
Uebersicht der miocenen [miocanen] Flora der arctischen Zone, 1874. Mit 49 Tafeln. 4to. Zurich, 1875.
1875.—R. Brown. Geological Notes on the Noursoak Peninsula, Disco Island, &c. Transact. Geol. Soc., Glasgow, vol. v. 1875.

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LI. —Notice of Heer’s “ Flora fossilis arctica” (Carboniferous Fossils of Bear Island and Spitzbergen, and Cretaceous and Miocene Plants of Spitzbergen and Greenland). Communicated by Robert H. Scott, F.R.S., &c.
[Reprinted, with Permission, from the Geological Magazine, Vol. IX., No. 2, February 1872, pp. 69-72.]
Carboniferous: Bear Island and Spitzbergen. —In vol. ii. of his “ Flora fossilis arctica,” Professor Oswald Heer has treated of the Fossil Flora of Bear Island, and shown that it belongs to the Lower Carboniferous Formation, of which it forms the lowest beds (named by him the “Ursa Stage”), close to the junction with the Devonian.* The Yellow Sandstone of Kiltorcan in Ireland, some of the Grauwacke of the Vosges and the southern part of the Black Forest, and some strata near St. John in New Brunswick, belong to the same group. In the summer of 1870 two young Swedish naturalists (Wilander and Nathorst) discovered this same formation in the Klaas Billen Bay of the Eisfiord in Spitzbergen, and brought home fine specimens of Lepidodendron Veltheimianum and Stigmaria ficoides. It has also been found in West Greenland ; for Prof. Nordenskiold tells us that the Swedish Expedition, which went to Disco, in the course of last summer, to fetch the meteorite, weighing about 20 tons, which he discovered at Ovifak in that island, has brought home fossil plants of true Carboniferous age.
The Carboniferous formation, therefore, has been extensively developed in the Arctic regions, for it occurs also in the Parry Islands and in Siberia; on the Lena it approaches the Arctic Circle. These facts show us that at the Carboniferous epoch there was a great extent of land near the North Pole, covered with a vegetation closely resembling that of our own latitudes at the same period. Of 18 species of fossil plants at Bear Island, only 3 are peculiar to it, the others are common to the European localities (such as Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, Knorria imbricata, &c.) ; and, from the fact that they are as fine and as well developed in the northern as in the southern deposits, it is evident that no great difference of climate could have prevailed between the two localities.f
Tertiary: Spitzbergen .—In Spitzbergen we have, besides the Miocene Flora and Fauna, an important Diluvial formation. 132 species of Miocene plants have been found, mostly in Eisfiord (lat. 78 9 N.), but some in King’s Bay (lat. 78° 56' N.). The chief form here is an Equisetum ( E . arcticuni) ; but it is sur-
* See also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvii., p. 1, and xxvii.,pp. 161-173 7 Prof. Heer has worked out this idea very fully in his paper on Bear Island, and traced the alternations of rise and fall of the land, which probably occurred during the later part of the Palaeozoic period.

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37 5
prising to find a Lime (Tilia Malmgreni), an Arborvitee ( Thuites Ehrenswaerdi), a Juniper, and two Poplars nearly on the 79th parallel of latitude. The Flora of the Eisfiord is much richer, especially that of the black shales of Cape Staratschin, where we find 26 Conifers belonging to the Abietinea, the Cupressinete, and the Taxodiece. Several of these species are represented not only by leaves, but by their flowers and fruit. The chief forest-trees were a Sequoia (S. Nordetishioldi), of which we have leaves, twigs, and seeds, Libocedrus Sabiniana, and Taxodium distichum. Of the last-named the collection contains, not only the twigs clothed with leaves, but the male and female flowers,.the scales, and seeds; so that not even the delicate catkins are wanting to identify this tree with that which is now growing in the Southern States of North America. No one can possibly doubt that the tree grew where its remains are now found. Libocedrus Sabiniana is also well represented by its peculiar seeds; it was the most graceful tree in Spitzbergen, and its nearest congeners are now found in Chili. Of other trees, Poplars are the most common, with the Birch, Hazel, and Snowball ( Viburnum ) ; but we are not so much surprised at finding them as two large-leaved Oaks, the Ivy, and a Walnut.
This Flora has the greatest resemblance to that of North Greenland and the other Arctic localities; but several species extend southwards into Europe. On the whole, this Miocene Flora bears evidence of a far greater contrast of climate between Europe and the Arctic regions at that epoch, than the Lower- Carboniferus plants show for their period. All the tropical and even sub-tropical forms are wanting. These facts show us that great changes of climate must have occurred, and it will be interesting to trace when these first began to show themselves.
Cretaceous: Greenland. —The Cretaceous Flora of the Arctic regions throws important light on this point, and our knowledge of it has been largely enriched by the discoveries of the Swedish Expedition of 1870. When the first volume of the “ Flora arctica ” appeared, Prof. Heer could only speak of a few specimens belonging to this epoch, which had been found at Kome, on the north side of the Noursoak Peninsula. Prof. Nordenskiold has, however, paid great attention to these fossils, and has discovered several new localities for them on the same coast. They are found in black shales, apparently, from the character of the fossils, belonging to the Lower Cretaceous—the Urgonian, for they resemble the Flora of Wernsdorf, in the Carpathians. Among forty-three species already determined, Prof. Ileer finds twenty-four Ferns, five Cycads, eight Conifers, three Monocotyledons. Only one fragment is dicotyledonous, a Poplar leaf, and it is the oldest dicotyledonous plant that has hitherto been discovered. Among the numerous Ferns the Gleichenia is the most common type, but Marattiacece and Sphenopteris are not rare. Of Cycads we have Zamites, with very fine leaves, and Podozamites Hoheneggeri (known from Wernsdorf in the Carpathians). It is striking that Sequoias and Pines approaching closely to Tertiary types appear among the Conifers.

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IIF.ER, ARCTIC FOSSIL PLANTS.
The plants of the black shales of the south side of Noursoak Peninsula have a different character. Nordenskiold has found them at two points (Atane, and on the shore below Atanekerdluk, the well-known Miocene locality). The number of species is about equal to that found in the Lower Cretaceous just referred to ; but their type is almost totally different, and it indicates that they belong to the Upper Cretaceous. Sequoia again predominates among the Conifers, and fortunately cones were found as well as twigs. With them were found a Thuitcs and a Salisburca (?). Cycads are much less common than in the Lower Cretaceous beds, only one ( Cycaclites Dicksoni) having been discovered. Among the Ferns, though these are common (eleven species) only two Gleichenicc were found instead of six; other forms, such as Marattiaceee, Adiantum , and Dietyophyllum, have disappeared. The predominant forms are Dicotyledons, of which there are twenty-four, of various genera and species ; many of them have not yet been absolutely determined. But there are three species of Poplar, one Fig (leaves and fruits), one Myrica, one Sassafras, one Credneria, with two Magnoliee.
These facts show us that here, as in Central Europe, the Lower Cretaceous Flora consists principally of Ferns, Conifers, and Cycads; while in the Upper Cretaceous Dicotyledons appear. The climatological changes which produced so important modifications in the types of vegetable life must have been as extensive in high as in lower latitudes. If we examine into the climatic character of the Lower Cretaceous Flora, we find it to be almost tropical, as will be seen from the predominant forms of vegetation. The same is true of the Flora of Wernsdorf in the Northern Carpathians, so that in this respect the Lower Cretaceous Flora resembles the Carboniferous Flora. The comparative rarity of Gleichenias and Cycads, and the disappearance of Marattiacea , might point to a change of climate for the Upper Cretaceous ; but the presence of Ficus renders this doubtful, so that we cannot decide whether the change of climate occurred during the Cretaceous or the Tertiary period in Greenland ; at all events, the Flora of the former epoch lias a more southern character than that of the latter.
Miocene : Greenland. —Besides these fossils, Nordenskiold has brought over a large series of Miocene Plants from various localities. The most interesting of these are from a deposit, which is separated by beds of basalt, some 2,000 feet thick, from the Lower Miocene plant-bearing strata, and which, though still Miocene, are much later in age.
[According to the succession of strata, Nordenskiold divides the Miocene plant-bearing formation into three groups :—
I. The lowest (“ Upper Atanekerdluk ”) consists of sand, sandstone with shale, coal-seams, and clayironstone. To this belongs the upper portion of the Atanekerdluk section, with its rich fossil flora, Lower Miocene in character. Also found at Iglosungoak and Isungoak on Disco Island.
II. The middle or “ Ifsorisok group ” of plant-bearing sand, shale, coal, and brown clayironstone, lying between basalts, tuffs,

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and lavas, several thousand feet in thickness, and approximately in the middle of the trap-formation. This group is found at :—
1. Netluarsuk, N.W. of Atane, between Noursoak and Noursak, at the mouth of the Waigat, and near the N.W. end of the Nour- soak Peninsula, about 1,000 feet above the sea. Sand, shale, coal, and brown clayironstone, with plant-remains, between basalts.
2. Ifsorisok, N.E. of Netluarsuk (about 70° 40' N. lat.), 12 miles from the coast, and about 2,250 feet above the sea. A soft sandy clay, alternating with thin coal-seams, and containing the plants, rests on basalt, which further inland forms high mountains. The Kinnitak, between Niakornak and Ekkorfat, is the nearest, and reaches the height of 6,000 feet, and apparently consists wholly of eruptive rock.
3. Asakak. Not far from Ivome, on the north side of the Noursoak Peninsula, is the Asakak Glacier, and among the stones on its surface carbonised and silicified wood abounds, also some fragments of coarse sandstone containing Miocene Plants. The place of origin could not be discovered.
III. The uppermost group consists of some sand and clays, on the south coast of Disco, lying on and in the basalt, which there overlies gneiss; and it was probably contemporary with the last of the great post-cretaceous volcanic eruptions of the district. The fossil plants from Puilasok, having an Upper-Miocene character, belong to this series, and occur in black or dark-grey sand, or soft sandy slialy clay ; but Prof. Ileer thinks that the plants from the clayironstone of Sinifik, on the same coast, must be somewhat older. The soft sandstones and sandy shales of Puilasok, with their thin irregular coal-seams, are represented by Norden- skiold’s section, at p. 4 of O. Heer’s “Nachtriige,” &c., sis lying in nearly horizontal layers to the height of 200 feet, on and against the eroded slope of horizontally stratified basalt and basalt-tuff.— O. Heer, “Nachtrage zur mioc. Flora Gronland’s,” 1874, pp. 3, 4.]
East Coast of Greenland. —The German Expedition has brought from the East Coast of Greenland some vegetable fossils, many of which are, however, only undistinguishable carbonaceous traces. Lieutenant Payer, however, brought some specimens from Sabine Island which could be identified. They belong to Taxodium distichum and Populus arctica, with a fragment which probably belongs to Diospyros brachysepala. These trees have been discovered in West Greenland, and the two first-named in Spitzbergen also, so that they probably flourished over the entire district from the west coast to Spitzbergen. In his paper on Spitzbergen, Prof. Heer had remarked that we might expect to find the plants which were common to the West Coast of Greenland and to Spitzbergen on the East Coast of Greenland also. This anticipation has now been confirmed by the discovery of these two species, and it may fairly be expected that the fossiliferous sandstones and marls of Germania Mountain in Sabine Island contain many of the missing forms.

378 HEER, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND.
LII.—The Miocene Flora and Fauna of the Arctic Regions. By the Rev. Dr. Oswald Heer, F.M.G.S., Professor of Botany, University of Zurich, &c.
[From “ Flora fossilis arctica,” vol. iii., 1875.]
Miocene Plants have been found in Spitzbergen from 77|° to 78§° N.L., in West Greenland from 70° to 71° N.L., in East Greenland at 741° N.L., in Iceland between 65° and 66°, on the Mackenzie (Bear-Lake River) at 65°, and in Banks’ Land at 74° 27' N.L.
1. In Spitzbergen Miocene Plants have been collected at six places; namely, at the Scott Glacier in Recherche Bay* (77-|° N.L.) ; at Cape Lyell at the entrance of Bell Sound; at Cape Staratschin at the entrance of the Ice-fjord (78° 5' N.L.) ; at Cape Heer near Greenhaven; and in King’s Bay, 78° 56' N.L.
We now know 179 species of plants from these localities ; 34 from the Scott Glacier, 51 from Cape Lyell, 9 from Bell Sound, 115 from Cape Staratschin (from black shale and sandstone), 15 from Cape Heer, and 16 from King’s Bay.
Equisetumarcticum, Taxodium distichum, Populns Richnrdsoni, P. arctica , Corylus Macquarrii, Platanus aceroides, and Iledera Macclurii occur at nearly every one of the places, and must have spread over all the old land. With other species common to several of the localities, they show that the strata containing them belong to one formation. The new discoveries show also that these beds are Lower Miocene. We find 40 of the Spitzbergen species in the Miocene of Europe; 23 in Switzerland, of which 19 occur in our Lower Freshwater Molasse.
2. In West Greenland Miocene Plants have been collected at 10 localities. Excepting Asakak, they are on the shores of the Waigat, some in Disco, some in the Noursoak Peninsula. The most important is the upper part of the hill at Atanekerdluk, where 124 species have been got. In the “ Supplemental Remarks on “ the Miocene Flora of Greenland,” in this vol. of the “ Flora foss. arct.,” it is shown that during the long period of the great Basalt-formation of Greenland no special change in the vegetation took place. The plants of Ifsorisok, Netluarsuk, and Sinifik agree generally with those of Upper Atanekerdluk, although during their deposition 2,000 feet thickness of basalt was formed. The deposit at Puilasok only, which lies on the basalt, shows some difference in its plant-remains, some of which resemble those of our Upper Molasse (GEningen beds).
Of the 169 Miocene species from Greenland, 69 occur in Europe ;
* The new localities for these fossils at the Scott Glacier, Cape Lyell, and Cape Heer were discovered by Prof. Nordenskiold in the summer of 1873. The plants then collected will be published by-and-by ; they increase the Miocene Flora of Spitzbergen by 47 species.

IIEEK, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND. 379
42 in Switzerland. Of these there are 35 in the Lower and 24 in the Upper Molasse. Thus, excepting those from Puilasok, the . Greenland fossil plants, like those of Spitzbergen, accord chiefly with those of our Lower Miocene.
3. In East Greenland MM. Payer and Copeland have obtained some fossil plants at Sabine Island (about 741?° N.L.) : remains of Taxodium distichum, Populus arctica, and Diospyros brachy- sepala, all known from West Greenland, and the first two common in Spitzbergen. The 35 species which are common to Spitzbergen and West Greenland probably existed all over the intermediate region, and their remains may yet be found at Sabine Island.
4. The Lignite- or Browncoal-formation of Iceland is widespread, and plants have reached me from five places :—Briamslock (about 65^° N.L.), Hredavatn (64° 40' N.L.), Langavatsdalr, Sandafell (about 654° N.L.), and Husawick (65° 40' N.L.), yielding 42 species, of which 18 belong to the Miocene of Europe.
5. From the Mackenzie River district we have still only the 17 species of Miocene Plants described in vol. i. of “ Flora foss. arct.”
6. Still further off is Banks’ Land 74° 27' N.L.), with its remarkable wood-hills, yielding five Conifers and a Birch. One of its Pines (Pinus Macclurii) has been found also in Greenland by Nordenskiold, confirming my conjecture of the Miocene age of these accumulations of wood (“ Flora arct.,” i., p. 20.)
7. Altogether there are 353 species from these Arctic regions. [A table of distribution in families is given, p. 5.] There are 31 Cryptogams, 53 Gymnosperms, 55 Monocotyledons, 65 Apetal®, 16 Gamopetal®, 88 Polypetalse, and 45 of doubtful alliance.
Several species of these Miocene Plants can now be traced from Spitzbergen, by Greenland, to the Mackenzie in N.W. America, namely:—
Taxodium distichum. Salix Eaeana.
Glyptostrobus Ungeri. Corylus Macquarrii.
Sequoia Langsdorfii. Platanus aceroides.
Populus arctica. Hedera Macclurii.
The Swamp Cypress, Poplar, Hazel, and Plane are among the most abundant of those both in Greenland and Spitzbergen ; Sequoia and Glyptostrobus abound in Greenland, and have lately been found in Spitzbergen, but appear to be more limited there. Either wide-spread or abundant in both of these countries are—
Lastrsea Stiriaca.
Taxites OIriki.
Phragmites CEningensis.
Populus Richardsoni.
Salix varians.
Carpinus grandis.
Fagus Deucalionis.
Of the Arctic species, 97 occur in the Miocene Flora of Europe. There is 27^ per cent, (more than of these Arctic plants common to the Miocene of Europe. The per-centage for Spitzbergen is
Quercus Grcenlandica. Q. platania.
Andromeda protogaea. Nordenskiceldia borealis. Paliurus Colombi. Rhamnus Eridani.

380 IIEER, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND.
about 22, for Greenland about 41, for Iceland and the Mackenzie 40. In the most northern regions, in Spitzbergen, it is therefore the least; in Greenland it is almost twice as great, and it increases southward.
Of all the European fossil floras, that of the Baltic comes nearest to the Arctic. Of the 71 species known from the Sam- land and the Browncoal of Eixhdft (near Dantzic, about 55° N.L.), there are 38 (54 per cent.) in the Arctic fossil flora. [Other comparisons and illustrative remarks follow; and at pages 13-24 a table is given, of which the following is an abstract.]
List of the Miocene Plants of the Arctic Regions.
[From Prof. O. Heer’s “ Uebersicht der miocene Flora der arctische Zone,” 1874; pp. 13-24.]
Spitzbergen = Sp.; Greenland = G.; Iceland — I.; MacKenzie River=M.
I.—Cryptogams.
Fungi.
Sphaeria arctica, II. Sp.
S. annulifera, H. Sp., G.
S. pinicola, II. Sp.
S. hyperborea, II. Sp. Dothidea borealis, H. I. Sclerotium Dryadum, H. I.
S. Cinnamomi, II. G.
S. populicola, II. G. Rhytisma induratum, II.? I. R. boreale, II. G.
Polyporites Sequoise, II. G.
Alga:.
Muensteria deplanata, II. Sp. Musci.
Muscites Berggreni, II. Sp. M. subtilis, H. G.
Filices.
Polypodiacece.
Adiantum Dicksoni, II. Sp. Woodwardites arcticus, II. G. Lastrsea Stiriaea, (Ung.) Sp.,G. Sphenopteris Miertschingi, H.G. S. Blomstrandi, H. Sp., G. Aspidium Meyeri, H. G.
A. Ileerii, Ett. G.
A. ursinum, II. G.
Pteris CEningensis, Ung. G.
P. Rinkiana, H. G.
P. Sitkensis, II. G.
Pecopteris gracillima, H. G.
Osmundacea.
Osmunda Ileerii, Gaud. G.
O. Torelli, II. G.
Equisetacea:. Equisetum boreale, II. G.
E. Winkleri, H. I.
E. arcticum, II. Sp.
II.— Pha.nogamia.
CONIFERAS.
Taxincce.
Taxites Olriki, II. Sp., G.
T. validus, II. G.
Ginkgo adiantioides (Ung). G. Torellia rigida, II. Sp.
T. bifida, H. Sp.
CuprCssinece.
Juniperus rigida, II. Sp.
Biota borealis, II. G. Libocedrus Sabiniana, H. Sp. L. gracilis, H. Sp.
Thuites Ehrenswardi, H. Sp. Cupressinoxylon Breverni, Merkl. G.

HE Eli, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND. 381
Cupressinoxylon ucranicum,
Gp.? G.
C. pulchrum, Cr. Banksland. C. polyommatum, Cr. Banksland.
C. dubium, Cr. Banksland. Taxodiem.
Widdringtonia Helvetica, H. G. Taxodiumdistichum-miocaenum, H. Sp., G.j M.
T. Tinajorum, H. Sp. Glyptostrobus europaeus, Brgn.
G.
G. Ungeri, H. Sp., G., M. Sequoia Langsdorfii, (Brongn.) Sp., G., M. var. b. striata. Sp.
„ c. acuta. Sp.
„ d. obtusiuscula. Sp.
„ e. abrupta. Sp.
„ f. angustifolia. Sp.
S. disticha, H. Sp.
S. brevifolia, II. Sp., G.
S. Nordenskiceldi, II. Sp., G. S. Couttsise, H. G.
S. Sternbergi, Gp., sp. G. I.,
Abietinece.
Pinus montana, Mill. Sp.
P. polaris, II. Sp., G.
P. Thulensis, Steenstr. I.
P. Martinsii, II. I.
P. cyloptera, Sap. Sp.
P. stenoptera, H. Sp.
P. macrosperma, H. Sp.
P. abies, L. Sp.
P. Ungeri, Endl. Sp.
P. Loveni, II. Sp.
P. Macclurii, II. G., Banksland.
P. (Tsuga) microsperma, H. I. P. aemula, H. I.
P. Dicksoniana, H. Sp.
P. Malmgreni, H. Sp.
P. braehyptera, II. I.
P. (Picea, Don.) impressa, H.Sp. P. hyperborea, H. Sp., G.
P. Ingolfiana, Steenstr. I.
P. Steenstrupiana, H. I.
P. Armstrongi, H. Banksland. Pinites latiporosus, Cram. Sp.
Pinites cavernosus, Cram. Sp. P. pauciporosus, Cram. Sp.
P. Middendorfianus, Gp. Boga- nida;
P. Baerianus, Gp. Taimyrland. Gn£tace<B.
Ephedoites Sotzkianus, Ung. Sp.
Graminea:.
Phragmites (Eningensia, H.
Sp., G.
P. multinervis, H. G.
Poacites Mengeanus, H. G.
P. Nielsen i, H. G.
P. avenaceus, H. Sp.
P. hordeiformis, II. Sp.
P. Friesianus, H. Sp.
P. loevis, A. Br. Sp.
P. asqualis, H. (keviusculus, H.
olini). Sp.
P. effosus, H. Sp.
P. sulcatus, II. Sp.
P. parvulus, H. Sp.
P. Torelli, II. Sp.
P. argutus, H. Sp.
P. trilineatus, II. Sp.
P. bilineatus, H. Sp.
P. lepididus, H. Sp.
Cyperace.e.
Cyperus areticus, H. Sp.
C. Sinifikinnus, II. G.
Carex rediviva, II. I.
C. Andersoni, H. Sp.
C. Berggreni, II. Sp.
C. hyperborea, II. Sp.
C. mi sella, H. Sp.
C. ultima, H. Sp.
C. antiqua, H. Sp.
C. Noursoakensis, H. Sp., G. Cyperacites borealis, II. Sp.,G. C. Zollikoferi, H. ? G.
C. Islandicus, II. I.
C. nodulosus, H. I.
C. microcarpus, II. G., I.
C. strictus, H. Sp.
C. argutulus, II. Sp.
C. trimerus, II. Sp.
Juncacea:.
Juncus antiquus, II. Sp.

382 HEER, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND.
Smilacea:.
Majanthemophyllum boreale, H. S P .
Smilax grandifolia, Ung. G.
S. Franklini, H. M.
S. lingulata, H. G.
Typhacea:.
Sparganium Valdense, H. I.
S. stygium, H. G.
S. crassum, H. Sp.
Aroideje.
Acorns brachystachys, H. Sp.
N A.JADE A.
Potamogeton Nordenskioeldi, H. Sp.
P. Rinkii, H. G.
P. dubius, H. G.
Najas striata, H. Sp. Caulinites borealis, H. I.
C. costatus, H. G,
Alismacea:.
Alisma macrophyllum, H.
Sp.
Sagittaria ? difficilis, H. Sp.
S. ? hyperborea, H. Sp.
Irideas.
Iris latifolia, H. Sp.
Iridium Groenlandicum, H. Sp., G.
Salicineas.
Populus balsamoides, Gp
Sp.
P. Richardsoni, H. G., Sp.
P. Zaddachi, H. Sp., G.
P. curvidens, H. Sp.
P. arctica, H. Sp., G., M.
P. Hookeri, H. Sp., M.
P. mutabilis, H. G.
P. Gaudini, Fisch ? G.
P. retusa, H. Sp.
P. sclerophylla, Sap. G.
Salix macrophylla, H. Sp., I.
S. varians, Gp. Sp., G.
S. Raeana, H. Sp., G., M.
S. Grcenlandica, H. G.
S. elongata, O. Webb. G.
Salix longa, A. Braun. G.
S. tenera, A. Braun. G. Liquidambar europseum, Al. , Braun. G.
Myricaega:.
Myrica acuminata, Ung. G.
M. borealis, H. G.
M. lingulata, II. G.
M. grosseserrata, H. G.
M. acutiloba, Brgn. (Dryan- dra, olim.) G.
Betdi.aceje.
Alnus nostratuin, Ung. G.
A. Kefersteinii, Gp. Sp., I. Betula macrophylla, Gp., sp.
Sp., I.
B. prisca, Ettingsh. Sp., I.
B. Forchhammeri, H. I.
B. Miertschingi, H. G.
B. Macclintocki, Cr. Bnksld.
t:
CuPIJLIFER M .
Ostrya Walkeri, H. G. Carpinus grandis, Ung. Sp.,
G.
Corylus Macquarrii (Forb.j. Sp., G., I., M.
C. Scotii, H. Sp.
C. insignis, H. G.
Fagus Deucalionis, Ung. Sp.,
G. , I.
F. dentata, Ung. ? G.
F. macrophylla, Ung. G. Castanea Ungeri, H. G. Quercus Drymeia, Ung. G.
Q. furcinervis (Rossm.). G.
Q. Lyelli, H. Sp., G.
Q. elsena, Ung. Sp.
Q. Grcenlandica, H. Sp., G.
Q. Olafensi, H. G., I., M.
Q. platania, H. Sp., G.
Q. Steenstrupiana, H. G.
Q. Laharpii, Gaud. G.
Q. spinulifera (yenosa, olim),
H. Sp.
Q. atava, H. G.
Ulmaceas.
Ulmus Braunii, H. Sp.
U. diptera, Steenstr. I.
Planera Ungeri, Kov. G., I.

HE EH, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND. 383
More <F..
Ficus ? Groenlandiea, H. G. PlATANEA.
Platanus aceroides, Gopp. Sp., G., I., M.
P. Guillelmae, Gopp. G. Polygonea.
Polygonum Ottersianum, H. Sp.
ClIENOPODIACE A.
Salsola arctica, H. Sp. Elaagnea.
Elseagnus arcticus, H. G. Elaeagnites campanulatus, H.
Sp.
Tiiymetaa.
Daphne persoonieeformis, O. Webb. G.
Laijrinea.
Sassafras Ferretianum, Mass.
G.
Proteacea.
Hakea (?) arctica, H. G.
Aristolochiea. Aristolochia borealis, H. G.
Synantherea. Cypselites sulcatus, H. Sp.
C. incm'vatus, H. Sp.
» Ericacea.
Andromeda protogsea, Ung. Sp., G.
A. Narbonensis, Sap. G.
A. Saportana, H. G.
A. denticulata, H. G.
Ebenacea.
Diospyros brachysepala, Al. Braun. G.
D. Loveni, H. G.
Gentianea.
Menyanthes arctica, H. G.
Asclepiadea.
Acerates veterana, H. G.
Aleacea.
Fraxinus denticulata, H. G.
F. (?) microptera, H. Sp.
Rubiacka:.
Galium antiquum, H. G.
C aprifoli ace a: . Viburnum Whymperi, H. Sp.,
G.
V. Nordenskioeldi, H. Sp. - !
V. macrospermum, H. Sp.
Araliacea:.
Aralia Browniana, H. G. Hedera Macclurii, H. Sp., G.,
M.
Cornus rhamnifolia, 0. Web.
Sp.
C. macrophylla, H. Sp.
C. orbifera, H. Sp.
C. hyperborea, H. Sp., G.
C. ramosa, H. Sp.
C. ferox, Ung. G.
Nyssa arctica, H. Sp., G.
N. reticulata, H. Sp.
N. europaea, Ung. Sp, Nyssidium Ekmani, H. Sp.
N. crassum, H. Sp.
N. oblongum, H. Sp.
N. Grcenlandicum, H. G.
N. fusiforme, H. Sp.
N. lanceolatum, H. Sp.
Ampelidea:.
Vitis Islandica, H. I.
V. Olriki, H. G.
V. arctica, H. G.
Hamamelidea:. Parrotia pristina, Ett. Sp.
Ranuncelacea. Helleborites marginatus, H. Sp.
H. incequalis, H. Sp.
Magnoliacea. Magnolia regalis, H. Sp.
M. Nordenskioeldii, H. Sp.
M. Inglefieldi, H. Sp. Liriodendron Procacinii, Ung. I.

384 HEER, MIOCENE FLORA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND.
Mf.nispermacea. Coculites Knnii, H. G. Macclintockia Lyallii, H. G. M. dentata, II. G.
M. trinervis, H. G.
M. P tenera, II. Sp.
Is ymphaacea. Nymphsea arctica, II. Sp.
N. Thulensis, II. Sp.
Myrtacea.
Callistemophyllum Moorii, H.
Gr.
TlLIACEA.
Tilia Malmgreni, II. Sp. Nordenskiccldia borealis, II.
Sp., G.
Grewia crenata, II. Sp.
G. crenulata, II. Sp.
G. obcvata, H. Sp.
Apeibopsis Nordenskioeldii, II.
G.
Stercuimacea.
Pterospermites spectabilis, II. G.
P. alternans, II. G.
P. integrifolius, II. G.
P. dentatus, II. M. Dombeyopsis Island ica, II. I.
Acerinea.
Acer otopteryx, Gp. G. ?, I. A. arcticum, II. Sp.
A. Thulense, II. Sp.
A. angustilobum, II. G.
A. infequale, II. Sp.
Sapindacea.
Kcelreuteria borealis, II. Sp. Ilicinea:.
Ilex macropliylla, H. G.
I. longifolia, II. G.
I. reticulata, II. G.
Cej.astrtnea. Evonymus amissu3, H. G. Celastrus cassinefolius,Ung. Sp. C. Greitliianus, H. Sp.
C. firmus, II. G.
Rhamnea.
Zizyplius borealis, H. G. Paliurus Colombi, H. Sp., G. P. borealis, II. G.
Rhamnus Eridani, Ung. Sp., I., G.
R. brevifolius, A. Br. G.
R. Gaudini, II. G.
Anacardiacea.
Rhus Brunneri, II. I.
R. belia, H. G.
R. arctica, II. G.
Jugeandea;.
Juglans acuminata, A.Braun. G. J. bilinica, Ung. I.
J. paucinervis, II. G.
J. Strozziana, Gaud. G.
•T. denticulata, II. G.
J. albula, II. Sp.
Pomace a.
Sorbus grandifolia, H. Sp. Cratoegus antiqua, H. Sp., G. C. Warthana, II. G.
C. Carneggiana, II. Sp.
C. oxyacanthoides, Gp. Sp.
C. glacialis, II. Sp.
Rosacea.
Rubus ? scabriusculus, II. Sp. Fragaria antiqua, H. Sp.
Amygdalea.
Prunus Scotii, II. G.
P. Staratscliini, II. Sp.
Leguminosa:.
Colutea Salteri, II. G. Leguminosites arcticus, II. G. I,. Thulensis, II. Sp.
L. -vicioides, II. Sp.
L. longipes, H. G.
IncertcB sedis.
Pliyllites liriodendroides, II. G. 1 P. membranaceus, II. G.
P. rubiformis, II. G.
P. celtoides, II. G.
P. evanescens, II. G.
P. acutilobus, II. I.

HEEE, MIOCENE FLOBA AND FAUNA, GREENLAND. 385
Phyllites tenellus, H. I.
P. vaccinioides, H. I.
P. aceroides, H. M.
P. hyperboreus, H. Sp. Antholites amissus, H. M. Carpolithes cocculoides, H. G. C. potentilloides, H. G.
C. follicularis, H. G.
C. sulculatus, H. G.
C. pusillimus, H. G.
C. Najadum, H. I.
C. geminus, H. I.
C. borealis, H. Sp., I.
C. symplocoides, H. G.
C. sphaerula, H. G.
C. lithospermoides, H. G.
C. bicarpellaris, H. G.
C. seminulum, H. M.
C. caudatus, H. Sp.
C. singularis, H. Sp.
List of Fossil Animals from the Arctic Miocene Formation.
[Flora foss. arct., i., p. 129, 130 ; and p.'484-5 (Phil. Trans., 18C9) ; and Kong. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xiii., No. 2 (Flora foss. arct., iii.), p. 25.)]
InSECTA 5 COLEOPTERA.
Trogosita insignis, H. Atanekerdluk.
Chrysomelites Fabricii, H. Atanekerdluk.
Cistelites punctulatus, H. Atanekerdluk and Puilasok.
C. minor, H. Puilasok.
Cercopidium rugulosum, H. Atanekerdluk.
Orthoptera.
Blattidium fragile, H. Atanekerdluk.
Rhynchota.
Pentatoma boreale, H. Atanekerdluk.
Mollusca.
Cyclas, sp. Atanekerdluk.
Carpolithes funkioides, H. Sp. C. pulchellus, H. Sp.
C. rosaceus, H. Sp.
C. oblongo-ovatus, H. Sp.
C. clavatus, H. Sp.
C. ovalis, H. Sp.
C. nuculoides, H. Sp.
C. circularis, H. Sp.
C. deplanatus, H. Sp.
C. planuisculus, H. Sp.
C. lseviusculus, H. Sp.
C. annulifer, H. Sp.
C. impressus, H. Sp C. lateralis, H. Sp.
C. apiculatus, H. Sp.
C. oblongulus, H Sp.
C. minimus, H. Sp.
C. poseformis, H. Sp.
C. tenue-striatus, H. Sp.
36122,
B B

386 HEER ON THE CRETACEOUS FLORA OP GREENLAND.
LIII.—The Cretaceous Flora and Fauna of Greenland.
[From Professor O. Heer’s Memoir on the Cretaceous Flora. &c., Kongl. Sv. Yet. Akad. Handl., vol. xii., part vi., pp. 5-7 and 16-18. 1874. See above, p. 375 ; and Prof. Norden-
skiold’s Memoir, further on.~\
1.—Fossil Plants from the “ Kome-Formation ” (Lower Cretaceous) on the North Coast of the Noursoak Peninsula, including the Localities Kome, Pattorfik, Karsok, Avkrusak, Angiarsuit, and Ekkorfat.
Ferns.
Asplenium Dicksonianum, H. A. Johnstrupi, H.
A. Nordenskioeldi, H.
A. Boyeanum, H. Sphenopteris fragilis, H.
S. Johnstrupi, H.
S. grevillioides, H. Scleropteris bellidula, H. Adiantum formosum, H. Aneimidium Schimperi, H. Baiera arctica, H.
B. grandis, H.
Oleandra arctica, H. Acrostichites Egedeanus, H. Pecopteris Andersoniana, H. P. borealis, Brong.
P. arctica, H.
P. hyperborea, H.
P. Bolbroeana, H.
Gleichenia longipennis, H.
G. Gieseckiana, H.
G. Zippei, H.
G. Thulensis, H.
G. rotula, H.
G. rigida, H.
G. comptoniiefolia, Deb.
G. Nordenskioeldi, H.
G. gracilis, H.
G. acutipennis, H.
G. nervosa, H.
G. delicatula, H.
G. micromera, H. Dictyopliyllum Dicksoni, H. Danaeites firmus, H.
Osmunda petiolata, H. Jeanpaulia borealis, H.
J. lepida, H.
Sclerophyllina cretosa (Shk.). S. dichotoma, H.
Gleichenia Nauckhoffii, H., was found, together with Gl. Zippei and Gl. rigida, in large rolled blocks of quartzose sandstone (brown within and yellowish without), at Ujarasusuk on the north coast of Disco, south of, and nearly opposite to, Atanekerdluk.
[Here also Caulopteris punctata (Sternb.) was found under similar conditions ; see page 388.— Editor].
Selagines.
Lycopodium redivivum, H.
Calamaria.
Equisetum amissum, H. E. annularioides, H.
Equisetites Grcenlandicus, H.

HEER ON THE CRETACEOUS FLORA OF GREENLAND. 387
Cycadaceal
Zamites speciosus, H. Z. areticus, H.
Z. borealis, H.
Z. acutipennis, H.
Z. brevipennis, H.
Pterophyllum concmnum, E. P. lepidum, H.
Glossozamites Schenkii, H. Anomozamites cretaceus, H.
Conifer a.
Torreya Dicksoniana, H.
T. parvifolia, H.
Inopelis imbricata, H.
Thuites Meriani, H.
Frenelopsis Hoheneggeri (Ett.). Cyparissidium gracile, H. Glyptostrobus Groenlandicus, H. Sequoia ambigua, H.
S. Reichenbachi (Gein.).
Sequoia rigida, H. S. gracilis, H.
S. Smittiana, H. Pinus lingulata, H. P. Peterseni, H.
P. Crameri, H.
P. Eirikiana, H,
P. Olafiana, H.
Glumacea.
Poacites borealis, H. C. areticus, H.
Cyperacitea hyperboreus, H.
Coronaria.
Eolirion primigenium, Sch.
Salicineal Populus primseva, H.
Incerta: sedis.
Fasciculites Groenlandicus, H. Carpolitlies Thulensis, H. (? Eolirion). (Monocotyledon.)
2.—Fossil Plants from the “Atane Formation” (Upper Cretaceous) on the South Coast of the Noursoak Peninsula.
Those marked with an asterisk (*) are also found in the Rome Formation.
Asplenium Foersteri, Det. A. Nordstrcemi, H. Pecopteris striata, Stb.
* P. arctica, H.
P. Pfaffiana, H.
P. denticulata, H.
P. argutula, H.
P. Bohemica, Cord.
P. Kudlisetiana, H.
* Gleichenia Zippei (Cord.) G. acutiloba, H.
* G. gracilis, H.
Osmunda CEbergiana, H.
Cycadites Dicksoni, H. Otozamites Groenlandicus, II. Salisburea primordialis, H. Thuites Pfaffii, H. Widdringtonites subtilis, H.
* Sequoia Reicbenbachi (Gein.).
* S. rigida, H.
S. fastigiata, (Stb.)
S. subulata, H.
Pinus vaginalis, H.
P. Quenstedti, H.
P. Staratschini, H.
Arundo Grcenlandica, II.
B B 2

388 HEER ON THE CRETACEOUS FLORA OF GREENLAND.
Sparganium eretaeeum, H. Zingiberites pulcheilus, H. Populus Berggreni, H.
P. hyperborea, H.
P. st.ygia, H.
Myrica Thulensis, H.
M. Zenkeri (Ett.).
Ficus protogoea, H.
Sassafras arctica, H. Px-oteoides longus, II.
P. crassipes, II.
P. vexans, H.
P. granulatus, H.
Credneria, sp.
Andromeda Parlatorii, H. Dermatophyllites borealis, H. Diospyros prodrornus, II. Myrsine borealis, H.
Panax cretacea, II.
Chondrophyllum Nordenskiold, H.
C. arbiculatum, H.
Magnolia Capellinii, H.
M. alternans, H.
Myrtophyllum Geinitzii, H. Metrosideros peregrinus, H. Sapindus prodrornus, H.
Rhus microphylla, H. Leguminosites prodrornus, H.
L. phaseolites, H.
L. cassiseformis, H.
L. Atanensis, H.
L. coronilloides, H.
L. amissus, H.
PhyHites linguaxformis, H.
P. laevigatus, H.
Carpolithes scrobiculatus, H.
3.—Note.—Caulopteris punctata (Sternberg) a Cretaceous Fossil, according to Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S.
At page 7 of his “ Beitriige zur Steinkohlen-Flora der “ arktischen Zone ” (K. Sv. Yet. Akad. Handl., vol. xii., No. iii., 1874), Prof. O. Heer describes several fragments of a fossil Fem-stem, found in rolled sandstone at Ujarasusuk, on the north coast of Disco, where also some rolled blocks of sandstone containing real Carboniferous plants (Sigillaria, &c.)have been found. The Fern-stem above mentioned Prof. Heer refers to the same species to which Sternberg’s “ Lepidodendron punctatum ” from Kaunitz in Bohemia belongs. This -was entered in systematic works as having come from the Coal-measures of that country, but Dr. Fritsch, of Prague, has assured Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S., of the British Museum, that it was derived from the Cretaceous (Upper Greensand) beds of Bohemia, in which also two allied forms* have been discovered by M. Dormitzen ( see “ Geological Magazine,” vol. ii., 1865, p. 485.) Another specimen of this Tree-fern, which Mr. Carruthers refers to Goeppert’s Caulopteris (as being an older and better generic term than Presl’s “ Protopteris ”), was discovered of late years in the Upper Greensand of Shaftesbury, Wiltshire, and has been described by Mr. Carruthers in the “ Geol. Mag.,” loc. cit., as Caulopteris punctata, with evidence showing that it belongs to the same species as Sternberg’s specimen.
With these facts before us, and observing that the Disco specimens of Caulopteris ( Protopteris ) punctata (Sternb.) figured by Prof. O. Heer (op. cit., pi. 5, figs. 1, 2, & pi. 6), are in their ■yellowish-brown colour decidedly different from the grey Carboniferous fossils, Mr. Carruthers has suggested to the Editor that
Alsophilina Kanniciana, Krejci, and Oncopteris Nettwalli, Kr.

HEER ON THE CRETACEOUS FLORA OF GREENLAND. 389
these rolled specimens of Tree-ferns from the Disco shore should be registered as “ Cretaceous,” having been derived from the Cretaceous Formation, whether in the immediate neighbourhood or at a distance. Atanekerdluk, with its Cretaceous, underlying Tertiary, strata, is due north on the other side of the Waigat.— Editor.
4.— Fossil Insects from the Cretaceous Strata of Greenland. From Prof. O. Heer’s Memoir on the Cretaceous Flora of Greenland, K. Sv. Yet. Ak. Handl., vol. xii., No. 6, p. 91, 92, 120. 1874.
Rhynchophora.
Archiorhynclius angusticollis, Heer. Kome.
Curculionites cretaceus, Heer. Kome, with leaves of Pinus Crameri.
Myriopod.
Iulopsis cretaceus, Heer. Lower Atanekerdluk.

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