Dr Scott Grierson

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the thermochemical conversion properties of freshwater and marine algae as well as micro- and macro- algae, on the production of biogas, bio-oils and biochar. The pyrolysis process of all samples involved three main stages consisting of the evaporation of bound water, primary pyrolysis reactions, and the slow decomposition of the remaining carbonaceous matter. There were no obvious differences in the thermal behaviour between freshwater… Show more

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the thermochemical conversion properties of freshwater and marine algae as well as micro- and macro- algae, on the production of biogas, bio-oils and biochar. The pyrolysis process of all samples involved three main stages consisting of the evaporation of bound water, primary pyrolysis reactions, and the slow decomposition of the remaining carbonaceous matter. There were no obvious differences in the thermal behaviour between freshwater micro- and macro- algae, with similar thermo-gravimetric and apparent specific-heat profiles. However, the marine alga exhibited significantly different thermal behaviour to the freshwater algae. The marine alga showed a very significant endothermic reaction of bound water releasing and a dramatic high temperature endothermic reaction, which were not observed in any of the freshwater algae. The evolution of primary volatiles showed CO2 and CO as the dominant volatiles for all species of algae. At the heating rate of 60 oC/min, the maximum liquid yield for the pyrolysis of the marine U. ohnoi was 55 wt.%, while the range of 70–75 wt.% could be achieved for the pyrolysis of the three species of freshwater algae. The bio-oils collected after heating of the samples to 500oC under slow and fast heating rates indicated that alcohols (including phenols) and carboxylic acids were the dominant components in the bio-oils produced from the three species of freshwater algae while nitrogen-containing organics and phenols were overwhelming in the oil from the marine alga. The bio-oils produced at two heating rates presented only minor differences in the bio-oil composition and compound contents. Show less

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of a microalgae biomass cultivation, bio-oil extraction and pyrolysis processing regime is a useful means to gauge the likely environmental impact of this prospective new development on an industrial scale. Coupled to thermal conversion via slow pyrolysis, the prospect of biologically ‘sequestering’ carbon derived from microalgae biomass as biochar, added to soil, is considered. However, an intensive closed culturing photobioreactor system coupled to a pyrolysis… Show more

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of a microalgae biomass cultivation, bio-oil extraction and pyrolysis processing regime is a useful means to gauge the likely environmental impact of this prospective new development on an industrial scale. Coupled to thermal conversion via slow pyrolysis, the prospect of biologically ‘sequestering’ carbon derived from microalgae biomass as biochar, added to soil, is considered. However, an intensive closed culturing photobioreactor system coupled to a pyrolysis process incurs a net increase in global warming and overall life cycle impact, notwithstanding biochar application to soil. Results indicate that up to 50% of environmental impact in certain categories stems from the upstream influence of fertiliser production. Energy used in flue gas delivery and pumping during cultivation is also considerable, suggesting that current practice in closed cultivation systems does not yet adequately trade-off biomass productivity against operating intensity. Drying of the harvested microalgae biomass for pyrolysis processing is potentially a major hurdle in terms of process viability also. Overall, utilisation of nutrients derived from waste streams, integrating renewable energy and capture of process heat for more efficient drying are essential levers for reducing the environmental impact of this proposition. Show less

With the growing tension between freshwater resources and arable land, the implications of microalgae for future food production, CO2 sequestration and biofuel supply are increasingly compelling [1,2]. As microalgae harvesting could potentially use up to 84.9% of the total energy consumed over the product life cycle, this process has become a major bottleneck hindering the development of the industry [3]. There are a multitude of techniques used for microalgae dewatering, with some quite rapid… Show more

With the growing tension between freshwater resources and arable land, the implications of microalgae for future food production, CO2 sequestration and biofuel supply are increasingly compelling [1,2]. As microalgae harvesting could potentially use up to 84.9% of the total energy consumed over the product life cycle, this process has become a major bottleneck hindering the development of the industry [3]. There are a multitude of techniques used for microalgae dewatering, with some quite rapid and energy intensive, whereas others are more passive and use less energy input but are often more time consuming [4]. As such, there is an urgent need to develop new harvesting techniques that are fast, reliable, low cost, energy efficient and environmentally friendly. Zooplankton, a common unwelcomed, con- taminant featuring in cultivation systems, may represent a new option for microalgae harvesting. Show less

Innovation towards a scalable and viable microalgae industry for renewable and sustainable bioenergy is greatly assisted by the application of life cycle assessment as a benchmarking tool to guide the process. This work examines existing studies in the field that have attempted to assess either the environmental impact and/or commercial viability of the microalgae value chain. Existing literature tends to omit established conventions of life cycle assessment practice, and/or lacks a common… Show more

Innovation towards a scalable and viable microalgae industry for renewable and sustainable bioenergy is greatly assisted by the application of life cycle assessment as a benchmarking tool to guide the process. This work examines existing studies in the field that have attempted to assess either the environmental impact and/or commercial viability of the microalgae value chain. Existing literature tends to omit established conventions of life cycle assessment practice, and/or lacks a common approach to boundary definition, functional units and impact assessment that would enable more effective comparison of options. A move towards a ‘level playing field’ methodology would enable strategic prioritization of research efforts to emerge that could lead to more rapid development of preferred products, cultivation and harvesting technologies, and downstream processing pathways. Show less

Microalgae have significant capacity to fix CO2 and to become a major industrial biomass resource. Examining ways to innovate the microalgae cultivation and processing value chain includes a focus on the most efficient and economical means to produce a liquid oil fraction from the microalgae species. This work compares the use of organic solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), and pyrolysis to assess their relative capacity to derive oil from the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chui. The… Show more

Microalgae have significant capacity to fix CO2 and to become a major industrial biomass resource. Examining ways to innovate the microalgae cultivation and processing value chain includes a focus on the most efficient and economical means to produce a liquid oil fraction from the microalgae species. This work compares the use of organic solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), and pyrolysis to assess their relative capacity to derive oil from the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chui. The SC-CO2 technique was shown to be the least effective in natural oil extraction from T. chui. The results reveal that pure solvent extraction produces the most complete extraction of natural oil at just under 15% by weight. Subsequent pyrolysis of the post-solvent extraction residue and examination of the byproduct suggest that extraction of natural lipids prior to thermal processing increases the total quantity of bio-oil yield production by more than 11%. Show less

Pyrolysis of biomass is a means to industrially manufacture renewable oil and gas, in addition to biochar for soil amendment and long-term carbon fixation. In this work, oil and char derived from the slow pyro- lysis of the unicellular marine diatom Tetraselmis chui are analysed using a variety of techniques. The pyrolytic oil fraction exhibits a wide variety of fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, amides, aldehydes, terpenes, pyrrolidinines, phytol and phenols, with a high heating value (HHV) of 28… Show more

Pyrolysis of biomass is a means to industrially manufacture renewable oil and gas, in addition to biochar for soil amendment and long-term carbon fixation. In this work, oil and char derived from the slow pyro- lysis of the unicellular marine diatom Tetraselmis chui are analysed using a variety of techniques. The pyrolytic oil fraction exhibits a wide variety of fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, amides, aldehydes, terpenes, pyrrolidinines, phytol and phenols, with a high heating value (HHV) of 28 MJ/kg. The biochar produced has a HHV of 14.5 MJ/kg and reveals a number of properties that are potentially valuable from an agro- nomic point of view, including high cation exchange capacity (CEC), large concentration of N, and a low C:N ratio. The quantity of C in T. chui biochar that can be expected to stabilise in soil amounts to approx- imately 9%/wt of the original feedstock, leading to a potential net reduction in atmospheric CO2. Show less

Climate change has emerged in recent years as the defining social, economic, environmental and, arguably, moral issue of our time. A CSIRO report in 2007 stated that this is likely to manifest itself in legal claims associated with asset classes such as property and infrastructure in that “climate change presents a number of risks that courts would consider to be reasonably foreseeable”.

As emerging scientific research paints an increasingly grim picture for the future, businesses and… Show more

Climate change has emerged in recent years as the defining social, economic, environmental and, arguably, moral issue of our time. A CSIRO report in 2007 stated that this is likely to manifest itself in legal claims associated with asset classes such as property and infrastructure in that “climate change presents a number of risks that courts would consider to be reasonably foreseeable”.

As emerging scientific research paints an increasingly grim picture for the future, businesses and communities around the world are being forced to accept that, from a risk management perspective, the threat posed by anthropogenic climate change is very real and this demands a proportionate response. Show less

Aquatic microalgae have high potential for production of bio-chemicals, liquid transport fuels and charcoal. Their main advantage over existing energy crops is that they have faster growth rates and do not compete with food production. In this study six species of microalgae (Tetraselmis chui, Chlorella like, Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetocerous muelleri, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Synechococcus) were selected, presenting a broad cross-section of physical characteristics and known behaviour under… Show more

Aquatic microalgae have high potential for production of bio-chemicals, liquid transport fuels and charcoal. Their main advantage over existing energy crops is that they have faster growth rates and do not compete with food production. In this study six species of microalgae (Tetraselmis chui, Chlorella like, Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetocerous muelleri, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Synechococcus) were selected, presenting a broad cross-section of physical characteristics and known behaviour under cultivation. The objective of this work was to ascertain differences in thermal conversion behaviour between the microalgae species under slow pyrolysis conditions.

The samples were first analysed with a Computer Aided Thermal Analysis (CATA) technique at a standard heating rate of 10 8C/min. For all species, the energy required to achieve thermal conversion was found to be approximately 1 MJ/kg. Gas chromatography was then applied to measure the evolution of biogas compounds with temperature. The heat of combustion of the biogas compounds was estimated to vary significantly between species, ranging from 1.2 to 4.8 MJ/kg.

Pyrolysis oil product yields were also estimated at 500 8C. The oils produced at this temperature were collected and their molecular weight distribution assessed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionisation (MALDI). The species were found to produce up to 43% by volume of bio-oils. In all samples the char fraction remained above one third of total sample weight. Show less