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Serpulidae

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Description

The Serpulidae are a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from other sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes when they withdraw into the tubes. In addition, serpulids secrete tubes of calcium carbonate. Serpulids are the most important biomineralizers among annelids. About 300 species in the family Serpulidae are known, all but one of which live in saline waters. The earliest serpulids are known from the Permian (Wordian to late Permian).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpulidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	7086	https://www.gbif.org/species/7086
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	54431	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54431

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Annelida	Lamarck 1809
class	Polychaeta	Grube 1850
subclass	Sedentaria	Lamarck 1818
infraclass	Canalipalpata	Rouse and Fauchald 1997
order	Sabellida	Fauchald 1977
family	Serpulidae	Rafinesque 1835

Scientific Name

Serpulidae

Name Published In

Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertèbr., 5: 357

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Serpulidae	family	belongs to Sedentaria	stated without evidence	Squires, 1984
Serpulidae	family	belongs to Sabellida	stated without evidence	Squires, 1987
Serpulidae	family	belongs to Serpulimorpha	stated without evidence	Moissette and Martin, 1995
Serpulidae	family	belongs to Sedentarida	stated without evidence	Frassinetti and Covacevich, 1999
Serpulidae	family	belongs to Sabellida	stated with evidence	Glasby et al., 2000

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

21 (30%)

First Recorded Appearance

485 - 478 Ma
Paleozoic

Motility

stationary, attached, epibiont

Vision

limited (based on Polychaeta)

Diet

suspension feeder

Ecospace Comments

Attached (attached to shells, wood), epifaunal, suspension-feeder (McKerrow, 1979).

Primary Reference (PBDB)

P. Moissette and J.-P. Martin. 1995. Bryozoaires des milieux récifaux miocénes du sillon sud-rifain au Maroc. Lethaia 28:271-283

Common Name(s)

Kalkröhrenwürmer, Röhrenwürmer, Calcareous Tubeworms, Kalkkokerwormen, Kalkrørsormer, Kalkrøyrsormar, Serpulid Tubeworms, Serpulid Worms, Serpulids, カンザシゴカイ, Fanworms, Kalkrörsmaskar

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpulidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Alpinotubus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Amplicaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Anomalorbis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apomatus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Barbafera ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	242 Ma Middle Triassic	222 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Bathyditrupa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bathyvermilia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bipygmaeus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Bushiella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Carpathiella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	161 Ma Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Cementula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Chitinopoma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Chitinopomoides genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Circeis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Conorca genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Crozetospira genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Crucigera genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cyenoserpula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dasynema genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dextralia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ditrupa genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		48	191 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Dorsoserpula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	172 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Eulaeospira genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ficopomatus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	157 Ma Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Filograna genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		31	269 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
Filogranella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Filogranites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	392 Ma Middle Devonian	392 Ma Middle Devonian
Filogranula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Floriprotis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Flucticularia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Galeolaria genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	201 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Genicularia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	166 Ma Middle Jurassic	166 Ma Middle Jurassic
Gynaeconitis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hamulus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		280	170 Ma Middle Jurassic	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Helicosiphon genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hyalopomatus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hydroides genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		16	59.2 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Janita genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Janua genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Josephella genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Jugaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kimberleya genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Knightjonesia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Laeospira genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Laminatubus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Laqueoserpula ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Leodora genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mammetuba genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Marifugia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Metalaeospira genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Metavermilia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Microprotula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mucroserpula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	165 Ma Middle Jurassic	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Neodexiospira genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Neomicrorbis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Neovermilia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Nidificaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nogrobs genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Omphalopomopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pannoserpula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paradexiospira genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paralaeospira genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Paraprotis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Parsimonia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Paumotella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pentaserpula genus	listed (PBDB)		6	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Peraserpula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pileolaria genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pillaiospira genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Piratesa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Placostegus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Pomatostegus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Proliserpula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Propomatoceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	269 Ma Permian	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Protectoconorca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Protis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Protolaeospira genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protoleodora genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protula genus	listed (PBDB)		19	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Protula ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		23	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Pseudochitinopoma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudoprotula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudovermilia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	20.4 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Pyrgopolon genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	269 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
Rhodopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Romanchella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rotularia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		158	191 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Ruxingella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		18	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Salmacina genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Salmacinoidea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sarcinella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	176 Ma Early Jurassic	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Sclerostyla genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Semivermilia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Serpula genus	listed (PBDB)		1,003	433 Ma Silurian	0 Ma Extant
Serpula ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		58	485 Ma Cambrian	269 Ma Permian
Simplaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sinoditrupa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spiraserpula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Spirobranchus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spirodiscus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		308	485 Ma Cambrian	0 Ma Extant
Spirorbula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tanturia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tetraserpula ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		16	197 Ma Early Jurassic	161 Ma Jurassic
Triditrupa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Turbocavus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Vepreculina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Vermilia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Vermiliopsis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	161 Ma Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Vinearia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Vitreotubus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	1.81 Ma Pleistocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Weixiserpula ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		22	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Zibrovermilia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1835	Serpulidae Rafinesque
1984	Serpulidae Squires p. 15
1987	Serpulidae Squires p. 19
1988	Serpulidae Squires p. 7
1995	Serpulidae Moissette and Martin
1999	Serpulidae Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 55
2000	Serpulidae Glasby et al. p. 53
2017	Serpulidae Sanfilippo et al. p. 29

References

Moissette P., Martin J.-P. (1995) Bryozoaires des milieux récifaux miocénes du sillon sud-rifain au Maroc, Lethaia 28, 271-283

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Squires R. L. (1988) Eocene Macropaleontology of Northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, California, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 398, 1-23

Frassinetti D., Covacevich V. (1999) Invertibrados fósiles marinos de la Formación Guadal (Oligoceno superio-Mioceno inferior) en Pampa, Castillo region, región de Aisén, Chile, Servico Nacional de Geologia y Mineria Chile Boletin 51, 1-96

Glasby C. J., Hutchings P. A., et al (2000) Class Polychaeta, Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia: Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echuira, Sipuncula 4 A, 1-296

Sanfilippo R., Rosso A., et al (2017) First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62, 25-38

Fauchald, K. (1977). The polychaete worms, definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, CA (USA), Science Series. 28:1-188. - via World Register of Marine Species

Hove, Harry A. ten.; Kupriyanova, Elena K. (2009). Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): The state of affairs. Zootaxa. 2036: 1-126. - via World Register of Marine Species

Burmeister, Hermann. (1837). Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen. Zweite Abtheilung: Zoologie.. [book]. xii + pp. 858 [Zoology 369-858] T.C.F. Enslin, Berlin. - via World Register of Marine Species

Rafinesque, C. S. (1815). Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. [Book]. 1-224, (self-published) Palermo. - via World Register of Marine Species

Hove, Harry A. ten.; Kupriyanova, Elena K. (2009). Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): The state of affairs. Zootaxa. 2036: 1-126. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Rafinesque, C. S. (1815). Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. [Book]. 1-224, (self-published) Palermo. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Lamarck, J.B. (1818). Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent; precedes d'une Introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'Animal, sa distinction du vegetal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Paris, Deterville. 612 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando. (2009). Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815 In. Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de México y América Tropical. vol. 3, chapter 43 p. 521-554. de León-González, J.Á.; Et al (eds). Direccion de Publicaciones, Universidad Autonoma de Nueva Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. isbn 978-607-433-235-3. - via World Register of Marine Species

Bianchi, Carlo Nike. (1981). Policheti Serpuloidei. Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque lagunari e costiere italiane. Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque lagunari e costiere italiane AQ/1/96. 5: 1-187. - via World Register of Marine Species

Rzhavsky, Alexander V.; Kupriyanova, Elena K.; Sikorski, Andrei V.; Dahle, Salve. (2014). Calcareous tubeworms (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) of the Arctic Ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. 191 p. [ISBN 978-5-87317-988-6]. - via World Register of Marine Species

Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando; McCann, Linda D.; Keppel, Erica; Ruiz, Gregory M. (2017). The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview. European Journal of Taxonomy. (344): 1-76. - via World Register of Marine Species

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 767 Serpula Linnaeus 1758 (Annelida, Polychaeta): designation of a type species under the Plenary Powers.Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 23, 29-30 (1966) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Rouse, G.W. 2000. Family Serpulidae. Pp. 184-189 in: Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B., and Glasby, C.J. (eds) Polychaetes and Allies: the Southern Synthesis. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1996) - via Taxa Watermanagement the Netherlands (TWN)

Rouse, G. W., and K. Fauchald, 1997: Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 26, no. 2. 139-204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Fauchald, K., and G. W. Rouse, 1997: Polychaete systematics: Past and present. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 26, no. 2. 71-138. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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