Running DNS queries
This is one of the things that's clearly spelled out on the Examples page. Here's how to run a DNS query to get the mail servers (MX records) for dnspython.org:
import dns.resolver
answers = dns.resolver.query('dnspython.org', 'MX')
for rdata in answers:
print 'Host', rdata.exchange, 'has preference', rdata.preferenceReading a DNS zone from a file
In dnspython, a DNS zone is available as a Zone object. Assume you have the following DNS zone file called db.example.com:
$TTL 36000
example.com. IN SOA ns1.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. (
2005081201 ; serial
28800 ; refresh (8 hours)
1800 ; retry (30 mins)
2592000 ; expire (30 days)
86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)
example.com. 86400 NS ns1.example.com.
example.com. 86400 NS ns2.example.com.
example.com. 86400 MX 10 mail.example.com.
example.com. 86400 MX 20 mail2.example.com.
example.com. 86400 A 192.168.10.10
ns1.example.com. 86400 A 192.168.1.10
ns2.example.com. 86400 A 192.168.1.20
mail.example.com. 86400 A 192.168.2.10
mail2.example.com. 86400 A 192.168.2.20
www2.example.com. 86400 A 192.168.10.20
www.example.com. 86400 CNAME example.com.
ftp.example.com. 86400 CNAME example.com.
webmail.example.com. 86400 CNAME example.com.
To have dnspython read this file into a Zone object, you can use this code:
import dns.zone
from dns.exception import DNSException
domain = "example.com"
print "Getting zone object for domain", domain
zone_file = "db.%s" % domain
try:
zone = dns.zone.from_file(zone_file, domain)
print "Zone origin:", zone.origin
except DNSException, e:
print e.__class__, e
A name corresponds to a node, and a node contains a collection of record dataset, or rdatasets. A record dataset contains all the records of a given type. In our example, the '@' node corresponding to the zone origin contains 4 rdatasets, one for each record type that we have: SOA, NS, MX and A. The NS rdataset contains a set of rdatas, which are the individual records of type NS. The rdata class has subclasses for all the possible record types, and each subclass contains information specific to that record type.
Enough talking, here is some code that will hopefully make the previous discussion a bit clearer:
import dns.zone
from dns.exception import DNSException
from dns.rdataclass import *
from dns.rdatatype import *
domain = "example.com"
print "Getting zone object for domain", domain
zone_file = "db.%s" % domain
try:
zone = dns.zone.from_file(zone_file, domain)
print "Zone origin:", zone.origin
for name, node in zone.nodes.items():
rdatasets = node.rdatasets
print "\n**** BEGIN NODE ****"
print "node name:", name
for rdataset in rdatasets:
print "--- BEGIN RDATASET ---"
print "rdataset string representation:", rdataset
print "rdataset rdclass:", rdataset.rdclass
print "rdataset rdtype:", rdataset.rdtype
print "rdataset ttl:", rdataset.ttl
print "rdataset has following rdata:"
for rdata in rdataset:
print "-- BEGIN RDATA --"
print "rdata string representation:", rdata
if rdataset.rdtype == SOA:
print "** SOA-specific rdata **"
print "expire:", rdata.expire
print "minimum:", rdata.minimum
print "mname:", rdata.mname
print "refresh:", rdata.refresh
print "retry:", rdata.retry
print "rname:", rdata.rname
print "serial:", rdata.serial
if rdataset.rdtype == MX:
print "** MX-specific rdata **"
print "exchange:", rdata.exchange
print "preference:", rdata.preference
if rdataset.rdtype == NS:
print "** NS-specific rdata **"
print "target:", rdata.target
if rdataset.rdtype == CNAME:
print "** CNAME-specific rdata **"
print "target:", rdata.target
if rdataset.rdtype == A:
print "** A-specific rdata **"
print "address:", rdata.address
except DNSException, e:
print e.__class__, e
When run against db.example.com, the code above produces this output.
Modifying a DNS zone file
Let's see how to add, delete and change records in our example.com zone file. dnspython offers several different ways to get to a record if you know its name or its type.
Here's how to modify the SOA record and increase its serial number, a very common operation for anybody who maintains DNS zones. I use the iterate_rdatas method of the Zone class, which is handy in this case, since we know that the rdataset actually contains one rdata of type SOA:
for (name, ttl, rdata) in zone.iterate_rdatas(SOA):
serial = rdata.serial
new_serial = serial + 1
print "Changing SOA serial from %d to %d" %(serial, new_serial)
rdata.serial = new_serial
Here's how to delete a record by its name. I use the delete_node method of the Zone class:
node_delete = "www2"
print "Deleting node", node_delete
zone.delete_node(node_delete)
A_change = "mail"
new_IP = "192.168.2.100"
print "Changing A record for", A_change, "to", new_IP
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(A_change, rdtype=A)
for rdata in rdataset:
rdata.address = new_IP
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset("@", rdtype=NS)
new_ttl = rdataset.ttl / 2
print "Changing TTL for NS records to", new_ttl
rdataset.ttl = new_ttl
Here's how to add records to the zone file. The find_rdataset method can be used in this case too, with the create parameter set to True, in which case it creates a new rdataset if it doesn't already exist. Individual rdata objects are then created by instantiating their corresponding classes with the correct parameters -- such as rdata = dns.rdtypes.IN.A.A(IN, A, address="192.168.10.30").
I show here how to add records of type A, CNAME, NS and MX:
A_add = "www3"
print "Adding record of type A:", A_add
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(A_add, rdtype=A, create=True)
rdata = dns.rdtypes.IN.A.A(IN, A, address="192.168.10.30")
rdataset.add(rdata, ttl=86400)
CNAME_add = "www3_alias"
target = dns.name.Name(("www3",))
print "Adding record of type CNAME:", CNAME_add
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(CNAME_add, rdtype=CNAME, create=True)
rdata = dns.rdtypes.ANY.CNAME.CNAME(IN, CNAME, target)
rdataset.add(rdata, ttl=86400)
A_add = "ns3"
print "Adding record of type A:", A_add
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(A_add, rdtype=A, create=True)
rdata = dns.rdtypes.IN.A.A(IN, A, address="192.168.1.30")
rdataset.add(rdata, ttl=86400)
NS_add = "@"
target = dns.name.Name(("ns3",))
print "Adding record of type NS:", NS_add
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(NS_add, rdtype=NS, create=True)
rdata = dns.rdtypes.ANY.NS.NS(IN, NS, target)
rdataset.add(rdata, ttl=86400)
A_add = "mail3"
print "Adding record of type A:", A_add
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(A_add, rdtype=A, create=True)
rdata = dns.rdtypes.IN.A.A(IN, A, address="192.168.2.30")
rdataset.add(rdata, ttl=86400)
MX_add = "@"
exchange = dns.name.Name(("mail3",))
preference = 30
print "Adding record of type MX:", MX_add
rdataset = zone.find_rdataset(MX_add, rdtype=MX, create=True)
rdata = dns.rdtypes.ANY.MX.MX(IN, MX, preference, exchange)
rdataset.add(rdata, ttl=86400)
Finally, after modifying the zone file via the zone object, it's time to write it back to disk. This is easily accomplished with dnspython via the to_file method. I chose to write the modified zone to a new file, so that I have my original zone available for other tests:
new_zone_file = "new.db.%s" % domain
print "Writing modified zone to file %s" % new_zone_file
zone.to_file(new_zone_file)
The new zone file looks something like this (note that all names have been relativized from the origin):
@ 36000 IN SOA ns1 hostmaster 2005081202 28800 1800 2592000 86400
@ 43200 IN NS ns1
@ 43200 IN NS ns2
@ 43200 IN NS ns3
@ 86400 IN MX 10 mail
@ 86400 IN MX 20 mail2
@ 86400 IN MX 30 mail3
@ 86400 IN A 192.168.10.10
ftp 86400 IN CNAME @
mail 86400 IN A 192.168.2.100
mail2 86400 IN A 192.168.2.20
mail3 86400 IN A 192.168.2.30
ns1 86400 IN A 192.168.1.10
ns2 86400 IN A 192.168.1.20
ns3 86400 IN A 192.168.1.30
webmail 86400 IN CNAME @
www 86400 IN CNAME @
www3 86400 IN A 192.168.10.30
www3_alias 86400 IN CNAME www3
Although it looks much different from the original db.example.com file, this file is also a valid DNS zone -- I tested it by having my DNS server load it.
Obtaining a DNS zone via a zone transfer
This is also easily done in dnspython via the from_xfr function of the zone module. Here's how to do a zone transfer for dnspython.org, trying all the name servers for that domain one by one:
import dns.resolver
import dns.query
import dns.zone
from dns.exception import DNSException
from dns.rdataclass import *
from dns.rdatatype import *
domain = "dnspython.org"
print "Getting NS records for", domain
answers = dns.resolver.query(domain, 'NS')
ns = []
for rdata in answers:
n = str(rdata)
print "Found name server:", n
ns.append(n)
for n in ns:
print "\nTrying a zone transfer for %s from name server %s" % (domain, n)
try:
zone = dns.zone.from_xfr(dns.query.xfr(n, domain))
except DNSException, e:
print e.__class__, e
Once we obtain the zone object, we can then manipulate it in exactly the same way as when we obtained it from a file.
Various ways to iterate through DNS records
Here are some other snippets of code that show how to iterate through records of different types assuming we retrieved a zone object from a file or via a zone transfer:
print "\nALL 'IN' RECORDS EXCEPT 'SOA' and 'TXT':"
for name, node in zone.nodes.items():
rdatasets = node.rdatasets
for rdataset in rdatasets:
if rdataset.rdclass != IN or rdataset.rdtype in [SOA, TXT]:
continue
print name, rdataset
print "\nGET_RDATASET('A'):"
for name, node in zone.nodes.items():
rdataset = node.get_rdataset(rdclass=IN, rdtype=A)
if not rdataset:
continue
for rdataset in rdataset:
print name, rdataset
print "\nITERATE_RDATAS('A'):"
for (name, ttl, rdata) in zone.iterate_rdatas('A'):
print name, ttl, rdata
print "\nITERATE_RDATAS('MX'):"
for (name, ttl, rdata) in zone.iterate_rdatas('MX'):
print name, ttl, rdata
print "\nITERATE_RDATAS('CNAME'):"
for (name, ttl, rdata) in zone.iterate_rdatas('CNAME'):
print name, ttl, rdata
in 2002. Wins are pictured with blue bars and losses with red bars. Note how easy it is to see the streaks for wins and losses.
season was their last with Shaq, when they reached the NBA finals and lost to Detroit (note the last 3 losses which sealed their fate in the finals).
2005 performance, with only 2 wins in the last 21 games. Also note how the width of the last graphic is less than the previous 2, a consequence of the Lakers not making the playoffs this year.
to 1992 (456 sample data points obtained from NIST). The sparkline is plotted with a horizontal span drawn along the x axis covering data values between -1 and 0, so that values less than -1 can be more clearly seen.
to 2003.
to 2003.
to 2004, the only exception being 2004, when there were fewer message than in 2002 and 2003.
