C++ Programming Class Creation Program Assignment Instructions
- 1. C++ Programming: Class Creation Program Assignment Instructions Overview The purpose of this assignment is to give you some practice with creating your own classes. This program serves as the basis for all of the other programming assignments in this class and your future Computer Science classes. Instructions Construct a class named Square that has a floating-point data member named side. The class should have a zero-argument constructor that initializes this data member to 0. It should have member functions named calcPerimeter() and calcArea() that calculate the perimeter and area of a square respectively, a member function setSide() to set the side of the square, a member function getSide() to return the side, and a member function showData() that displays the square’s side, perimeter, and area. The formula for the area of a square is Area = side * side. The formula for the perimeter of a square is Perimeter = 4 * side. The class should use appropriate protection levels for the member data and functions. It should also follow “principles of minimalization”: that is, no member data should be part of a class unless it is needed by most member functions of the object. A general rule of thumb is that “if you can easily calculate it, don’t store it.” Use your class in a program that creates an instance of a Square (utilizing the zero-argument constructor), prompts a user for a side, calls the setSide() function to set the square’s side, and then calls showData() to display the square’s side, perimeter, and area. Your program should allow the user to enter new square dimensions until the user enters -1. Be sure to include appropriate error checking. Does it make sense to enter “abc”
- 2. as the side of a square? No. Therefore, you should ensure that the user enters numeric data for the side. Negative numbers (other than the -1 to exit) should also be prevented. Style: · Your lab should be constructed such that separate files are used: Square.h (your class declaration file), Square.cpp (your class implementation file), and SquareDriver.cpp (the file that contains main() and any other functions that are not part of the class). The purpose of having separate files is for code resusability. If other developers want to use your class in their programs, they don't need main() as well. They should only have to "#include" your class header file. As such, two separate files for the class are needed to be able to hide the implementation details from other developers. You want other developers to know how to use your class (i.e. what functions are available and how they are called -- this is called the "interface" of the class), but not how they are implemented. If both the interface and the implementation code are in the same file, this cannot be accomplished. When you distribute your class to other developers, the implementation (.cpp) file gets compiled, but the interface (.h) doesn't. That way, the developer can use your class, but he or she can't see or change your code in your class functions. · Never use “using namespace std;” in a header file. Here is a link that describes why: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14575799/using- namespace-std-in-a-header-file · Note that when you follow the rule above and don’t use “using namespace std;” in a header file, you have to remember to prefix certain things with std:: (i.e. cout, cin, endl, string, istream, ostream, and vector). If you fail to prefix these words with std::, you will get a compilation error that is often quite cryptic. Be on the lookout for this situation. It may save you hours of debugging.
- 3. · All "get" functions should be declared as constant. In fact, any function that does not change the data in the data members should be declared as constant. This is a security measure that prevents anyone from accidentally writing code in a function that changes underlying data when the purpose of the function is only to retrieve the data. In other words, "const" at the end of a function provides protection of your data. The rationale is that certain functions (e.g. those that merely return a data item to the caller or even those that just print the data) should be prevented from ever changing the underlying data. If a function doesn't need "write" access to a data item, it shouldn't be granted the access. This adheres to the “Principle of Least Privilege,” which is a security principle that helps to protect the integrity of your data. One other thing that's important to know for future reference: Whenever you make a function constant, it can't call another function unless that function is also constant. It makes sense that if you lock down an object in a function, you don't want to open it up for modifications by calling another function that allows it to be inadvertently altered. If you ever try to call a function that is not constant from a function that is constant, you will get a compilation error. · showData() should not refer to the data members directly. Instead, it should call getSide() to retrieve its value. Think of your getters and setters as middlemen. You should try to avoid accessing your data members directly due to maintenance issues. Pretend that you decided to change the name of your side variable to be "sid". You really should only have to make that change in two functions: getSide and setSide. If you refer to the private data members directly throughout your code, you'll have a nightmare trying to make all the changes necessary. If you always use the getters to retrieve your data, any changes you make to the variable name will only necessitate changes to your get function rather than your whole code base.
- 4. · CalcPerimeter, CalcArea, and ShowData should not have the side passed in as an argument because side is a data member of the class. Class functions have direct access to all data members in their own class. By passing in an argument for the value of the side, you're not using the value that has already been stored in the data member. You're using the value that you've passed in to the functions, which circumvents the whole purpose of storing side in the class. · Use good prompting (correct spelling and clear instructions), output labeling, and modularization in your program and class. · Be sure to avoid using global variables in your program unless they are constants. · Finally, be sure not to include any unnecessary libraries. Deliverables: · Complete the programming assignment described above and submit your completed assignment in accordance with the assignment submission policies. To give you an idea of the general criteria that will be used for grading, here is a checklist that you might find helpful: Compiles and Executes without crashing Word document contains screen shots and integrity statements Appropriate Internal Documentation Style: No global variables Code is modular Appropriate Pre-processing and using directives Member functions and variables are declared with appropriate protection (i.e. private or public)
- 5. Three separate files are created for the program: Square.h (header file), Square.cpp (class implementation file), and SquareDriver.cpp (driver file) No unnecessary #include statements Requirements: Class Creation Appropriate data member(s) is(are) declared Zero argument constructor initializes side to zero calcPerimeter() calcArea() setSide() getSide() showData() Inputs Prompts user for side with appropriate error checking Loops until -1 is entered Object Creation Square object created correctly Processing and Outputs Output is displayed neatly Page 2 of 2 Over time, inflation raises the cost of goods and services by eroding each currency's buying power. It raises one's standard of living expenses. Inflation in the United States has eroded the buying power of the dollar. As a result of rising costs, people's purchasing power
- 6. diminishes over time, lowering their quality of life. Inflation is the rise or fall in prices, expressed as a percentage, over a certain period, generally a month or a year. Price increases over that period were measured using this percentage. The inflation rate which is a component of the misery index is an economic statistic that helps to measure a person's financial well-being and is crucial. The unemployment rate is also a factor. When the misery index is over 7%, people are either in the midst of a recession or are fighting inflation (Castillo-Martinez, 2019). Inflation is caused by one of two things. Inflation that is driven by consumer demand is by far the most prevalent kind. In this case, the demand for a product or service is greater than the supply. Customers are prepared to pay more for the goods since they need them so badly. The prices of various goods increase when there is an increase in demand. The supply of various products decreases when the demand increases. The second, less typical reason for inflation is an increase in the price of goods and services (Bohl, 2018). It is at this point that
- 7. supply becomes constrained while demand remains unhindered. This occurred as a result of damage to gas supply lines caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The need for gasoline did not alter, but the lack of supplies resulted in a $5 per gallon price increase. When there is a shortage in the supply of various goods, the pressure on prices increases. Prices of various commodities are likely to increase because people chase few goods using a lot of money. Higher prices are the result of demand surpassing supply. For example, the prices of products such as oil have increased in various parts of the world due to limited supply. Supply shocks disrupting production can lead to decreases in supply. Examples of supply shocks are natural disasters (Taylor, 2019). When there is a disruption in production, the number of goods that can be supplied to the customers decreases. This leads to incr eases in prices creating inflation. Built-in inflation may also be cited as a third factor. People's anticipation of future inflation has a role in this calculation. Increases in salaries are expected
- 8. by workers, but also boost the cost of producing a product. Prices for products and services are going up again. When these causes and effects persist, it forms a wage-price spiral. An increase in production costs can raise the living costs. As the living cost increases, workers might start to demand higher wages. Various factors influence each other and they create a cycle. Increases in production costs such as wages and raw materials lead to cost-push inflation. High production costs lead to a decrease in the supply of goods. The increased production costs are passed to the consumers, and they are forced to pay higher prices for various consumer products. The prices of raw materials such as copper might increase. All companies that use copper as a raw material would have to increase their prices because of the increased cost of raw materials. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to calculate inflation (Taylor, 2019). A poll of 23,000 firms is used to compile the index's data. An 80,000-item pricing database is updated every month. The
- 9. Consumer Price Index (CPI) will give you the overall inflation rate. Inflation is also tracked by the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index. In comparison to the CPI, this index covers a broader range of commercial products and services. The consumer price index determines the price changes of various products and services. One can calculate the consumer price index by averaging the price changes of various items in the basket of goods. The consumer price index can be used to determine the purchasing power of a particular currency. It does not include the investments and savings of individuals. The consumer price index is based on an index average that was set to 100. The increases in average prices are represented as percentage changes in the index based on the index average from a prior period. Monetary policy is used by central banks all over the globe to keep inflation and deflation at bay. Currently, the Federal Reserve in the United States sets
- 10. a target inflation rate of 2% each year. By allowing a goal inflation rate of greater than 2%, the FOMC said on August 27, 2020, that it will aid in maintaining maximum employment (Siami-Namini, 2019). The target of 2% inflation remains, but the October 2021 rate shows that it is ready to accept higher rates if inflation has remained low for a long period. The Fed uses the core inflation rate, which excludes energy and food costs, to measure inflation. Commodity merchants determine these prices, which are too volatile to take into account. Monetary policy refers to the communications and actions of the central bank to manage the money supply. Central banks can use monetary policy to reduce liquidity. They can use tools such as bank reserve requirements, government bonds, and interest rates. Central banks can restrict the amount of money that banks can lend. When there is inflation, the central banks often take action to reduce the money supply. Central banks can increase interest rates when there are significant increases in prices. They can also lower interest rates when inflation falls.
- 11. Inflation targeting is a strategy used by central banks to maintain price stability. The federal reserve can use open market operations to control the prices of various commodities. Open market operations are a tool that central banks can use for monetary policy. The federal reserve can sell or purchase securities in the market. To increase the money supply, the federal reserve purchases securities. It sells them to reduce interest rates. Open market operations can be used to control inflation. They can affect interest rates that also determine the inflation rate. References (APA) Bohl, M. T., & Siklos, P. L. (2018). The anatomy of inflation: An economic history perspective. Prepared for the Handbook of the History of Money and Currency (Vienna: Springer), edited by S. Battilosi, Y. Cassis, and K. Yago, Forthcoming, CAMA Working Paper, (8). Castillo-Martinez, L., & Reis, R. (2019). How do central banks control inflation? A guide for the perplexed. LSE manuscript.
- 12. McLeay, M., & Tenreyro, S. (2020). Optimal inflation and the identification of the Phillips curve. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 34(1), 199-255. Siami-Namini, S., & Hudson, D. (2019). Inflation and income inequality in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies. Taylor, J. B. (2019). Inflation targeting in high inflation emerging economies: Lessons about rules and instruments. Journal of Applied Economics, 22(1), 103-116.