HBU深度学习实验7-前馈神经网络（3）

自动梯度的计算

虽然我们能够通过模块化的方式比较好地对神经网络进行组装，但是每个模块的梯度计算过程仍然十分繁琐且容易出错。在深度学习框架中，已经封装了自动梯度计算的功能，我们只需要聚焦模型架构，不再需要耗费精力进行计算梯度。

飞桨提供了paddle.nn.Layer类，来方便快速的实现自己的层和模型。模型和层都可以基于paddle.nn.Layer扩充实现，模型只是一种特殊的层。继承了paddle.nn.Layer类的算子中，可以在内部直接调用其它继承paddle.nn.Layer类的算子，飞桨框架会自动识别算子中内嵌的paddle.nn.Layer类算子，并自动计算它们的梯度，并在优化时更新它们的参数。

pytorch中的相应内容是什么？请简要介绍。

使用pytorch的预定义算子来重新实现二分类任务。

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import os
import torch
from abc import abstractmethod
import math
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


# 新增make_moons函数
def make_moons(n_samples=1000, shuffle=True, noise=None):
    n_samples_out = n_samples // 2
    n_samples_in = n_samples - n_samples_out
    outer_circ_x = torch.cos(torch.linspace(0, math.pi, n_samples_out))
    outer_circ_y = torch.sin(torch.linspace(0, math.pi, n_samples_out))
    inner_circ_x = 1 - torch.cos(torch.linspace(0, math.pi, n_samples_in))
    inner_circ_y = 0.5 - torch.sin(torch.linspace(0, math.pi, n_samples_in))
    X = torch.stack(
        [torch.cat([outer_circ_x, inner_circ_x]),
         torch.cat([outer_circ_y, inner_circ_y])],
         1
    )
    y = torch.cat(
        [torch.zeros([n_samples_out]), torch.ones([n_samples_in])]
    )
    if shuffle:
        idx = torch.randperm(X.shape[0])
        X = X[idx]
        y = y[idx]
    if noise is not None:
        X += np.random.normal(0.0, noise, X.shape)

    return X, y


def accuracy(preds, labels):
    # 判断是二分类任务还是多分类任务，preds.shape[1]=1时为二分类任务，preds.shape[1]>1时为多分类任务
    if preds.shape[1] == 1:
        preds=(preds>=0.5).to(torch.float32)

    else:
        preds = torch.argmax(preds,dim=1).int()

    return torch.mean((preds == labels).float())


def plot(runner, fig_name):
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
    epochs = [i for i in range(len(runner.train_scores))]

    plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
    plt.plot(epochs, runner.train_loss, color='#e4007f', label="Train loss")
    plt.plot(epochs, runner.dev_loss, color='#f19ec2', linestyle='--', label="Dev loss")
    # 绘制坐标轴和图例
    plt.ylabel("loss", fontsize='large')
    plt.xlabel("epoch", fontsize='large')
    plt.legend(loc='upper right', fontsize='x-large')

    plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
    plt.plot(epochs, runner.train_scores, color='#e4007f', label="Train accuracy")
    plt.plot(epochs, runner.dev_scores, color='#f19ec2', linestyle='--', label="Dev accuracy")
    # 绘制坐标轴和图例
    plt.ylabel("score", fontsize='large')
    plt.xlabel("epoch", fontsize='large')
    plt.legend(loc='lower right', fontsize='x-large')
    plt.savefig(fig_name)
    plt.show()


n_samples = 1000
X, y = make_moons(n_samples=n_samples, shuffle=True, noise=0.1)

num_train = 640
num_dev = 160
num_test = 200

X_train, y_train = X[:num_train], y[:num_train]
X_dev, y_dev = X[num_train:num_train + num_dev], y[num_train:num_train + num_dev]
X_test, y_test = X[num_train + num_dev:], y[num_train + num_dev:]

y_train = y_train.reshape([-1,1])
y_dev = y_dev.reshape([-1,1])
y_test = y_test.reshape([-1,1])

class Model_MLP_L2_V4(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size):
        super(Model_MLP_L2_V4, self).__init__()
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        w=torch.normal(0,0.1,size=(hidden_size,input_size),requires_grad=True)
        self.fc1.weight = nn.Parameter(w)

        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, output_size)
        w = torch.normal(0, 0.1, size=(output_size, hidden_size), requires_grad=True)
        self.fc2.weight = nn.Parameter(w)

        # 使用'torch.nn.functional.sigmoid'定义 Logistic 激活函数
        self.act_fn = torch.sigmoid

    # 前向计算
    def forward(self, inputs):
        z1 = self.fc1(inputs.to(torch.float32))
        a1 = self.act_fn(z1)
        z2 = self.fc2(a1)
        a2 = self.act_fn(z2)
        return a2



class RunnerV2_2(object):
    def __init__(self