Carnivora

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Felis domesticus

San Juan Basin, San Juan County, New Mexico, USA

Felis domesticus

Austria

Felis domesticus

San Juan Basin, San Juan County, New Mexico, USA

Felis domesticus

Austria

Felis domesticus

San Juan Basin, San Juan County, New Mexico, USA

Felis domesticus

Austria

Description

Carnivora ( ; from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" and vorāre "to devour") is a diverse scrotiferan order that includes over 280 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, whereas the word "carnivore" (often popularly applied to members of this group) can refer to any meat-eating organism. Carnivorans are the most diverse in size of any mammalian order, ranging from the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), at as little as 25 g (0.88 oz) and 11 cm (4.3 in), to the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which can weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), to the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), whose adult males weigh up to 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) and measure up to 6.7 m (22 ft) in length.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	732	https://www.gbif.org/species/732
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36905	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36905

Rank

order

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Laurasiatheria	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Scrotifera	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Ferae	Linnaeus 1758
-	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
-	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821

Common Name

carnivoran

Scientific Name

Carnivora

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Flower, 1883
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Lydekker, 1885
Carnivora	order	belongs to Unguiculata	stated without evidence	Cope, 1889
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Flower and Lydekker, 1891
Carnivora	suborder	belongs to Sarcobora	stated with evidence	Ameghino, 1897
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Carnivora	order	subjective synonym of Ferae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Andrews, 1906
Carnivora	order	belongs to Holotheria	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Carnivora	order	belongs to Monodelphia	stated without evidence	Hay, 1930
Carnivora	order	belongs to Ferae	stated without evidence	McKenna, 1975
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Tedford, 1976
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Barnes, 1979
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Hooker, 1986
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1987
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Carroll, 1988
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Barnes, 1988
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Nowak, 1991
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Barnes, 1992
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Kohno, 1992
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Tedford et al., 1994
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Kohno, 1996
Carnivora	order	belongs to Zooamata	stated without evidence	Waddell et al., 1999
Carnivora	order	belongs to Ferae	stated without evidence	Waddell et al., 2001
Carnivora	order	belongs to Laurasiatheria	stated with evidence	Madsen et al., 2001
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Davis et al., 2004
Carnivora	order	belongs to Carnivoramorpha	stated with evidence	Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin, 2005
Carnivora	order	belongs to Ferae	stated without evidence	Lopatin, 2006
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Hulbert and Whitmore, 2006
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Barnes et al., 2006
Carnivora	order	belongs to Carnivoramorpha	stated without evidence	Spaulding et al., 2009
Carnivora	order	belongs to Carnivoramorpha	stated with evidence	Spaulding et al., 2010
Carnivora	order	belongs to Ferae	stated without evidence	Asher and Helgen, 2010
Carnivora	order	belongs to Laurasiatheria	stated without evidence	Silcox et al., 2010
Carnivora	order	belongs to Carnivoramorpha	stated with evidence	Tomiya, 2011
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Hunt, 2011
Carnivora	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Vianey-Liaud et al., 2014
Carnivora	order	belongs to Carnivoraformes	stated with evidence	Solé et al., 2016
Carnivora	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Tomiya and Tseng, 2016

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

2,201

Extant Size (PBDB)

670 (30%)

First Recorded Appearance

66.0 - 63.3 Ma
Paleocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

carnivore, omnivore

Ecospace Comments

life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Carnivores, Carnivoran, Raubtiere, Carnivori, Drapieżne, Etciller, Plėšrieji, Rovdjur, Rovdyr, Rovpattedyr, Yırtıcı Memeliler, Zveri, Σαρκοφάγα, Хижаки, Хижі, хищные, 食肉, Roofdieren, Cachorro Do Mato, Carnívoro, Gato Do Mato, Lontra

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Caniformia suborder	listed (PBDB)		5,287	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Felidi suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Feliformia suborder	listed (PBDB)		3,083	63.3 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Fissipedia suborder	listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Phocidi suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Protelidi suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Protoferi ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)
Ursocanidi suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Arctoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		2,762	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Miacoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		237	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Adapisoriculidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		46	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	47.8 Ma Eocene
Ailuridae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Red Panda	42	28.4 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Ailuropodidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Amphicyonidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Bear-dog	559	46.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Arctictidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Barbourofelidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		45	23.0 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Bassarididae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Canidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Canid	3,075	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Cynictidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Desmatophocidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		33	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Didymictidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Enaliarctidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	28.1 Ma Oligocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Eupleridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Felidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Cat	1,823	33.3 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Hemicyonidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Herpestidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Mongoose	155	20.4 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Hyaenidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Hyaena	659	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Mephitidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Skunk	117	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Miacidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		236	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Mustelidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Mustelid Carnivore	1,631	40.4 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Nandiniidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Nimravidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	False Sabre-tooth	157	48.6 Ma Eocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Odobenidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Walrus	320	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Oligobunidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Otariidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Eared Seal	292	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Palaeogalidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Percrocutidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		36	23.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Phocidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Seal	789	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Procyonidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Procyonid Carnivore	233	30.8 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Stenoplesictidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ursidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Bear	855	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Viverravidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		792	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Viverridae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Civet	180	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Ursina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Adcrocuta ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Adracon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Africanictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Alagtsavbaatar ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Alopecocyon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	28.4 Ma Oligocene	11.1 Ma Miocene
Anictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Asiavorator ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	37.2 Ma Eocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Chaprongictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Crassidia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dormaalocyon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	56.0 Ma Paleocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Glibzegdouia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Haplogale ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Lycophocyon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	46.2 Ma Eocene	40.4 Ma Eocene
Megencephalon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Monachiopsis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Mustelictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Paratriisodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Pinnarctidion ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	28.1 Ma Oligocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Pristinictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	61.7 Ma Paleocene	61.7 Ma Paleocene
Prohesperocyon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Protursus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	8.70 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Ravenictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Shandgolictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Thos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Viretictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	22.4 Ma Miocene
Vulpavus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		113	55.8 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Xenogale genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Kolponomus clallamensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Viverra memphitis Linnaeus p. 44
1821	Carnivora Bowditch
1873	Carnivora Leidy p. 315
1883	Carnivora Flower p. 186
1885	Carnivora Lydekker p. 196
1889	Carnivora Cope p. 875
1891	Carnivora Flower and Lydekker p. 91
1897	Carnivora Ameghino p. 501
1898	Carnivora Gadow p. 50
1906	Carnivora Andrews p. 218
1908	Carnivora Lambe
1911	Carnivora Jaekel p. 227
1930	Carnivora Hay p. 456
1975	Carnivora McKenna p. 42
1976	Carnivora Tedford p. 372
1979	Carnivora Barnes p. 8
1981	Carnivora Thurmond and Jones p. 174
1986	Carnivora Hooker p. 326
1987	Carnivora Barnes p. 3
1988	Carnivora Barnes p. 2
1988	Carnivora Carroll
1989	Carnivora Barnes p. 3
1989	Carnivora Shoshani et al. p. 436
1991	Carnivora Nowak
1992	Carnivora Barnes p. 3
1992	Carnivora Kohno p. 16

Year	Name and Author
1994	Carnivora Tedford et al. p. 12
1995	Carnivora Barnes and Hirota p. 330
1996	Carnivora Kohno p. 389
1999	Carnivora Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170
1999	Carnivora Waddell et al. p. 3
2001	Carnivora Madsen et al. p. 610
2001	Carnivora Waddell et al. p. 148
2002	Carnivora Sepkoski, Jr.
2004	Carnivora Davis et al. p. 365
2005	Carnivora Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin p. 842
2006	Carnivora Barnes et al. p. 59
2006	Carnivora Hulbert and Whitmore p. 5
2006	Carnivora Kohno p. 411
2006	Carnivora Lopatin
2008	Carnivora Kohno and Ray p. 44
2008	Carnivora Tedford and Wang p. 273
2008	Carnivora Wang and Tedford
2009	Carnivora Spaulding et al.
2010	Carnivora Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2010	Carnivora Silcox et al.
2010	Carnivora Spaulding et al. p. 815
2011	Carnivora Hunt, Jr. p. 21
2011	Carnivora Tomiya p. 3
2014	Carnivora Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 610
2016	Carnivora Solé et al.
2016	Carnivora Tomiya and Tseng p. 5

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Ameghino F. Mammiféres crétacés de l’Argentine (Deuxième contribution à la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches à Pyrotherium) [Cretaceous mammals of Argentina (second contribution to the knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Pyrotherium Beds)], Boletin Instituto Geografico Argentino 18 4–9, 406-521

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46

Tedford R. H. (1976) Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia), Systematic Zoology 25 4, 363-374

Barnes L. G. (1979) Fossil enaliarctine pinnpeds (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Pyramid Hill, Kern County, California), Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 318, 1-41

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Hooker J. J. (1986) Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39 4, 191-478

Barnes L. G. (1987) An early Miocene pinniped of the genus Desmatophoca (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Washington, Contributions in Science 382, 1-20

Barnes L. G. (1988) A new fossil pinniped (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California, Contributions in Science 396, 1-11

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Barnes L. G. (1989) A new enaliarctine pinniped from the Astoria Formation, Oregon, and a classification of the Otariidae (Mammalia: Carnivora), Contributions in Science 403, 1-26

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Barnes L. G. (1992) A new genus and species of middle Miocene enaliarctine pinniped (Mammalia, Carnivora, Otariidae) from the Astoria Formation in Coastal Oregon, Contributions in Science 431, 1-27

Kohno N. (1992) A new Pliocene fur seal (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Senhata Formation on the Boso Peninsula, Japan, Natural History Research 2 1, 15-28

Tedford R. H., Barnes L. G., et al (1994) The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life, Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29, 11-32

Barnes L. G., Hirota K. (1995) Miocene pinnipeds of the otariid subfamily Allodesminae in the North Pacific Ocean: Systematics and relationships, The Island Arc 3, 329-360

Kohno N. (1996) Miocene pinniped Allodesmus (Mammalia: Carnivora); with special reference to the "Mito seal" from Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan, Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series 181, 388-404

Ginsburg L., Janvier P. (1999) Les phoques (Phocidae, Pinnipedia, Carnivora, Mammalia) des faluns Miocenes de L'Anjou, Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Nouvelle serie 21 4, 169-178

Waddell P. J., Okada N., et al (1999) Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Systematic Biology 48 1, 1-5

Davis C. S., Delisle I., et al (2004) A phylogeny of the extant Phocidae inferred from complete mitochondrial DNA coding regions, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 363-377

Wesley-Hunt G. D., Werdelin L. (2005) Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 4, 837-846

Barnes L. G., Ray C. E., et al (2006) A new Pliocene sea lion, Proterozetes ulysses (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Oregon, U.S.A., Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments, 57-77

Hulbert R. C., Whitmore F. C. (2006) Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 1, 1-28

Kohno N. (2006) A new Miocene odobenid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Hokkaido, Japan, and its implications for odobenid phylogeny, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 2, 411-421

Lopatin A. V. (2006) Early Paleogene insectivore mammals of Asia and establishment of the major groups of Insectivora, Paleontological Journal 40 3, S205-S405

Kohno N., Ray C. E. (2008) Pliocene walruses from the Yorktown Formation of Virginia and North Carolina, and a systematic revision of the North Atlantic Pliocene walruses, Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 14, 39-80

Tedford R. H., Wang X. (2008) Metalopex, a new genus of fox (Carnivora: Canidae: Vulpini) from the late Miocene of western North America, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 41, 273-278

Wang X., Tedford R. H. (2008) Fossil dogs (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Sespe and Vaqueros formations in Southern California, with comments on relationships of Phlaocyon taylori, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 41, 255-272

Spaulding M., O'Leary M. A., et al (2009) Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution, PloS One 4 9, e7062

Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9

Silcox M. T., Bloch J. I., et al (2010) Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160, 773-825

Spaulding M., Flynn J. J., et al (2010) A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the ‘Bridger B’ (Black’s Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA, Palaeontology 53 4, 815-832 doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x

Hunt, Jr. R. M. (2011) Evolution of Large Carnivores During the Mid-Cenozoic of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 358, 1-153 doi:10.1206/358.1

Tomiya S. (2011) A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans, PLoS ONE 6 9, e24146 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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