Cardiidae

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Photos

Photo Gallery

Cardium sp.

Almada, Cova da Piedade, Pragal e Cacilhas, Almada, Setúbal, Portugal

Cardium sp.

Almada, Cova da Piedade, Pragal e Cacilhas, Almada, Setúbal, Portugal

Cardium sp.

Almada, Cova da Piedade, Pragal e Cacilhas, Almada, Setúbal, Portugal

Description

A cockle is an edible, marine bivalve mollusc. Although many small edible bivalves are loosely called cockles, true cockles are species in the family Cardiidae. True cockles live in sandy, sheltered beaches throughout the world. The distinctive rounded shells are bilaterally symmetrical, and are heart-shaped when viewed from the end. Numerous radial, evenly spaced ribs are a feature of the shell in most but not all genera (for an exception, see the genus Laevicardium, the egg cockles, which have very smooth shells).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	6858	https://www.gbif.org/species/6858
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	59532	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=59532

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Cardiidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Cardiiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Cardiida	Ferussac 1822
suborder	Cardiidina	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioidei	Ferussac 1822
superfamily	Cardioidea
family	Cardiidae	Lamarck 1809

Common Name

cockle

Scientific Name

Cardiidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated with evidence	Glenn, 1904
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Pelecypoda	stated without evidence	Clark and Arnold, 1923
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated without evidence	Popenoe, 1937
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated with evidence	Newell, 1965
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Veneroida	stated without evidence	Ronchetti, 1970
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated with evidence	Vokes, 1980
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated without evidence	Dockery, 1982
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated with evidence	Gliozzi and Malatesta, 1983
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated without evidence	Squires, 1984
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated with evidence	Ward and Blackwelder, 1987
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardiacea	stated without evidence	Squires, 1987
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Veneroida	stated without evidence	Squires, 1988
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	stated without evidence	Ward, 1992
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	stated with evidence	Rosenberg, 2005
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	stated without evidence	Harzhauser et al., 2008
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Veneroida	stated without evidence	Scholz et al., 2008
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	implied	Nevesskaja, 2009
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	stated with evidence	Carter et al., 2011
Cardiidae	family	belongs to Cardioidea	stated without evidence	Ros-Franch et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

662

Extant Size (PBDB)

187 (28%)

First Recorded Appearance

446 - 444 Ma
Paleozoic

Motility

facultatively mobile

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: IS, MA, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. E. Vokes. 1980. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Common Name(s)

Cockle, Herzmuscheln, Cockle Shells, Cockles, Coques, Hartschelpen, Hjarteskjel, Hjerteskjell, Hjärtmusslor, Kokkels, ザルガイ

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Laevicardiinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		522	145 Ma Late Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Lahilliinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		86	201 Ma Early Jurassic	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Protocardiinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1,211	237 Ma Middle Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Trachycardiinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		988	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Acanthocardia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		226	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Acrosterigma genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		52	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Adacna genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Afrocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Agnocardia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Americardia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		79	47.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Anechinocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		29	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Apiocardia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Austrocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Avicularium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Brevicardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bucardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Byssocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cerastoderma genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		158	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Chesacardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		74	23.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Chrysocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Ciliatocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		86	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Clinocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		162	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Corculum genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Ctenocardia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Dallocardia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		220	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Didacna genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Dinocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		129	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Discors ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		35	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Dochmocardia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Ethmocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Europicardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Fragum genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		67	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Freneixicardia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Frigidocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Fulvia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		18	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Goethemia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Goniocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Granocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		410	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Habecardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hedecardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		73	61.6 Ma Paleocene	13.7 Ma Miocene
Hemicardium genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Hippopus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Indocardium ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Integricardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		51	183 Ma Early Jurassic	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Jurassicardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Keenaea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Keenocardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Laevicardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lahillia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		83	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	20.4 Ma Miocene
Lophocardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Loxocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		40	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	5.33 Ma Miocene
Lunulicardia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Lunulicardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	16.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Lyrocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Maoricardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Microcardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		22	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Microfragum genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Monodacna genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Nemocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		498	242 Ma Middle Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Neodidacnomya genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Obsoletiforma ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	16.0 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Obsoletiformes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	12.7 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Omanidacna ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Orthocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		29	56.0 Ma Paleocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Pachycardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Papillicardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Papyridea genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		47	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Paradacna ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Parvicardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		194	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Parvidacna ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Pascoella genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Patagonicardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	33.9 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Perucardia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Plagiocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		62	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Planicardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	5.33 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Pleuriocardia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		75	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Pratulum genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Procardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protocardia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1,160	237 Ma Middle Triassic	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Pseudofulvia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ringicardium genus	listed (PBDB)		16	47.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Sawkinsia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	37.2 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Schedocardia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		22	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Septocardia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		96	242 Ma Middle Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Serripes genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		97	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Trachycardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		716	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Tridacna genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Trifaricardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Trigoniocardia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		391	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Vasticardium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Vepricardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Granocardium pendens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Isocardia washita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neocardium fulvum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neocardiids unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2,623	446 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Lymnocardiidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Lymnocardiidae
Chametracheidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Chametracheidae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1809	Cardiidae Lamarck
1904	Cardiidae Glenn p. 319
1923	Cardiidae Clark and Arnold p. 145
1937	Cardiidae Popenoe p. 388
1965	Cardiidae Newell p. 20
1970	Cardiidae Ronchetti p. 61
1979	Goniocardiidae Scarlato and Starobogatov
1980	Cardiidae Vokes p. 126
1982	Cardiidae Dockery p. 69
1983	Cardiidae Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 96
1984	Cardiidae Squires p. 49
1987	Cardiidae Squires p. 65
1987	Cardiidae Ward and Blackwelder p. 130
1988	Cardiidae Squires p. 19
1992	Cardiidae Ward p. 88
1999	Cardiidae Squires p. 25
2000	Cardiidae Coan et al. p. 259
2001	Cardiidae Todd
2005	Cardiidae Rosenberg
2006	Cardiidae Rosenberg et al.
2008	Cardiidae Harzhauser et al. p. 200
2008	Cardiidae Scholz et al.
2009	Cardiidae Nevesskaja
2009	Goniocardiidae Nevesskaja
2010	Cardiidae Bouchet et al.
2011	Cardiidae Carter et al. p. 15
2014	Cardiidae Ros-Franch et al.
2015	Cardiidae Hickman p. 18

Year	Name and Author
1809	Cardiidae Lamarck
1904	Cardiidae Glenn p. 319
1923	Cardiidae Clark and Arnold p. 145
1937	Cardiidae Popenoe p. 388
1965	Cardiidae Newell p. 20
1970	Cardiidae Ronchetti p. 61
1979	Goniocardiidae Scarlato and Starobogatov
1980	Cardiidae Vokes p. 126
1982	Cardiidae Dockery p. 69
1983	Cardiidae Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 96
1984	Cardiidae Squires p. 49
1987	Cardiidae Squires p. 65
1987	Cardiidae Ward and Blackwelder p. 130
1988	Cardiidae Squires p. 19
1992	Cardiidae Ward p. 88
1999	Cardiidae Squires p. 25
2000	Cardiidae Coan et al. p. 259
2001	Cardiidae Todd
2005	Cardiidae Rosenberg
2006	Cardiidae Rosenberg et al.
2008	Cardiidae Harzhauser et al. p. 200
2008	Cardiidae Scholz et al.
2009	Cardiidae Nevesskaja
2009	Goniocardiidae Nevesskaja
2010	Cardiidae Bouchet et al.
2011	Cardiidae Carter et al. p. 15
2014	Cardiidae Ros-Franch et al.
2015	Cardiidae Hickman p. 18

References

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Glenn L. C. (1904) Pelecypoda, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene Text, 274-401

Clark B. L., Arnold R. (1923) Fauna of the Sooke Formation Vancouver Island, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 14 5, 123-234

Popenoe W. P. (1937) Upper Cretaceous Mollusca from Southern California, Journal of Paleontology 11 5, 379-402

Newell N. D. (1965) Classification of the Bivalvia, American Museum Novitates 2206, 1-25

Ronchetti C. R. (1970) New contributions to the knowledge of the Jurassic fauna of Karkar (Northeast Afghanistan), Ital. Expedit., Karakorum (K2) Hindu Kush, Scientific Reports IV, Paleontology – Zoology – Botany 2, 43-74

Dockery D. T. (1982) Lower Oligocene Bivalvia of the Vicksburg Group in Mississippi, Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology 123, 1-261

Gliozzi E., Malatesta A. (1983) I molluschi del Paleocene di Baixa Chinhauanine nel bacino del Rio Massintonto (Maputo - Mozambico), Geologica Romana 22, 85-145

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Ward L. W., Blackwelder B.W. (1987) Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at Lee Creek Mine, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 61, 113-283

Squires R. L. (1988) Eocene Macropaleontology of Northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, California, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 398, 1-23

Ward L. W. (1992) Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Miocene Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America, Virginia Museum of Natural History 2

Coan E. V., Scott P. V., et al (2000) Bivalve seashells of western North America, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural history Monographs 2, 1-764

Todd J. A. (2001) Systematic list of bivalves in the Panama Paleontology Project collections, [http://eusmilia.geology.uiowa.edu/database/bivalves/systemat/bivaltax.htm#list]

Rosenberg G. (2005) Malacolog 4.0: A database of Western Atlantic marine Mollusca, [WWW database (version 4.1.0)] URL http://data.acnatsci.org/wasp

Rosenberg G., Ponder W., et al (2006) A Biotic Database of Indo-Pacific Marine Mollusks doi:http://data.acnatsci.org/obis

Harzhauser M., Mandic O., et al (2008) Tracing back the origin of the Indo-Pacific mollusc fauna: Basal Tridacninae from the Oligocene and Miocene of the Sultanate of Oman, Palaeontology 51 1, 199-213

Scholz A., Aberhan M., et al (2008) Early Jurassic bivalves of the Antimonio terrane (Sonora, NW Mexico): Taxonomy, biogeography, and paleogeographic implications, Geological Society of America Special Paper 442, 269-312

Nevesskaja L. A. (2009) Principles of Systematics and the System of Bivalves, Paleontological Journal 43 1, 1-11 doi:10.1134/S0031030109010018

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Carter J. G., Altaba C. R., et al (2011) A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Paleontological Contributions 4, 1-47

Ros-Franch S., Márquez-Aliaga A., et al (2014) Comprehensive database on Induan (Lower Triassic) to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) marine bivalve genera and their paleobiogeographic record, Paleontological Contributions 8, 1-219

Hickman C. S. (2015) Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, Part III: The heteroconchs, PaleoBios 32, 1-44

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Millard, V., 1997: null. Classification of Mollusca: A classification of world wide Mollusca. 1-544. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Vaught, K. C. / Abbott, Robert T. and Kenneth J. Boss, 1989: null. A classification of the living Mollusca. xii+195. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Bieler R., Carter J.G. & Coan E.V. (2010). Classification of Bivalve families. Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010), Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia 52(2): 1-184. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Poorten, J.J. ter, 2005. Outline of a systematic index - Recent Cardiidae (Lamarck, 1809). VISAYA net. (Updated 2009 for WoRMS) - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Herrera, N.D.; Ter Poorten, J.J.; Bieler, R.; Mikkelsen, P.M.; Strong, E.E.; Jablonski, D.; Steppan, S.J. (2015). Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography amid shifting continents in the cockles and giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 94-106. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Poorten, J.J. ter, 2005. Outline of a systematic index - Recent Cardiidae (Lamarck, 1809). VISAYA net. (Updated 2009 for WoRMS) - via World Register of Marine Species

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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