常数和基本初等函数导数公式推导

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-16 17:02:36 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-08-16 17:02:36 发布

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文章标签：数学导数 x 函数

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/baishuiniyaonulia/article/details/78413067

本文提供了常数和基本初等函数的导数公式，并详细推导了多项式函数、三角函数、指数与对数函数以及反三角函数的导数公式。

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常数和基本初等函数导数公式：

1. $c' = 0$

2. $(x^n)' = nx^{n-1}$
(1). $(\sqrt x)' = \frac{1}{2\sqrt x}$
(2). $(\frac{1}{x})' = -\frac{1}{x^2}$

3. $(\sin x)' = \cos x$

4. $(\cos x)' = -\sin x$

5. $(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{x}$

6. $(\log_a x)' = \frac{\log_a e}{x}$

7. $(a^x)' = a^x\ln a$
(1). $(e^x)' = e^x$

8. $(\tan x)' = \sec ^2 x$

9. $(\cot x)' = -\csc^2 x$

10. $(\sec x)' = \sec x\tan x$

11. $(\csc x)' = -\csc x\cot x$

12. $(\arcsin x)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

13. $(\arccos x)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

14. $(\arctan x)' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

15. $(arccot x)' = -\frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

下面对导数公式进行推导：

$(x^n)' = nx^{n-1}$

由导数的定义：

lim Δ x \to 0 f ( x + Δ x ) - f ( x ) Δ x

$\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$
得：

(x n)' = lim Δ x \to 0 ( x + Δ x ) 0 0 n - x n Δ x

$(x^n)' = \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{(x + \Delta x)^00n - x^n}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 \sum n m = 1 C m n x m Δ x n - m - x n Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\sum_{m = 1}^nC_n^mx^m\Delta x^{n-m} - x^n}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 C 0 n x 0 Δ x n + C 1 n x 1 Δ x n - 1 + \dots \dots + C n - 1 n x n - 1 Δ x 1 + C n n x n Δ x 0 - x n Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{C_n^0x^0\Delta x^{n} + C_n^1x^1\Delta x^{n-1} + …… + C_n^{n-1}x^{n-1}\Delta x^{1} + C_n^{n}x^{n}\Delta x^{0} - x^n}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 C 0 n x 0 Δ x n + C 1 n x 1 Δ x n - 1 + \dots \dots + C n - 1 n x n - 1 Δ x 1 Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{C_n^0x^0\Delta x^{n} + C_n^1x^1\Delta x^{n-1} + …… + C_n^{n-1}x^{n-1}\Delta x^{1}}{\Delta x}$

= n x n - 1

$= nx^{n-1}$

$(\sin x)' = \cos x$

由导数的定义：

lim Δ x \to 0 f ( x + Δ x ) - f ( x ) Δ x

$\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$
得：

(sin x)' = lim Δ x \to 0 sin ( x + Δ x ) - sin x Δ x

$(\sin x)' =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\sin (x + \Delta x) - \sin x}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 2 cos x + Δ x + x 2 sin x + Δ x - x 2 Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{2\cos\frac{x + \Delta x + x}{2}\sin\frac{x + \Delta x - x}{2}}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 2 cos ( x + Δ x 2 ) sin Δ x 2 2 Δ x 2

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{2\cos (x + \frac{\Delta x}{2})\sin\frac{ \Delta x}{2}}{2\frac{\Delta x}{2}}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 cos (x + Δ x 2)

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\cos (x + \frac{\Delta x}{2})$

= cos x

$= \cos x$

$(\cos x)' = -\sin x$

由导数的定义：

lim Δ x \to 0 f ( x + Δ x ) - f ( x ) Δ x

$\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$
得：

(cos x)' = lim Δ x \to 0 cos ( x + Δ x ) - cos x Δ x

$(\cos x)' =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\cos (x + \Delta x) - \cos x}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 - 2 sin x + Δ x + x 2 sin x + Δ x - x 2 Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{-2\sin\frac{x + \Delta x + x}{2}\sin\frac{x + \Delta x - x}{2}}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 - 2 sin ( x + Δ x 2 ) sin Δ x 2 2 Δ x 2

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{-2\sin (x + \frac{\Delta x}{2})\sin\frac{ \Delta x}{2}}{2\frac{\Delta x}{2}}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 - sin (x + Δ x 2)

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}-\sin (x + \frac{\Delta x}{2})$

= - sin x

$= -\sin x$

$(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{x}$

由导数的定义：

lim Δ x \to 0 f ( x + Δ x ) - f ( x ) Δ x

$\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$
得：

(ln x)' = lim Δ x \to 0 ln ( x + Δ x ) - ln x Δ x

$(\ln x)' =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\ln (x + \Delta x) - \ln x}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 ln ( x + Δ x x ) Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\ln(\frac{x + \Delta x}{x})}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 ln ( 1 + Δ x x ) Δ x x x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\ln(1 + \frac{\Delta x}{x})}{\frac{\Delta x}{x}x}$

= 1 x

$= \frac{1}{x}$

$(\log_a x)' = \frac{\log_a e}{x}$

由导数的定义：

lim Δ x \to 0 f ( x + Δ x ) - f ( x ) Δ x

$\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$
得：

(log a x)' = lim Δ x \to 0 log a ( x + Δ x ) - log a x Δ x

$(\log_a x)' =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\log_a (x + \Delta x) - \log_a x}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 log a ( 1 + Δ x x ) Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\log_a(1 + \frac{\Delta x}{x})}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 log a ( 1 + 1 x Δ x ) x Δ x Δ x x Δ x

$=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\log_a (1 + \frac{1}{\frac{x}{\Delta x}})^{\frac{x}{\Delta x}\frac{\Delta x}{x}}}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 log a e Δ x x Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\log_a e^{\frac{\Delta x}{x}}}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 Δ x x log a e Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\frac{\Delta x}{x}\log_a e}{\Delta x}$

= log a e x

$= \frac{\log_a e}{x}$

$(a^x)' = a^x\ln a$

由导数的定义：

lim Δ x \to 0 f ( x + Δ x ) - f ( x ) Δ x

$\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}$
得：

(a x)' = lim Δ x \to 0 a x + Δ x - a x Δ x

$(a^x)' =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{a^{x + \Delta x} - a^x}{\Delta x}$

= lim Δ x \to 0 a x ( a Δ x - 1 ) Δ x

$= \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{a^x(a^{\Delta x} - 1)}{\Delta x}$

= a x lim Δ x \to 0 Δ x ln a Δ x

$= a^x\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\Delta x\ln a}{\Delta x}$

= a x ln a

$= a^x \ln a$

$(\tan x)' = \sec ^2 x$

(tan x)' = (sin x cos x)'

$(\tan x)' = (\frac{\sin x}{\cos x})'$

= ( sin x ) ' cos x - sin x ( cos x ) ' cos 2 x

$= \frac{(\sin x)'\cos x - \sin x(\cos x)'}{\cos^2 x}$

= cos 2 x + sin 2 x cos 2 x

$= \frac{\cos^2 x + \sin^2 x}{\cos^2 x}$

= sec 2 x

$= \sec^2 x$

$(\cot x)' = -\csc^2 x$

(cot x)' = (1 tan x)'

$(\cot x)' = (\frac{1}{\tan x})'$

= (cos x sin x)'

$= (\frac{\cos x}{\sin x})'$

= ( cos x ) ' sin x - cos x ( sin x ) ' sin 2 x

$= \frac{(\cos x)'\sin x - \cos x(\sin x)'}{\sin^2 x}$

= - csc 2 x

$= -\csc^2 x$

$(\sec x)' = \sec x\tan x$

(sec x)' = (1 cos x)'

$(\sec x)' = (\frac{1}{\cos x})'$

= 1 ' cos x - 1 ( cos x ) ' cos 2 x

$= \frac{1'\cos x - 1(\cos x)'}{\cos^2 x}$

= sin x cos 2 x

$= \frac{\sin x}{\cos^2 x}$

= sec x tan x

$= \sec x \tan x$

$(\csc x)' = -\csc x\cot x$

(csc x)' = (1 sin x)'

$(\csc x)' = (\frac{1}{\sin x})'$

= 1 ' sin x - 1 ( sin x ) ' sin 2 x

$= \frac{1'\sin x - 1(\sin x)'}{\sin^2 x}$

= - cos x sin 2 x

$= -\frac{\cos x}{\sin^2 x}$

= - csc x cot x

$= -\csc x\cot x$

$(\arcsin x)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

设 y = arcsin x ， 则 x = sin y

$设 y = \arcsin x，则x = \sin y$

(arcsin x)' = (1 sin y)'

$(\arcsin x)' = (\frac{1}{\sin y})'$

= 1 cos y

$= \frac{1}{\cos y}$

= 1 1 - sin 2 y - - - - - - - - \sqrt

$= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \sin^2 y}}$

= 1 1 - x 2 - - - - - \sqrt

$= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

$(\arccos x)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

设 y = arccos x ， 则 x = cos y

$设 y = \arccos x，则x = \cos y$

(arccos x)' = (1 cos y)'

$(\arccos x)' = (\frac{1}{\cos y})'$

= - 1 sin y

$= -\frac{1}{\sin y}$

= - 1 1 - cos 2 y - - - - - - - - \sqrt

$= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2 y}}$

= - 1 1 - x 2 - - - - - \sqrt

$= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

$(\arctan x)' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

设 y = arctan x ， 则 x = tan y

$设 y = \arctan x，则x = \tan y$

(arctan x)' = (1 tan y)'

$(\arctan x)' = (\frac{1}{\tan y})'$

= 1 sec 2 y

$= \frac{1}{\sec^2 y}$

= 1 1 + tan 2 y

$= \frac{1}{1 + \tan^2 y}$

= 1 1 + x 2

$= \frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

$(arccot x)' = -\frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

设 y = a r c c o t x ， 则 x = cot y

$设 y = arccot x，则x = \cot y$

(a r c c o t x)' = (1 cot y)'

$(arccot x)' = (\frac{1}{\cot y})'$

= - 1 csc 2 y

$= -\frac{1}{\csc^2 y}$

= - 1 1 + cot 2 y

$= -\frac{1}{1 + \cot^2 y}$

= - 1 1 + x 2

$= -\frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

常数和基本初等函数导数公式推导

(xn)′=nxn−1(x^n)' = nx^{n-1}

(sinx)′=cosx(\sin x)' = \cos x

(cosx)′=−sinx(\cos x)' = -\sin x

(lnx)′=1x(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{x}

(logax)′=logaex(\log_a x)' = \frac{\log_a e}{x}

(ax)′=axlna(a^x)' = a^x\ln a

(tanx)′=sec2x(\tan x)' = \sec ^2 x

(cotx)′=−csc2x(\cot x)' = -\csc^2 x

(secx)′=secxtanx(\sec x)' = \sec x\tan x

(cscx)′=−cscxcotx(\csc x)' = -\csc x\cot x

(arcsinx)′=11−x2√(\arcsin x)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}

(arccosx)′=−11−x2√(\arccos x)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}

(arctanx)′=11+x2(\arctan x)' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2}

(arccotx)′=−11+x2(arccot x)' = -\frac{1}{1 + x^2}

$(x^n)' = nx^{n-1}$

$(\sin x)' = \cos x$

$(\cos x)' = -\sin x$

$(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{x}$

$(\log_a x)' = \frac{\log_a e}{x}$

$(a^x)' = a^x\ln a$

$(\tan x)' = \sec ^2 x$

$(\cot x)' = -\csc^2 x$

$(\sec x)' = \sec x\tan x$

$(\csc x)' = -\csc x\cot x$

$(\arcsin x)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

$(\arccos x)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}$

$(\arctan x)' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2}$

$(arccot x)' = -\frac{1}{1 + x^2}$