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Medical informatics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in medical informatics including basics of browsers, databases, homepages, HTML, HTTP, search engines, subject directories, the deep/invisible web, internet directories, internet servers, meta search engines, netiquette, keywords, stop words, blogs, wikis, decoding URLs, strategies for searching like SKILL (Summarize, Keywords, Identify, Link, Locate), Boolean operators, phrase searching, truncation, nesting, thesauri, snowballing, citing sources like books, magazines, journals, websites, and evaluating websites based on authority, accuracy, currency, objectivity and coverage.

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Medical informatics By Sarah Bolbol Assistant lecturer Industrial medicine & occupational hygiene
I. Basics concepts
Browser Also known as Internet or Web browser. Software that allows users to access and navigate the Internet. Database A collection of information that is organized and stored so it can be search easily. Homepage The first document World Wide Web users see when connecting to a Web server It usually provides a table of contents or index to the contents of the item. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) The standard language used for creating documents on the World Wide Web. HTTP (Hypertext Transmission Protocol) The standard language that World Wide Web clients and servers use to communicate.
search engine software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Has three components:  Spider: Program that traverses the Web from link to link, identifying and reading pages  Index: Database containing a copy of each Web page or other file gathered by the spider  Search and retrieval mechanism: Technology that enables you to search the index and that returns results in a relevancy-ranked order Subject Directories A collection of links to Internet resources organized in subject categories.(Dmoz, Infomine) Subject Directories are the web organized by human beings. Deep / Invisible Web  part of the Web that cannot be crawled or indexed by traditional search engines  Store their content in searchable databases that only produce results dynamically in response to a direct request.  Largest Deep Web contain data of about 40 times the size of the known surface Web.
Internet Directory Listing of sites by categories and sub categories based on site listings selected by the directory's team of editors. Yahoo! Is the most popular Net directory. Internet Server A computer that stores data that can be accessed via the Internet. Each server has its own unique domain name and IP address. Meta Search Engine Meta Search Engines search multiple search engines for you (such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc) and display the results for you on one page. Meta engines speed and simplify searches.(Dogpile- Clusty) Netiquette The rules of conduct for Internet users. Violating netiquette could result in flaming for removal from a mailing list or Usenet newsgroup. Some service providers will even cancel a user's Internet account, denying access of the Net, if the violation is severe.
keyword a significant term that identify the information described in an online search tool. Stop words words that many search engines DON'T stop for when searching texts and titles on the web. Engines routinely ignore stop words, i.e., small and common words, such as parts of speech (adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, or forms of "to be"). Blog A blog is a publicly available Web site that serves as a personal journal as an information tool for an organization. Entries or messages are displayed in reverse chronological order and the site is usually updated daily. Wiki a multi-authored or collaborative Web site that permits users to create additional content for the site and to edit existing content. The term wiki is derived from the Hawaiian "wiki wiki", which means quick.
II.How to decode URL Anatomy of URL
http://www.wmich.edu/registrar/registrati on.html
III.SKILL Strategy
SKILL  Summarize your topic in one or two sentences  Keywords and phrases highlighted  Identify synonyms, alternate terms  Link keywords and terms  Locate your information
A. Keyword Search
 A keyword search allows you to enter one or more terms that represent a concept/topic to search.  Example: Human cloning
B. Boolean operators
Using AND  Use AND in a search to:  narrow your results  tell the database that ALL search terms must be present in the resulting records  Example: cloning AND humans AND ethics
Using OR  Use OR in a search to:  connect two or more similar concepts (synonyms)  broaden your results, telling the database that ANY of your search terms can be present in the resulting records  Example: cloning OR genetics OR reproduction
Using NOT  Use NOT in a search to:  exclude words from your search  narrow your search, telling the database to ignore concepts that may be implied by your search terms  Example: cloning NOT sheep
C. Phrase Search
 A phrase search is one of the most efficient and effective ways to narrow down results.  Enclose a phrase or words in double quotations (" ") when exact word order is required.  "Mexican American"
D.Truncation
 Truncation is searching by the root of a word. Truncation finds variations of the ending of a word (plurals, different spellings, multiple suffixes).  The * asterisk is a common truncation symbol to place at the ending.  Example:  comput* = compute, computer, computers, computerization
E. Nesting
 Nesting is a method of combining Boolean operators in a logical order.  When using Boolean Operators in combination, however, it is important to "nest" them.  Nesting means putting operators in parentheses in order to tell the library catalog, database, or Internet search engine how it should search for your terms.
 Examples of Nesting:  ( treatment or outcomes ) AND ( anorexia not bulimia )  this search finds the treatment or outcomes for anorexia but not for bulimia
F. Thesaurus
 Many bibliographic databases use what is known as a “controlled vocabulary‟ to index articles.  Each common medical concept is given a single subject heading which covers all the words and phrases used to describe that concept  For example, ―Cerebral vascular accident‖ is a subject heading which covers all the words and phrases used for the concept of ―stroke‖.
 Using a thesaurus also helps overcome problems of inconsistent terminology and alternative terms or spellings.  If you type in the word “paediatric‟ as a keyword in a search you should also carry out a search for “pediatric‟ as well, as databases can use both spellings.  Using the thesaurus will label articles with either spelling under one subject heading – so you would only need then to do one search.
 Each database uses a different list of subject headings i.e. the BNI thesaurus will have different subject headings to the Medline thesaurus.  For this reason, you can only use a thesaurus if you are searching in one database only in Advanced Search.
 Subject headings are normally arranged in a hierarchy or tree structure, where broad subjects are subdivided into more specific topics.
G. Snowballing Reference harvesting or pearl growing
Snowball method  If you wish to obtain detailed information about a subject or find lots of information, you can use the snowball method.  With this method you start your search with a key document. This could be a well-known work or a highly-praised article. A key document contains citations or references to other sources about the same subject. This leads to other documents that, in turn, include references
IV.Citing medicine
Citation Format for Books - single author  Title: Knossos Mythology-History Guide to the Archaeological Site  Author: Antonis Vassilakis  Publisher: Adam Editions  City Published: Athens  Editor: Costas Adam  Date Published: 2002
 a) Antonis Vassilakis. Knossos Mythology- History Guide to the Archaeological Site. Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.  b) Adam, Costas. "Knossos Mythology- History Guide to the Archaeological Site". Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.  c) Vassilakis, Antonis. Knossos Mythology- History Guide to the Archaeological Site. Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.
Citation Format for a Book with Multiple Authors  Title: Aegean Art and Architecture  Author: Donald Preziosi, Louise A. Hitchcock  Publisher: Oxford University Press  City Published: Oxford  Editor: Costas Adam  Date Published: 1999
 a) Preziosi, Donald, Hitchcock, Louise. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print.  b) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A.Hitchcock. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print.  c) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A.Hitchcock. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press,1999: Oxford. Print.
Book with an Editors Rather Than an Author  Title: Atlas of Classical Archaeology  Author: --  Publisher: McGraw-Hill  City Published: New York  Editor: M. I Finley  Date Publisher: 1977
 a) Finley, M. I., ed. Atlas of Classical Archaeology . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.  b) Unknown, Atlas of Classical Archaeology, ed. M.I. Finley, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.  c) Atlas of Classical Archaeology , M. I.Finley, ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.
Magazine Article  Title: Palo Alto Idea House  Author: Ann Bertelsen and Daniel Gregory  Magazine name: Sunset  City Published: --  Volume: --  Date Published: September 2002  URL: www.sunset.com
 a) Bertelsen, Ann "Palo Alto Idea House." Sept 2002: 107. Print.  b) Bertelsen, Ann and Gregory, Daniel."Palo Alto Idea House." Sunset , Sept 2002: 107. Print.  c) Bertelsen, Ann and Daniel Gregory. Sunset "Palo Alto Idea House." Sept 2002: 107. Print.
Journal Article  Title: Defying death after DNA damage  Author: Tina Rich, Rachel L. Allen & Andrew H. Wyllie  Associated Institution: Dept. of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.  Publisher: Nature  City Published: --  Volume: Vol. 407  Date Published: 12 October 2000  URL: www.nature.com
 a) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie."Defying death after DNA damage." Nature (12 Oct. 2000): Vol. 407, 777-783. Print.  b) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie.; Nature 407 "Defying death after DNA damage." (2000): 777-783. Print.  c) Rich, Tina, Allen Rachel L. and Wyllie Andrew H. "Defying death after DNA damage." Nature 407 (2000): 777-783. Print.
A Wiki  Title: Amaranth  Author:  Web site Name: Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia  Associated Institution: Wikimedia Foundation  City Published: —  Date Last Modified: September 11, 2008  Year Visited:September 12, 2010  URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth
 a) "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.11 Sept 2008. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12 Sept 2010. <  b) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Sept 2008. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12 Sept 2010.  c) None, "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Sept 2008. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12 Sept 2010.
Academic Site  Title: Introduction to Information Research  Author: Eric Brenner  Associated Institution: San Mateo Community College District  Location: Skyline, CA  Date Last Modified: 2009  Date Visited: May 2010  URL: http://www.smccd.net/accounts/skylib/l100/
 a) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information Research." 2009. San Mateo Community College District, <http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/> May 2010. Web.  b) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information Research." Skyline, CA, 2009. Web. <http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/> May 2010.  c) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information Research." San Mateo Community College District, 2009. Web. <http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/> May 2010.
How to cite a website
Example  AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995- 2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
Entire Website
The MiraCosta Library homepage [internet]. Retrieved from: http://library.miracosta.e du/homepage
A specific page within a Web site
Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (n.d) . Heuristic [internet]. Retrieved from http://www.m- w.com/dictionary/heuristic
Sea Turtle Restoration Project (n.d). Threats to sea turtles [internet]. Retrieved from http://seaturtles.org/sec tion.php?id=104
V. Web site evaluation
5 main items  Authority  Accuracy  Currency  Objectivity  Coverage
Authority  Author of site: Is there an author named on the page? Is the author qualified?  Sponsor of site :-- Is there a sponsor? Is the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or "our mission" link?)  Link or contact Information: -- Is the author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address listed?  Answer : No. The page appears to be a joke. The author belongs to a factious university. Look at the bottom of the page to discover the true author.
Accuracy  Factual -- Does the author give factual information?  Documented / well-researched -- Does the author cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology explained?  Subject to verification -- Can the information be verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?  Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations included (possibly using MLA citation format.)  Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who reviews the content or verifies facts  Answer: No. This information is not corroborated (backed up) by data in the mainstream medical community.
Currency  Date-stamped -- Is there a "last updated" notation or evidence of recent changes?  Seemingly current -- Does the information seem current to you? Do news events, conference events or any bits information lead you to believe the page has been updated recently?  Linked currently -- Are the links still working? Do pages turn up with "this site has moved" or "page not found―  Answer: The page is current. However, no links are included.
Objectivity  Bias -- Does the page/site show minimal signs of bias: political, ideological, personal, or cultural?  Intent -- Does the page present factual information or is it designed to sway opinion?  Influence -- Is the site is sponsored or underwritten by advertising, is the writing free of bias supporting the sponsor?  Answer: No. The page content is opinion and imagination.
Coverage  Relevant -- Do the topics covered include your topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too many) topics or is it focused on one relevant topic?  Adequate -- Does the page information adequately cover your topic: is it too general or too detailed?  Audience appropriate -- Is the content intended for children, scholars, general public? Was the page written to inform, educate, entertain (parody).  Answer: No. The page does not cover this topic. It is a spoof intended to teach the importance of critical thinking when evaluating a web page.
Authority  Author of site Is there an author named on the page? Is the author qualified?  Sponsor of site -- Is there a sponsor? Is the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or "our mission" link?)  Link or contact Information -- Is the author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address listed?  Answer: Yes. The author is not named; however, UNICEF is a well-known international, collaborative organization.
Accuracy  Factual -- Does the author give factual information?  Documented / well-researched -- Does the author cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology explained?  Subject to verification -- Can the information be verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?  Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations included (possibly using MLA citation format.)  Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who reviews the content or verifies facts  Answer: Yes. This information is backed up by data (statistics link) and other resources links.
Currency  Date-stamped -- Is there a "last updated" notation or evidence of recent changes?  Seemingly current -- Does the information seem current to you? Do news events, conference events or any bits information lead you to believe the page has been updated recently?  Linked currently -- Are the links still working? Do pages turn up with "this site has moved" or "page not found―  Answer: Yes The page is current.
Objectivity  Bias -- Does the page/site show minimal signs of bias: political, ideological, personal, or cultural?  Intent -- Does the page present factual information or is it designed to sway opinion?  Influence -- Is the site is sponsored or underwritten by advertising, is the writing free of bias supporting the sponsor?  Answer: Yes. The site appears to be objective. It is free of advertising. It is funded by public donations.
Coverage  Relevant -- Do the topics covered include your topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too many) topics or is it focused on one relevant topic?  Adequate -- Does the page information adequately cover your topic: is it too general or too detailed?  Audience appropriate -- Is the content intended for children, scholars, general public? Was the page written to inform, educate, entertain (parody).  Answer: Yes. The site gives a wealth of factual information on this topic.
Authority  Author of site Is there an author named on the page? Is the author qualified?  Sponsor of site -- Is there a sponsor? Is the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or "our mission" link?)  Link or contact Information -- Is the author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address listed?  Answer: Uncertain. The author is not listed on the page. Of the BOARD OF DIRECTORS,few have PhDs in Medicine. The HOME link reveals "The Group" members. The authority of the information is in question. Links to other sites show support for the viewpoint.
Accuracy  Factual -- Does the author give factual information?  Documented / well-researched -- Does the author cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology explained?  Subject to verification -- Can the information be verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?  Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations included (possibly using MLA citation format.)  Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who reviews the content or verifies facts  Answer: No. This page is not backed up by scientific data or clinical trials.
Currency  Date-stamped -- Is there a "last updated" notation or evidence of recent changes?  Seemingly current -- Does the information seem current to you? Do news events, conference events or any bits information lead you to believe the page has been updated recently?  Linked currently -- Are the links still working? Do pages turn up with "this site has moved" or "page not found―  Answer: Yes The page is current. All links lead to similarly-minded links. All videos support the "myth" point of view.
Coverage  Relevant -- Do the topics covered include your topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too many) topics or is it focused on one relevant topic?  Adequate -- Does the page information adequately cover your topic: is it too general or too detailed?  Audience appropriate -- Is the content intended for children, scholars, general public? Was the page written to inform, educate, entertain (parody).  Answer: No. The site does not give factual information on this topic.
HONcode
Definition  Health On the Net Foundation is a not-for- profit organization founded in 1995 under the resposibility of the Geneva Ministry of Health and based in Geneva, Switzerland.
 HON was founded to encourage the dissemination of quality health information for patients and professionals and the general public.  Facilitate access to the latest and most relevant medical data through the use of the internet.
 The HONcode certification is an ethical standard aimed at offering quality health information.  It demonstrates the intent of a website to publish transparent information.
The HONcode: Principles
Quality Criteria for Health related Websites Commission of the European Communities
Transparency and Honesty • Transparency of provider of site: (name, address ,electronic address of the person or organization responsible for the site) • Transparency of purpose and objective of the site Target audience clearly defined • Transparency of all sources of funding for site (grants, sponsors, advertisers, non- profit, voluntary assistance).
Privacy and data protection  • Privacy and data protection policy and system for the processing of personal data, including processing invisible to users, to be clearly defined in accordance with community Data Protection legislation
Updating of information  • Clear and regular updating of the site, with date of up-date clearly displayed for each page
Accountability • user feedback • Responsible partnering -linking to other websites is undertaken only with trustworthy individuals and organizations • Editorial policy -clear statement describing what procedure was used for selection of content.
Accessibility • Attention to guidelines on physical accessibility as well as general findability, searchability, readability, usability, etc.
MCQs
 1. Which one of the following is NOT an example of an extension in a URL?  (A) .gov  (B).edu   (C) .npr  (D) .com
 2. You can optimize your search results on the Web by   (A) using several different search engines.   (B) sticking to your topic and resisting distractions.   (C) becoming familiar with and using reliable Web resources such asNational Geographic, LA Times, and the Library of Congress.  (D)all of the above
 3. Which of the following is the best indicator that a Web site is reliable?   (A) The author of the site tells you the information is reliable.   (B) The author of the site provides contact information and his or her credentials.   (C) The author links to his or her favorite Web sites.   (D) The author states in bold letters that the site was proofread by a librarian.
 4. What does this URL tell you about the source? http://vos.ucsb.edu  (A) It is associated with an educational institution.  (B) It is an English teacher’s personal home page.  (C) It is an article from a magazine.  (D)It is from a directory.
 5. Which of the following is an example of a Boolean search?  (A) Shakespeare sonnets  (B) Shakespeare AND sonnets  (C) "Shakespeare" with "SONNETS―  (D) Shakespeare (sonnets)
 6. Which of the following statements about search engines and directories is true?  (A)A search engine does not discriminate between good and bad sites.  (B)A search engine displays all Web pages that contain your keywords and may list thousands of unordered results.  (C)A directory is someone’s attempt to categorize the best sites available for a given subject or topic.  (D) all of the above
 7. Which of the following statements about meta-search engines is NOT true?  (A) Meta-search engines scan multiple search engines simultaneously.  (B) Meta-search engines are a waste of time because they provide very few results.  (C) Meta-search engines provide results based on the keyword(s) submitted.  (D) Meta-search engines can save time, but you shouldn't rely on them exclusively.
 8. Critically evaluating content on the Web is important because  (A) Web authors are always less professional.  (B)Web authors are always biased.  (C)anyone can publish on the Web. There’s no guarantee that what you’re reading is objective and has gone through standard fact-checking and editorial reviews.  (D) printed information is always more accurate than information found on the Web.
 9. Which of the following is an example of effective online searching?  (A) Do a random keyword search on a search engine of your choice. Then, quickly browse through all the results listed and find the ones you think have the most useful information.  (B) Formulate research questions, list possible sources of information, identify keywords, and begin your search.  (C) Visit chat rooms and find out what others are saying about your topic.  (D) Post a question about your topic on a message board and read all the responses.
 10. Which of the following citations is composed according to the MLA-citation manual and guide for an article in an online magazine?  (A) Doe, Jane. "Fundamentals of Guitar." Guitar Virtuoso 2000. 2 Feb. 2001. http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com  (B) "Fundamentals of Guitar," by Jane Doe. http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com, Guitar Virtuoso, 2000.  (C)Doe, Jane. Fundamentals of Guitar. Guitar Virtuoso, 2000. guitarvirtuoso.com  (D) "http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com" Guitar Virtuoso. "The Fundamentals of Guitar." 2000. (2 Feb. 2001).
Good luck

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Medical informatics

  • 1.
    Medical informatics By Sarah Bolbol Assistantlecturer Industrial medicine & occupational hygiene
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Browser Also knownas Internet or Web browser. Software that allows users to access and navigate the Internet. Database A collection of information that is organized and stored so it can be search easily. Homepage The first document World Wide Web users see when connecting to a Web server It usually provides a table of contents or index to the contents of the item. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) The standard language used for creating documents on the World Wide Web. HTTP (Hypertext Transmission Protocol) The standard language that World Wide Web clients and servers use to communicate.
  • 4.
    search engine softwaresystem that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Has three components:  Spider: Program that traverses the Web from link to link, identifying and reading pages  Index: Database containing a copy of each Web page or other file gathered by the spider  Search and retrieval mechanism: Technology that enables you to search the index and that returns results in a relevancy-ranked order Subject Directories A collection of links to Internet resources organized in subject categories.(Dmoz, Infomine) Subject Directories are the web organized by human beings. Deep / Invisible Web  part of the Web that cannot be crawled or indexed by traditional search engines  Store their content in searchable databases that only produce results dynamically in response to a direct request.  Largest Deep Web contain data of about 40 times the size of the known surface Web.
  • 5.
    Internet Directory Listingof sites by categories and sub categories based on site listings selected by the directory's team of editors. Yahoo! Is the most popular Net directory. Internet Server A computer that stores data that can be accessed via the Internet. Each server has its own unique domain name and IP address. Meta Search Engine Meta Search Engines search multiple search engines for you (such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc) and display the results for you on one page. Meta engines speed and simplify searches.(Dogpile- Clusty) Netiquette The rules of conduct for Internet users. Violating netiquette could result in flaming for removal from a mailing list or Usenet newsgroup. Some service providers will even cancel a user's Internet account, denying access of the Net, if the violation is severe.
  • 6.
    keyword a significantterm that identify the information described in an online search tool. Stop words words that many search engines DON'T stop for when searching texts and titles on the web. Engines routinely ignore stop words, i.e., small and common words, such as parts of speech (adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, or forms of "to be"). Blog A blog is a publicly available Web site that serves as a personal journal as an information tool for an organization. Entries or messages are displayed in reverse chronological order and the site is usually updated daily. Wiki a multi-authored or collaborative Web site that permits users to create additional content for the site and to edit existing content. The term wiki is derived from the Hawaiian "wiki wiki", which means quick.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
    SKILL  Summarize yourtopic in one or two sentences  Keywords and phrases highlighted  Identify synonyms, alternate terms  Link keywords and terms  Locate your information
  • 11.
  • 12.
     A keywordsearch allows you to enter one or more terms that represent a concept/topic to search.  Example: Human cloning
  • 13.
  • 14.
    Using AND  UseAND in a search to:  narrow your results  tell the database that ALL search terms must be present in the resulting records  Example: cloning AND humans AND ethics
  • 15.
    Using OR  UseOR in a search to:  connect two or more similar concepts (synonyms)  broaden your results, telling the database that ANY of your search terms can be present in the resulting records  Example: cloning OR genetics OR reproduction
  • 16.
    Using NOT  UseNOT in a search to:  exclude words from your search  narrow your search, telling the database to ignore concepts that may be implied by your search terms  Example: cloning NOT sheep
  • 17.
  • 18.
     A phrasesearch is one of the most efficient and effective ways to narrow down results.  Enclose a phrase or words in double quotations (" ") when exact word order is required.  "Mexican American"
  • 19.
  • 20.
     Truncation issearching by the root of a word. Truncation finds variations of the ending of a word (plurals, different spellings, multiple suffixes).  The * asterisk is a common truncation symbol to place at the ending.  Example:  comput* = compute, computer, computers, computerization
  • 21.
  • 22.
     Nesting isa method of combining Boolean operators in a logical order.  When using Boolean Operators in combination, however, it is important to "nest" them.  Nesting means putting operators in parentheses in order to tell the library catalog, database, or Internet search engine how it should search for your terms.
  • 23.
     Examples ofNesting:  ( treatment or outcomes ) AND ( anorexia not bulimia )  this search finds the treatment or outcomes for anorexia but not for bulimia
  • 24.
  • 25.
     Many bibliographicdatabases use what is known as a “controlled vocabulary‟ to index articles.  Each common medical concept is given a single subject heading which covers all the words and phrases used to describe that concept  For example, ―Cerebral vascular accident‖ is a subject heading which covers all the words and phrases used for the concept of ―stroke‖.
  • 26.
     Using athesaurus also helps overcome problems of inconsistent terminology and alternative terms or spellings.  If you type in the word “paediatric‟ as a keyword in a search you should also carry out a search for “pediatric‟ as well, as databases can use both spellings.  Using the thesaurus will label articles with either spelling under one subject heading – so you would only need then to do one search.
  • 27.
     Each databaseuses a different list of subject headings i.e. the BNI thesaurus will have different subject headings to the Medline thesaurus.  For this reason, you can only use a thesaurus if you are searching in one database only in Advanced Search.
  • 28.
     Subject headingsare normally arranged in a hierarchy or tree structure, where broad subjects are subdivided into more specific topics.
  • 29.
  • 30.
    Snowball method  Ifyou wish to obtain detailed information about a subject or find lots of information, you can use the snowball method.  With this method you start your search with a key document. This could be a well-known work or a highly-praised article. A key document contains citations or references to other sources about the same subject. This leads to other documents that, in turn, include references
  • 31.
  • 32.
    Citation Format forBooks - single author  Title: Knossos Mythology-History Guide to the Archaeological Site  Author: Antonis Vassilakis  Publisher: Adam Editions  City Published: Athens  Editor: Costas Adam  Date Published: 2002
  • 33.
     a) AntonisVassilakis. Knossos Mythology- History Guide to the Archaeological Site. Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.  b) Adam, Costas. "Knossos Mythology- History Guide to the Archaeological Site". Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.  c) Vassilakis, Antonis. Knossos Mythology- History Guide to the Archaeological Site. Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.
  • 34.
    Citation Format fora Book with Multiple Authors  Title: Aegean Art and Architecture  Author: Donald Preziosi, Louise A. Hitchcock  Publisher: Oxford University Press  City Published: Oxford  Editor: Costas Adam  Date Published: 1999
  • 35.
     a) Preziosi,Donald, Hitchcock, Louise. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print.  b) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A.Hitchcock. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print.  c) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A.Hitchcock. Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press,1999: Oxford. Print.
  • 36.
    Book with anEditors Rather Than an Author  Title: Atlas of Classical Archaeology  Author: --  Publisher: McGraw-Hill  City Published: New York  Editor: M. I Finley  Date Publisher: 1977
  • 37.
     a) Finley,M. I., ed. Atlas of Classical Archaeology . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.  b) Unknown, Atlas of Classical Archaeology, ed. M.I. Finley, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.  c) Atlas of Classical Archaeology , M. I.Finley, ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.
  • 38.
    Magazine Article  Title:Palo Alto Idea House  Author: Ann Bertelsen and Daniel Gregory  Magazine name: Sunset  City Published: --  Volume: --  Date Published: September 2002  URL: www.sunset.com
  • 39.
     a) Bertelsen,Ann "Palo Alto Idea House." Sept 2002: 107. Print.  b) Bertelsen, Ann and Gregory, Daniel."Palo Alto Idea House." Sunset , Sept 2002: 107. Print.  c) Bertelsen, Ann and Daniel Gregory. Sunset "Palo Alto Idea House." Sept 2002: 107. Print.
  • 40.
    Journal Article  Title:Defying death after DNA damage  Author: Tina Rich, Rachel L. Allen & Andrew H. Wyllie  Associated Institution: Dept. of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.  Publisher: Nature  City Published: --  Volume: Vol. 407  Date Published: 12 October 2000  URL: www.nature.com
  • 41.
     a) Rich,Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie."Defying death after DNA damage." Nature (12 Oct. 2000): Vol. 407, 777-783. Print.  b) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie.; Nature 407 "Defying death after DNA damage." (2000): 777-783. Print.  c) Rich, Tina, Allen Rachel L. and Wyllie Andrew H. "Defying death after DNA damage." Nature 407 (2000): 777-783. Print.
  • 42.
    A Wiki  Title:Amaranth  Author:  Web site Name: Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia  Associated Institution: Wikimedia Foundation  City Published: —  Date Last Modified: September 11, 2008  Year Visited:September 12, 2010  URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth
  • 43.
     a) "Amaranth."Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.11 Sept 2008. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12 Sept 2010. <  b) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Sept 2008. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12 Sept 2010.  c) None, "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Sept 2008. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12 Sept 2010.
  • 44.
    Academic Site  Title:Introduction to Information Research  Author: Eric Brenner  Associated Institution: San Mateo Community College District  Location: Skyline, CA  Date Last Modified: 2009  Date Visited: May 2010  URL: http://www.smccd.net/accounts/skylib/l100/
  • 45.
     a) Brenner,Eric. "Introduction to Information Research." 2009. San Mateo Community College District, <http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/> May 2010. Web.  b) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information Research." Skyline, CA, 2009. Web. <http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/> May 2010.  c) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information Research." San Mateo Community College District, 2009. Web. <http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/> May 2010.
  • 46.
    How to citea website
  • 47.
    Example  AMA: helpingdoctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995- 2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
  • 48.
  • 51.
    The MiraCosta Library homepage[internet]. Retrieved from: http://library.miracosta.e du/homepage
  • 52.
    A specific pagewithin a Web site
  • 55.
    Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (n.d). Heuristic [internet]. Retrieved from http://www.m- w.com/dictionary/heuristic
  • 58.
    Sea Turtle Restoration Project(n.d). Threats to sea turtles [internet]. Retrieved from http://seaturtles.org/sec tion.php?id=104
  • 59.
  • 60.
    5 main items Authority  Accuracy  Currency  Objectivity  Coverage
  • 64.
    Authority  Author ofsite: Is there an author named on the page? Is the author qualified?  Sponsor of site :-- Is there a sponsor? Is the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or "our mission" link?)  Link or contact Information: -- Is the author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address listed?  Answer : No. The page appears to be a joke. The author belongs to a factious university. Look at the bottom of the page to discover the true author.
  • 65.
    Accuracy  Factual --Does the author give factual information?  Documented / well-researched -- Does the author cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology explained?  Subject to verification -- Can the information be verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?  Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations included (possibly using MLA citation format.)  Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who reviews the content or verifies facts  Answer: No. This information is not corroborated (backed up) by data in the mainstream medical community.
  • 66.
    Currency  Date-stamped --Is there a "last updated" notation or evidence of recent changes?  Seemingly current -- Does the information seem current to you? Do news events, conference events or any bits information lead you to believe the page has been updated recently?  Linked currently -- Are the links still working? Do pages turn up with "this site has moved" or "page not found―  Answer: The page is current. However, no links are included.
  • 67.
    Objectivity  Bias --Does the page/site show minimal signs of bias: political, ideological, personal, or cultural?  Intent -- Does the page present factual information or is it designed to sway opinion?  Influence -- Is the site is sponsored or underwritten by advertising, is the writing free of bias supporting the sponsor?  Answer: No. The page content is opinion and imagination.
  • 68.
    Coverage  Relevant --Do the topics covered include your topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too many) topics or is it focused on one relevant topic?  Adequate -- Does the page information adequately cover your topic: is it too general or too detailed?  Audience appropriate -- Is the content intended for children, scholars, general public? Was the page written to inform, educate, entertain (parody).  Answer: No. The page does not cover this topic. It is a spoof intended to teach the importance of critical thinking when evaluating a web page.
  • 71.
    Authority  Author ofsite Is there an author named on the page? Is the author qualified?  Sponsor of site -- Is there a sponsor? Is the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or "our mission" link?)  Link or contact Information -- Is the author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address listed?  Answer: Yes. The author is not named; however, UNICEF is a well-known international, collaborative organization.
  • 72.
    Accuracy  Factual --Does the author give factual information?  Documented / well-researched -- Does the author cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology explained?  Subject to verification -- Can the information be verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?  Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations included (possibly using MLA citation format.)  Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who reviews the content or verifies facts  Answer: Yes. This information is backed up by data (statistics link) and other resources links.
  • 73.
    Currency  Date-stamped --Is there a "last updated" notation or evidence of recent changes?  Seemingly current -- Does the information seem current to you? Do news events, conference events or any bits information lead you to believe the page has been updated recently?  Linked currently -- Are the links still working? Do pages turn up with "this site has moved" or "page not found―  Answer: Yes The page is current.
  • 74.
    Objectivity  Bias --Does the page/site show minimal signs of bias: political, ideological, personal, or cultural?  Intent -- Does the page present factual information or is it designed to sway opinion?  Influence -- Is the site is sponsored or underwritten by advertising, is the writing free of bias supporting the sponsor?  Answer: Yes. The site appears to be objective. It is free of advertising. It is funded by public donations.
  • 75.
    Coverage  Relevant --Do the topics covered include your topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too many) topics or is it focused on one relevant topic?  Adequate -- Does the page information adequately cover your topic: is it too general or too detailed?  Audience appropriate -- Is the content intended for children, scholars, general public? Was the page written to inform, educate, entertain (parody).  Answer: Yes. The site gives a wealth of factual information on this topic.
  • 79.
    Authority  Author ofsite Is there an author named on the page? Is the author qualified?  Sponsor of site -- Is there a sponsor? Is the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or "our mission" link?)  Link or contact Information -- Is the author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address listed?  Answer: Uncertain. The author is not listed on the page. Of the BOARD OF DIRECTORS,few have PhDs in Medicine. The HOME link reveals "The Group" members. The authority of the information is in question. Links to other sites show support for the viewpoint.
  • 80.
    Accuracy  Factual --Does the author give factual information?  Documented / well-researched -- Does the author cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology explained?  Subject to verification -- Can the information be verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?  Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations included (possibly using MLA citation format.)  Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who reviews the content or verifies facts  Answer: No. This page is not backed up by scientific data or clinical trials.
  • 81.
    Currency  Date-stamped --Is there a "last updated" notation or evidence of recent changes?  Seemingly current -- Does the information seem current to you? Do news events, conference events or any bits information lead you to believe the page has been updated recently?  Linked currently -- Are the links still working? Do pages turn up with "this site has moved" or "page not found―  Answer: Yes The page is current. All links lead to similarly-minded links. All videos support the "myth" point of view.
  • 82.
    Coverage  Relevant --Do the topics covered include your topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too many) topics or is it focused on one relevant topic?  Adequate -- Does the page information adequately cover your topic: is it too general or too detailed?  Audience appropriate -- Is the content intended for children, scholars, general public? Was the page written to inform, educate, entertain (parody).  Answer: No. The site does not give factual information on this topic.
  • 83.
  • 84.
    Definition  Health Onthe Net Foundation is a not-for- profit organization founded in 1995 under the resposibility of the Geneva Ministry of Health and based in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • 85.
     HON wasfounded to encourage the dissemination of quality health information for patients and professionals and the general public.  Facilitate access to the latest and most relevant medical data through the use of the internet.
  • 86.
     The HONcodecertification is an ethical standard aimed at offering quality health information.  It demonstrates the intent of a website to publish transparent information.
  • 87.
  • 88.
    Quality Criteria for Healthrelated Websites Commission of the European Communities
  • 89.
    Transparency and Honesty •Transparency of provider of site: (name, address ,electronic address of the person or organization responsible for the site) • Transparency of purpose and objective of the site Target audience clearly defined • Transparency of all sources of funding for site (grants, sponsors, advertisers, non- profit, voluntary assistance).
  • 90.
    Privacy and dataprotection  • Privacy and data protection policy and system for the processing of personal data, including processing invisible to users, to be clearly defined in accordance with community Data Protection legislation
  • 91.
    Updating of information • Clear and regular updating of the site, with date of up-date clearly displayed for each page
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    Accountability • user feedback •Responsible partnering -linking to other websites is undertaken only with trustworthy individuals and organizations • Editorial policy -clear statement describing what procedure was used for selection of content.
  • 93.
    Accessibility • Attention toguidelines on physical accessibility as well as general findability, searchability, readability, usability, etc.
  • 94.
  • 95.
     1. Whichone of the following is NOT an example of an extension in a URL?  (A) .gov  (B).edu   (C) .npr  (D) .com
  • 96.
     2. Youcan optimize your search results on the Web by   (A) using several different search engines.   (B) sticking to your topic and resisting distractions.   (C) becoming familiar with and using reliable Web resources such asNational Geographic, LA Times, and the Library of Congress.  (D)all of the above
  • 97.
     3. Whichof the following is the best indicator that a Web site is reliable?   (A) The author of the site tells you the information is reliable.   (B) The author of the site provides contact information and his or her credentials.   (C) The author links to his or her favorite Web sites.   (D) The author states in bold letters that the site was proofread by a librarian.
  • 98.
     4. Whatdoes this URL tell you about the source? http://vos.ucsb.edu  (A) It is associated with an educational institution.  (B) It is an English teacher’s personal home page.  (C) It is an article from a magazine.  (D)It is from a directory.
  • 99.
     5. Whichof the following is an example of a Boolean search?  (A) Shakespeare sonnets  (B) Shakespeare AND sonnets  (C) "Shakespeare" with "SONNETS―  (D) Shakespeare (sonnets)
  • 100.
     6. Whichof the following statements about search engines and directories is true?  (A)A search engine does not discriminate between good and bad sites.  (B)A search engine displays all Web pages that contain your keywords and may list thousands of unordered results.  (C)A directory is someone’s attempt to categorize the best sites available for a given subject or topic.  (D) all of the above
  • 101.
     7. Whichof the following statements about meta-search engines is NOT true?  (A) Meta-search engines scan multiple search engines simultaneously.  (B) Meta-search engines are a waste of time because they provide very few results.  (C) Meta-search engines provide results based on the keyword(s) submitted.  (D) Meta-search engines can save time, but you shouldn't rely on them exclusively.
  • 102.
     8. Criticallyevaluating content on the Web is important because  (A) Web authors are always less professional.  (B)Web authors are always biased.  (C)anyone can publish on the Web. There’s no guarantee that what you’re reading is objective and has gone through standard fact-checking and editorial reviews.  (D) printed information is always more accurate than information found on the Web.
  • 103.
     9. Whichof the following is an example of effective online searching?  (A) Do a random keyword search on a search engine of your choice. Then, quickly browse through all the results listed and find the ones you think have the most useful information.  (B) Formulate research questions, list possible sources of information, identify keywords, and begin your search.  (C) Visit chat rooms and find out what others are saying about your topic.  (D) Post a question about your topic on a message board and read all the responses.
  • 104.
     10. Whichof the following citations is composed according to the MLA-citation manual and guide for an article in an online magazine?  (A) Doe, Jane. "Fundamentals of Guitar." Guitar Virtuoso 2000. 2 Feb. 2001. http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com  (B) "Fundamentals of Guitar," by Jane Doe. http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com, Guitar Virtuoso, 2000.  (C)Doe, Jane. Fundamentals of Guitar. Guitar Virtuoso, 2000. guitarvirtuoso.com  (D) "http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com" Guitar Virtuoso. "The Fundamentals of Guitar." 2000. (2 Feb. 2001).
  • 105.