pharma introduction(1).pptxbbwbsbsbsbsvd.ej

DEFINITION, BRANCHES,
TERMINOLOGIES
Pharmacology
Prepared by: Mr. Surajit Ghosh( M.pharm pharmacology)

MEANING
• Pharmacology= Pharmaco + Logos
• In Greek, Pharmaco means drug, Logos means study.
• Drug is derived from the French word “DROGUE” meaning
“Dry Herbs”.
• Pharmacology is the science of Drugs.

DEFINITION
• Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to
be used to modify or explore physiological systems or
pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
• It is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure,
prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise
enhance physical or mental well-being.

BRANCHES
1. PHARMACODYNAMICS: What the Drug does to the
body?
Dynamic is a Greek word which means power.
- Pharmacodynamics is a Mechanism of action of drug,
physiological or biochemical at macromolecular, sub cellular
or organ system level.
- The action of a drug on the body, including receptor
interactions, dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of
therapeutic and toxic action

Drug Action:
• The main ways by which drugs act are via interaction with
cell proteins, namely receptors, ion channels, enzymes and
transport/carrier proteins.
• In addition, drugs can work by themselves mechanically or
chemically.
• Its useful to know what are the basic principles of drug action

How Does this Drug Action Happens?
• Through enzymes: a drug can act by either stimulating or
inhibiting an enzyme Receptor action is the most commonest
way of producing action.
• Physical action: E.g. radioisotope I131 and other
radioisotopes.
• Chemical action: E.g. antacids neutralising the gastric acid.

Receptor:
• A receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the
cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a
ligand)
• such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and
initiates the cellular response to the ligand

2. PHARMACOKINETICS: What the body does to the drug?
The study of the disposition of a drug
The disposition of a drug includes the processes of ADME
 Absorption
 Distribution
 Metabolism
 Excretion

ABSORPTION
• The process by which drug proceeds from the site of
administration to the site of measurement (blood stream)
within the body.
• Necessary for the production of a therapeutic effect.
• Most drugs undergo gastrointestinal absorption. This is extent
to which drug is absorbed from gut lumen into portal
circulation
• Exception: IV drug administration

DISTRIBUTION
• The movement of drug from the blood
to and from the tissues

Distribution is determined by:
• partitioning across various membranes
• binding to tissue components
• binding to blood components (RBC, plasma protein)
• physiological volumes

• All of the fluid in the body (referred to as the total body water), in which
a drug can be dissolved, can be roughly divided into three compartments:
intravascular (blood plasma found within blood vessels)
interstitial/tissue (fluid surrounding cells)
 intracellular (fluid within cells, i.e. cytosol)
• The distribution of a drug into these compartments is dictated by it's
physical and chemical properties

METABOLISM
Mostly occurs in the
liver because all of the
blood in the body
passes through the liver

• Drug metabolism involves a series of biological and chemical
processes through that endogenous substances are converted
into more water-soluble substituents reluctantly excreted out
from the body.
• It is the term used to describe the biotransformation of the
drug in the body so that they can be eliminated more easily.

• Drugs are metabolized through various reactions including:
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Hydrolysis
- Hydration
- Conjugation
- Condensation
- Isomerization

EXCRETION
• The main process that body eliminates "unwanted" substances.
• Most common route - biliary or renal
• Other routes - lung (through exhalation), skin (through perspiration)
etc.
• Lipophilic drugs may require several metabolism steps before they are
excreted

3. PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS:
Greek: Therapeutic-medical practice
- It is the application of pharmacological information together
with the knowledge of the disease for its prevention,
mitigation or cure.
- Selection of the most appropriate drug, dosage and duration
of treatment taking into account the specific features of a
patient are a part of Pharmacotherapeutics.

4. CLINICALPHARMACOLOGY: The discipline of clinical
pharmacology deals with the study of medications in humans and their
effective, safe and economic use in patients.
5. TOXICOLOGY: The study of poisons, including the source, effect,
and treatment of poisoning.
6.PHARMACY: It is the branch of Pharmacology and is the art and
science of compounding by dispensing drugs, preparing suitable dosage
form for administration to man and animals.

Common Terminologies
• Adverse Effect: An unintended and potentially dangerous effect of a drug,
even when administered correctly.
• Side effects: An effect of a drug or other type of treatment that is in
addition to or beyond its desired effect.
• Affinity: The strength of the bond between a drug and a receptor.
• Agonist: A drug that binds to a receptor and produces an effect
• Antagonist: A molecule that prevents other molecules from acting, often
by competing for a receptor
• Bioavailability: the amount of a drug in the bloodstream after its been
administered.

• Tolerance: It is a decrease in response to a drug that is used
repeatedly.
• Resistance: it is the development of the ability to withstand the
previously destructive effect of a drug by microorganisms or tumor
cells.
• Potency: An index of the concentration of a drug required to produce
a given effect.

• 1. Enteral Route (via the gastrointestinal
tract)
• Oral (PO): Taken by mouth, swallowed.
• e.g., tablets, capsules, syrups.
• Sublingual (SL): Placed under the tongue.
• e.g., nitroglycerin tablets.
• Buccal: Placed between the cheek and
gums.
• e.g., buccal tablets.
• Rectal (PR): Inserted into the rectum.
• e.g., suppositories, enemas.
2. Parenteral Route (via injection or infusion,
bypassing GI tract)
Intravenous (IV): Directly into a vein.
Fastest onset.
Intramuscular (IM): Into a muscle.
e.g., vaccines, antibiotics.
Subcutaneous (SC): Into the fatty tissue under the
skin.
e.g., insulin, heparin.
Intradermal (ID): Into the dermis, just under the
epidermis.
e.g., allergy tests, tuberculosis test.
Intra-arterial: Into an artery (rare).
Intrathecal: Into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
via spine.
Intra-articular: Into a joint space.
Intraperitoneal: Into the peritoneal cavity (used
in dialysis).
Intracardiac: Into the heart (emergency use).

3.Topical Route (applied on skin or mucous membranes)
• Dermal: On the skin surface.
• e.g., creams, ointments, gels.
• Transdermal: Through the skin for systemic effect.
• e.g., nicotine or hormone patches.
• Ophthalmic: Into the eye.
• e.g., eye drops or ointments.
• Otic: Into the ear canal.
• e.g., ear drops.
• Nasal: Into the nose.
• e.g., decongestant sprays, nasal vaccines.
• Vaginal: Into the vagina.
• e.g., suppositories, creams.
• 9144303024
4.Respiratory Route (via inhalation)
Inhalation: Through the nose or mouth into the lungs.
e.g., inhalers for asthma, nebulizers, anesthetic
gases.

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