The European Labour Authority has released a new study exposing major labour concerns in Europe’s fast-growing Courier, Express and Parcel (CEP) delivery sector. While e-commerce and rapid delivery services have transformed the industry, the shift has come at a cost: widespread undeclared work, fragmented subcontracting, and growing pressure on workers' rights.

The report finds that although some illegal practices—like false self-employment—are decreasing in parts of the EU, many issues remain. Unpaid waiting times, under-declared hours, and unclear employment statuses continue to erode fair competition and social protection. Enforcement is further complicated by long, opaque supply chains that often shield large companies from direct accountability.

Key findings

• New players and business models are reshaping the sector, prompting the need for updated regulatory frameworks.
• Undeclared work appears across various stages of the supply chain, undermining compliance and worker protections.
• Authorities in Member States are testing innovative technologies—like digital registers and interconnected databases—to improve traceability and accountability.
• Social partners are calling on institutions for stronger action against labour abuses and better enforcement mechanisms.

Market shifts, worker risks, and the search for solutions

The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped consumer habits and accelerated demand for fast home deliveries, transforming the CEP sector. Once dominated by national postal services, it is now marked by intense competition, innovation, and shrinking profit margins—often at the expense of working conditions and workers’ health.

Tracking the number of workers in the sector remains difficult due to varying national classifications. This complicates efforts to address undeclared work, which remains widespread—especially among third-country nationals. While false self-employment is declining in some countries, unpaid loading and waiting times still affect many workers.

To improve oversight, several Member States are introducing legal reforms and digital tools like parcel lockers and tracking systems. Inspections and the active involvement of social partners continue to play a vital role in ensuring compliance and protecting workers' rights.