From: "royaltm (Rafał Michalski)" Date: 2012-08-14T02:58:16+09:00 Subject: [ruby-core:47155] [ruby-trunk - Feature #6857] bigdecimal/math BigMath.E/BigMath.exp R. P. Feynman inspired optimization Issue #6857 has been updated by royaltm (Rafa�� Michalski). Having fast exp() allows us to speed up BigMath.log(). Especially for calculations with large precision. The area hyperbolic tangent power series performs better when the domain (x) of the function is closer to 1. Additionally for x > 10 there is a significant linear performance degradation proportional to x. So the first thing would be to narrow "no decimal shift" domain limitation to just 0.1 <= x <= 10. The current implementation of BigMath.log uses range: 0.1 <= x < 100. But this is just a prerequisite. The real performance boost we gain from the following rule: Let's suppose y ~ log(x) where y is calculated with much lesser precision than we actually need. We may find then such an A: A = x / exp(y) which is very close to 1. Now we can use it to calculate logarithm with the accurate precision from: log(x) = y + log(a) The implementation: def log(x, prec) raise ArgumentError, "Zero or negative precision for log" if prec <= 0 raise ArgumentError, "Zero or negative argument for log" if x.round(prec) <= 0 return BigDecimal('0') if x.round(prec) == BigDecimal('1') return BigDecimal::INFINITY if x.infinite? n = prec + BigDecimal.double_fig shift = x.exponent ten = BigDecimal('10') if shift < 0 || x > 10 x = x.mult(BigDecimal("1E#{-shift}"), n) else shift = 0 end if prec < 26 # 26 was chosen based on experiments y = BigMath.log(x, prec) else y = log(x, Math.exp(Math.log(prec)/2).round) a = x.div(exp(y, n), n) y += BigMath.log(a, prec) end y += log(ten, prec).mult(shift, n) unless shift.zero? y end Get ready for some benchmarks: require 'benchmark' require 'bigdecimal/util' def testlog(p, range=100.0, iter=100, count=1000) Benchmark.bm(20, 'ext', 'new') do |b| count.times.map { rand*range }.inject([0,0]) do |(tt1,tt2), n| nbig = n.to_d a1 = a2 = nil GC.disable t1 = b.report("#{n} ext") { iter.times { a1 = BigMath.log(nbig, p) } } t2 = b.report("#{n} new") { iter.times { a2 = log(nbig, p) } } GC.enable unless a1.round(p - a1.exponent) == a2.round(p - a2.exponent) raise "bad #{a1.round(p - a1.exponent)} <> #{a2.round(p - a2.exponent)}" end [t1/count + tt1, t2/count + tt2] end end nil end To get the idea of speed up factor I'll present some summaries: testlog(9, 10.0) ext 0.026100 0.000000 0.026100 ( 0.025777) new 0.025600 0.000000 0.025600 ( 0.025944) we didn't optimize anything within the domain range of 0 < x < 10.0 and precision (< 26) so the new implementation performs similarly (it's slightly slower due to some overhead of wrapper code) testlog(9, 100.0) ext 0.236000 0.000000 0.236000 ( 0.235998) new 0.055900 0.000000 0.055900 ( 0.055529) just narrowing the domain range calculated wihtout decimal shift to 0.1 <= x <= 10 gives as a significant speed increase. Now let's try some serious BigDecimal precision: testlog(99, 10.0) ext 0.202900 0.000000 0.202900 ( 0.201852) new 0.075600 0.000000 0.075600 ( 0.076487) we can now see the effect of approximation algorithm let's increase the domain range: testlog(99, 100.0) ext 2.387300 0.004000 2.391300 ( 2.390849) new 0.158300 0.001700 0.160000 ( 0.160178) the combined effect of both approximation and domain decimal shift range limitation gives us more than 10 times performance boost (average) testlog(999, 10.0, 2) ext 1.470000 0.000000 1.470000 ( 1.469803) new 0.031300 0.000000 0.031300 ( 0.031546) Large mantissa tests: e = E(10000) l1 = timer{ BigMath.log(e, 10000) } # -> 318.629882 l2 = timer{ log(e, 10000) } # -> 1.524671 l1.round(10000) == l2.round(10000) => true l1.round(10000) == 1 => true pi = BigMath.PI(10000) l1 = timer{ BigMath.log(pi, 10000) } # -> 371.913958 l2 = timer{ log(pi,10000) } # -> 1.892104 l1.round(10000) == l2.round(10000) => true ---------------------------------------- Feature #6857: bigdecimal/math BigMath.E/BigMath.exp R. P. Feynman inspired optimization https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/6857#change-28836 Author: royaltm (Rafa�� Michalski) Status: Open Priority: Normal Assignee: mrkn (Kenta Murata) Category: Target version: The algorythms to calculate E and exp programmed in BigMath module are the very straightforward interpretation of the series 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + .... Therefore they are slow. Try it yourself: require 'bigdecimal/math' def timer; s=Time.now; yield; puts Time.now-s; end timer { BigMath.E(1000) } #-> 0.038848 timer { BigMath.E(10000) } #-> 16.526972 timer { BigMath.E(100000) } #-> lost patience That's because every iteration divides 1 by n! and the dividend grows extremely fast. In "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" (great book, you should read it if you didn't already) R. P. Feynman said: "One day at Princeton I was sitting in the lounge and overheard some mathematicians talking about the series for e^x, which is 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! Each term you get by multiplying the preceding term by x and dividing by the next number. For example, to get the next term after x^4/4! you multiply that term by x and divide by 5. It's very simple." Yes it's very simple indeed. Why it's not been applied in such a great, modern and popular language? Is it because people just forget about simple solutions today? Here is a Feynman's optimized version of BigMath.E: def E(prec) raise ArgumentError, "Zero or negative precision for E" if prec <= 0 n = prec + BigDecimal.double_fig y = d = i = one = BigDecimal('1') while d.nonzero? && (m = n - (y.exponent - d.exponent).abs) > 0 m = BigDecimal.double_fig if m < BigDecimal.double_fig d = d.div(i, m) i += one y += d end y end Now, let's put it to the test: (1..1000).all? {|n| BigMath.E(n).round(n) == E(n).round(n) } => true BigMath.E(10000).round(10000) == E(10000).round(10000) => true What about the speed then? timer { E(1_000) } #-> 0.003832 ~ 10 times faster timer { E(10_000) } #-> 0.139862 ~ 100 times faster timer { E(100_000) } #-> 8.787411 ~ dunno? timer { E(1_000_000) } #-> ~11 minutes The same simple rule might be applied to BigDecimal.exp() which originally uses the same straightforward interpretation of power series. Feynman's pure ruby version of BigMath.exp (the ext version seems now pointless anyway): def exp(x, prec) raise ArgumentError, "Zero or negative precision for exp" if prec <= 0 x = case x when Float BigDecimal(x, prec && prec <= Float::DIG ? prec : Float::DIG + 1) else BigDecimal(x, prec) end one = BigDecimal('1', prec) case x.sign when BigDecimal::SIGN_NaN return BigDecimal::NaN when BigDecimal::SIGN_POSITIVE_ZERO, BigDecimal::SIGN_NEGATIVE_ZERO return one when BigDecimal::SIGN_NEGATIVE_FINITE x = -x inv = true when BigDecimal::SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE return BigDecimal::INFINITY when BigDecimal::SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE return BigDecimal.new('0') end n = prec + BigDecimal.double_fig if x.round(prec) == one y = E(prec) else y = d = i = one while d.nonzero? && (m = n - (y.exponent - d.exponent).abs) > 0 m = BigDecimal.double_fig if m < BigDecimal.double_fig d = d.mult(x, m).div(i, m) i += one y += d end end y = one.div(y, n) if inv y.round(prec - y.exponent) end (1..1000).all? {|n| exp(E(n),n) == BigMath.exp(BigMath.E(n),n) } # => true (1..1000).all? {|n| exp(-E(n),n) == BigMath.exp(-BigMath.E(n),n) } # => true (-10000..10000).all? {|n| exp(BigDecimal(n)/1000,100) == BigMath.exp(BigDecimal(n)/1000,100) } # => true (1..1000).all? {|n| exp(BigMath.PI(n),n) == BigMath.exp(BigMath.PI(n),n) } # => true timer { BigMath.exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 100) } #-> 0.000496 timer { exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 100) } #-> 0.000406 faster but not that really timer { BigMath.exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 1_000) } #-> 0.029231 timer { exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 1_000) } #-> 0.004554 here we go... timer { BigMath.exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 10_000) } #-> 12.554197 timer { exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 10_000) } #-> 0.189462 oops :) timer { exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10), 100_000) } #-> 11.914613 who has the patience to compare? Arguments with large mantissa should slow down the results of course: timer { BigMath.exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 1_000), 1_000) } #-> 0.119048 timer { exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 1_000), 1_000) } #-> 0.066177 timer { BigMath.exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10_000), 10_000) } #-> 68.083222 timer { exp(BigDecimal('1').div(3, 10_000), 10_000) } #-> 29.439336 Though still two times faster than the ext version. It seems Dick Feynman was not such a joker after all. I think he was a master in treating lightly "serious" things and treating very seriously things that didn't matter to anybody else. I'd write a patch for ext version if you are with me. Just let me know. -- http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/