Arcida

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Glycymerididae

Columbus County, North Carolina, USA

Glycymeris sp.

Surry County, Virginia, USA

Glycymerididae

Columbus County, North Carolina, USA

Glycymeris sp.

Surry County, Virginia, USA

Glycymerididae

Columbus County, North Carolina, USA

Glycymeris sp.

Surry County, Virginia, USA

Description

The Arcida is an extant order of bivalve molluscs. This order dates back to the lower Ordovician period. They are distinguished from related groups, such as the mussels, by having a straight hinge to the shells, and the adductor muscles being of equal size. The duplivincular ligament, taxodont dentition, and a shell microstructure consisting of the outer crossed lamellar and inner complex crossed lamellar layers are defining characters of this order.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcida, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	9574493	https://www.gbif.org/species/9574493
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	244029	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=244029

Rank

order

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Pteriomorphia
-	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Arcioni	Gray 1854
order	Arcida	(Stoliczka 1871)

Scientific Name

Arcida

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated with evidence	Newell, 1965
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorpha	stated without evidence	Squires, 1984
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated with evidence	Ward and Blackwelder, 1987
Arcida	order	belongs to Bivalvia	stated without evidence	Squires, 1988
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated without evidence	Beu et al., 1990
Arcida	order	belongs to Neotaxodonta	stated without evidence	Cope, 1997
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated with evidence	Coan et al., 2000
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated without evidence	Todd, 2001
Arcida	order	belongs to Bivalvia	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated with evidence	Giribet and Wheeler, 2002
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated without evidence	Spencer et al., 2004
Arcida	order	belongs to Prionodonta	stated without evidence	Anelli et al., 2006
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated with evidence	Bieler and Mikkelsen, 2006
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated without evidence	Mikkelsen and Bieler, 2008
Arcida	order	belongs to Autobranchia	implied	Nevesskaja, 2009
Arcida	order	belongs to Pteriomorphia	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010
Arcida	order	belongs to Arcioni	stated with evidence	Carter et al., 2011

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

1,302

Extant Size (PBDB)

281 (22%)

First Recorded Appearance

479 - 472 Ma
Early/Lower Ordovician

Motility

facultatively mobile

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder

Taphonomy

aragonite

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. G. Carter, C. R. Altaba L. C. Anderson, R. Araujo, A. S. Biakov, A. E. Bogan, D. C. Campbell, M. Campbell, J. H. Chen, J. C. W. Cope, G. Delvene, H. H. Dijkstra, Z. J. Fang, R. N. Gardner, V. A. Gavrilova, I. A. Goncharova, P. J. Harries, J. H. Hartman, M. Hautmann, et al. 2011. A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Paleontological Contributions 4:1-47

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcida

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Arcoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		11,983	479 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician	0 Ma Extant
Glycymeridoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glycymeroidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Glyptarcoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)		10	479 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Limopsoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		688	201 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Philobryoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		36	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Arcidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5,510	269 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
Atomodesmidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Catamarcaiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	479 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician	479 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician
Cucullaeidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1,292	365 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	0 Ma Extant
Frejidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	433 Ma Silurian	426 Ma Silurian
Glycymerididae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2,560	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Glyptarcidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	479 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Limopsidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		688	201 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Noetiidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		366	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Parallelodontidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2,237	479 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Philobryidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		36	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Pitchleriidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pucamyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Aegilops ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Antonella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Austrocucullaea ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cardiolita ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Curvirostrum ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Ekaterdonta ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Eusebia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Isoarca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		34	222 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Metapadia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Myodakryotus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Noetiella genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Nordenskjoeldia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Okinawanoarca ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pentoperna ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pichleria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Sowteria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	466 Ma Middle Ordovician	466 Ma Middle Ordovician
Spinearca genus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Stenzelia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Taeniarca genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Thorslundia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	453 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	453 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Torinosulcatella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Vasconella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Verilarca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Vetoarca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Vigorniella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Warburgia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	453 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	453 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1871	Arcoida Stoliczka
1906	Cucullaea scrivenori Newton p. 489 figs. Pl 25, fig 13
1965	Arcoida Newell p. 17
1980	Arcoida Vokes p. 10
1983	Arcoida Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 88
1984	Arcoida Squires p. 41
1987	Arcoida Squires p. 55
1987	Arcoida Ward and Blackwelder p. 129
1988	Arcoida Squires p. 17
1990	Arcoida Beu et al. p. 393
1992	Arcoida Ward p. 53
1997	Arcoida Cope p. 739
1999	Arcoida Squires p. 23
2000	Arcoida Coan et al. pp. 125, 126

Year	Name and Author
2001	Arcoida Todd
2002	Arcoida Giribet and Wheeler
2002	Arcoida Sepkoski, Jr.
2004	Arcoida Spencer et al.
2004	Arcoida Stilwell et al. p. 20
2006	Arcoida Anelli et al. p. 1127
2006	Arcoida Bieler and Mikkelsen p. 230
2006	Arcoida Rosenberg et al.
2008	Arcoida Mikkelsen and Bieler p. 19
2008	Arcoida Scholz et al.
2009	Arcoida Nevesskaja
2010	Arcida Bouchet et al.
2011	Arcida Carter et al. p. 7

References

Carter J. G., Altaba C. R., et al (2011) A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Paleontological Contributions 4, 1-47

Newton R. B. (1906) Notice of some fossils from Singapore discovered by John B. Scrivenor, FGS, geologist to the Federated Malay States, Geological Magazine, New Series, Decade V 3, 487-496

Newell N. D. (1965) Classification of the Bivalvia, American Museum Novitates 2206, 1-25

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Gliozzi E., Malatesta A. (1983) I molluschi del Paleocene di Baixa Chinhauanine nel bacino del Rio Massintonto (Maputo - Mozambico), Geologica Romana 22, 85-145

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Ward L. W., Blackwelder B.W. (1987) Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at Lee Creek Mine, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 61, 113-283

Squires R. L. (1988) Eocene Macropaleontology of Northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, California, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 398, 1-23

Beu A. G., Maxwell P.A., et al (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 58

Ward L. W. (1992) Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Miocene Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America, Virginia Museum of Natural History 2

Cope J. C. W. (1997) The early phylogeny of the Class Bivalvia, Palaeontology 40 3, 713-746

Coan E. V., Scott P. V., et al (2000) Bivalve seashells of western North America, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural history Monographs 2, 1-764

Todd J. A. (2001) Systematic list of bivalves in the Panama Paleontology Project collections, [http://eusmilia.geology.uiowa.edu/database/bivalves/systemat/bivaltax.htm#list]

Giribet G., Wheeler W. (2002) On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data, Invertebrate Biology 121 4, 271-324

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Spencer H. G., Willan R. C., et al (2004) Checklist of the Recent Mollusca described from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone, [http://www.molluscs.otago.ac.nz/index.html]

Stilwell J. D., Zinsmeister W. J., et al (2004) Early Paleocene Mollusks of Antarctica: Systematics, Paleoecology and Paleobiogeographic Significance, Bulletins of American Paleontology 367

Anelli L. E., Rocha-Campos A. C., et al (2006) Pennsylvannian pteriomorphian bivalves from the Piauí Formation, Parnaíba Basin, Brazil, Journal of Paleontology 80 6, 1135-1141

Bieler R., Mikkelsen P. M. (2006) Bivalvia - a look at the branches, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148, 223-235

Rosenberg G., Ponder W., et al (2006) A Biotic Database of Indo-Pacific Marine Mollusks doi:http://data.acnatsci.org/obis

Mikkelsen P. M., Bieler R. (2008) , Seashells of Southern Florida. Living marine mollusks of the Florida Keys and regions, 1-503

Scholz A., Aberhan M., et al (2008) Early Jurassic bivalves of the Antimonio terrane (Sonora, NW Mexico): Taxonomy, biogeography, and paleogeographic implications, Geological Society of America Special Paper 442, 269-312

Nevesskaja L. A. (2009) Principles of Systematics and the System of Bivalves, Paleontological Journal 43 1, 1-11 doi:10.1134/S0031030109010018

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Bieler, R.; Mikkelsen, P. M.; Collins, T. M.; Glover, E. A.; González, V. L.; Graf, D. L.; Harper, E. M.; Healy, J.; Kawauchi, G. Y.; Sharma, P. P.; Staubach, S.; Strong, E. E.; Taylor, J. D.; Tëmkin, I.; Zardus, J. D.; Clark, S.; Guzmán, A.; McIntyre, E.; Sharp, P.; Giribet, G. (2014). Investigating the Bivalve Tree of Life – an exemplar-based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters. Invertebrate Systematics. 28(1): 32-115. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Bieler R., Carter J.G. & Coan E.V. (2010). Classification of Bivalve families. Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010), Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia 52(2): 1-184. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Combosch D.J. & Giribet G. (2016). Clarifying phylogenetic relationships and the evolutionary history of the bivalve order Arcida (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94: 298-312. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Lemer S., González V.L., Bieler, R. Giribet, G. (2016). Cementing mussels to oysters in the pteriomorphian tree: a phylogenomic approach. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences). 283: 20160857. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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