多继承出现的菱形继承问题

最新推荐文章于 2025-08-27 22:40:56 发布

原创最新推荐文章于 2025-08-27 22:40:56 发布 · 305 阅读

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#c++ #算法 #开发语言

问题：存在多继承特性的语言，在进行类的多继承时就会出现菱形继承的问题。

1、菱形继承案例：

例如下述CPP代码：

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class GrandParent_A { public: std::string a; GrandParent_A() { a = "GrandParent_A"; std::cout << "GrandParent_A Constructed" << std::endl; } //static void Print() //{ // std::cout << "is GrandParent_A Function" << std::endl; //} void Print() { std::cout << "is GrandParent_A Function" << std::endl; } virtual void PrintVirtual() { std::cout << "is GrandParent_A virtual Function" << std::endl; } virtual void PrintPureVirtual() = 0; }; class Parent_B :public GrandParent_A { public: std::string b; Parent_B() { b = "Parent_B"; std::cout << "Parent_B Constructed" << std::endl; } virtual void PrintVirtual() { std::cout << "is Parent_B virtual Function" << std::endl; } void PrintPureVirtual() override { std::cout << "is Parent_B Purevirtual Function" << std::endl; } }; class Parent_C :public GrandParent_A { public: std::string c; Parent_C() { c = "Parent_C"; std::cout << "Parent_C Constructed" << std::endl; } virtual void PrintVirtual() { std::cout << "is Parent_C virtual Function" << std::endl; } void PrintPureVirtual() override { std::cout << "is Parent_C Purevirtual Function" << std::endl; } }; class GrandSon_D :public Parent_B, public Parent_C { public: std::string d; GrandSon_D() { d = "GrandSon_D"; std::cout << "GrandSon_D Constructed" << std::endl; } //virtual void PrintVirtual() //{ // std::cout << "is GrandSon_D override Function" << std::endl; //} };

类Parent_B，类Parent_C 分别继承类GrandParent_A，然后GrandSon_D同时继承了Parent_B，Parent_C。这就形成了菱形继承，这时候发现GrandParent_A会进行两次构造将内容复制两份。

如下图，查看输出发现GrandParent_A进行了两次构造，

GrandParent_A进行了两次构造

再查看内存地址发现存在两个GrandParent_A字符串内容。

所以这是后想输出GrandParent_A的成员会出现 “不明确”警告。

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GrandSon_D d; //std::cout << d.a << std::endl; //"GrandSon Da”不明确 std::cout << d.Parent_B::a << std::endl; std::cout << d.Parent_C::a << std::endl; //d.Print(); //"GrandSonD::Print"不明确 d.Parent_C::Print(); d.Parent_B::Print(); //d.PrintVirtual(); //"GrandSonD::PrintVirtual不明确 d.Parent_C::PrintVirtual(); d.Parent_B::PrintVirtual(); //d.PrintPureVirtual(); //"GrandSonD:PrintPureVirtual"不明确 d.Parent_C::PrintPureVirtual(); d.Parent_B::PrintPureVirtual();

2、使用虚继承解决菱形继承问题：

对中间基类进行虚继承（继承时加上Virutal关键字），如下：

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#pragma region 虚继承 class Parent_VirtualB : virtual public GrandParent_A { public: std::string b; Parent_VirtualB() { b = "Parent_VirtualB"; std::cout << "Parent_VirtualB Constructed" << std::endl; } //virtual void PrintVirtual() //{ // std::cout << "is Parent_VirtualB virtual Function" << std::endl; //} void PrintPureVirtual() override { std::cout << "is Parent_VirtualB Purevirtual Function" << std::endl; } }; class Parent_VirutalC :virtual public GrandParent_A { public: std::string c; Parent_VirutalC() { c = "Parent_VirutalC"; std::cout << "Parent_VirutalC Constructed" << std::endl; } //virtual void PrintVirtual() //{ // std::cout << "is Parent_VirutalC virtual Function" << std::endl; //} void PrintPureVirtual() override { std::cout << "is Parent_VirutalC Purevirtual Function" << std::endl; } }; class GranSon_VirtualD :public Parent_VirtualB, public Parent_VirutalC { public: std::string d; GranSon_VirtualD() { d = "GranSon_VirtualD"; std::cout << "GranSon_VirtualD Constructed" << std::endl; } void PrintPureVirtual() override { std::cout << "is GranSon_VirtualD Purevirtual Function" << std::endl; } }; #pragma endregion

这时候就只会出现一次构造，内存里也只会有一份GrandParent_A内容，也避免了1里不明确的问题出现。

3、为了避免多继承问题出现，要么多使用virtual，要么使用接口多实现来代替。

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#pragma region 接口实现 class IGrandP_A { public: virtual void Print() = 0; IGrandP_A() { std::cout << "IGrandP_A Constructed" << std::endl; } }; class IParent_B :public IGrandP_A { public: //virtual void Print() = 0; virtual void Print() { std::cout << "is IParent_B function" << std::endl; } IParent_B() { std::cout << "IParent_B Constructed" << std::endl; } }; class IParent_C :public IGrandP_A { public: //virtual void Print() = 0; virtual void Print() { std::cout << "is IParent_C function" << std::endl; } IParent_C() { std::cout << "IParent_C Constructed" << std::endl; } }; class GrandSon_ID :public IParent_B, public IParent_C { public: void Print() { std::cout << "is GrandSon_ID function" << std::endl; } GrandSon_ID() { std::cout << "GrandSon_ID Constructed" << std::endl; } }; #pragma endregion