iPhone/Mac Objective-C内存管理教程和原理剖析

Peter Blog

于 2012-12-05 10:12:34 发布

阅读量764

点赞数

分类专栏：代码

代码专栏收录该内容

58 篇文章

订阅专栏

本文深入解析了Objective-C的内存管理原理，包括基本原理、口诀与范式，并通过多个实例展示了如何在实际应用中正确管理内存，避免常见错误。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

//================================================================================================
// memman-no-pool.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-no-pool.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-no-pool memman-no-pool.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-no-pool

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
}
-(void) hello;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA
-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hellon");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void func()
{
	NSLog(@"{ beginn");
	NSLog(@"alloc obj1");
	ClassA *obj1 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
	NSLog(@"obj1's retain count is %dn", [obj1 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"assign obj1 to obj2n");
	ClassA *obj2 = obj1;
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d before retainn", [obj2 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"obj2 retainn");
	[obj2 retain];
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d after retainn", [obj2 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"obj1 says hellon");
	[obj1 hello];
	NSLog(@"releasing obj1n");
	NSLog(@"obj1's retain count is %d before releasen", [obj1 retainCount]);
	[obj1 release];
	NSLog(@"obj1's retain count is %d after releasen", [obj1 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"obj2 says hellon");
	[obj2 hello];
	NSLog(@"releasing obj2n");
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d before releasen", [obj2 retainCount]);
	[obj2 release];
	
	NSLog(@"} endn");
}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{    
	func();
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-with-pool.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-with-pool.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-with-pool memman-with-pool.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-with-pool

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
}
-(void) hello;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA
-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hellon");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void func()
{
	NSLog(@"{ beginn");
	NSLog(@"alloc obj1 and autorelease");
	ClassA *obj1 = [[[ClassA alloc] init] autorelease];
	NSLog(@"obj1's retain count is %dn", [obj1 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"assign obj1 to obj2n");
	ClassA *obj2 = obj1;
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d before retainn", [obj2 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"obj2 retainn");
	[obj2 retain];
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d after retainn", [obj2 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"obj1 says hellon");
	[obj1 hello];
	//NSLog(@"releasing obj1n");
	//NSLog(@"obj1's retain count is %d before releasen", [obj1 retainCount]);
	//[obj1 release]; // Do not release it
	NSLog(@"obj1's retain count is %d after releasen", [obj1 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"obj2 says hellon");
	[obj2 hello];
	NSLog(@"releasing obj2n");
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d before releasen", [obj2 retainCount]);
	[obj2 release];
	NSLog(@"obj2's retain count is %d after releasen", [obj2 retainCount]);
	NSLog(@"Note: we don't release obj1n");
	
	NSLog(@"} endn");
}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{    
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];    
 
	func();
	
	NSLog(@"releasing autoreleasePooln"); 
	[pool release]; 
	NSLog(@"autoreleasePool is releasedn"); 
	
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-many-objs-one-pool.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-many-objs-one-pool.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-many-objs-one-pool memman-many-objs-one-pool.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-many-objs-one-pool

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
}
-(void) hello;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA
-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hellon");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void func()
{
	NSLog(@"Many objects but one pooln");
	
	int i, j;
	for (i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
	{
		for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++ )
			[NSString stringWithFormat:@"1234567890"];
	}

}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{    
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];    
 
	func();
	
	NSLog(@"releasing autoreleasePooln"); 
	[pool release]; 
	NSLog(@"autoreleasePool is releasedn"); 
	
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-many-objs-many-pools.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-many-objs-many-pools.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-many-objs-many-pools memman-many-objs-many-pools.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-many-objs-many-pools

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
}
-(void) hello;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA
-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hellon");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void func()
{
	NSLog(@"Many objects and many poolsn");
	
	int i, j;
	for (i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
	{
		NSAutoreleasePool *loopPool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
		for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++ )
			[NSString stringWithFormat:@"1234567890"];
		[loopPool release];
	}

}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{    
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];    
 
	func();
	
	NSLog(@"releasing autoreleasePooln"); 
	[pool release]; 
	NSLog(@"autoreleasePool is releasedn"); 
	
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-property.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-property.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-property memman-property.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-property

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  

@interface ClassB : NSObject
{
	int index;
}

@property int index;

-(void) hello;
@end

@implementation ClassB

@synthesize index;

-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hello ClassBn");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassB %d destroyedn", index);
	
}
@end

@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
	ClassB* objB;
}

@property (retain) ClassB* objB;
-(void) hello;
@end

@implementation ClassA

@synthesize objB;

-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hello ClassAn");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	NSLog(@"releasing internal member objBn");
	[objB release];
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void funcNoAutorelease()
{
	NSLog(@"---------No autorelase---------n");
	
	ClassB *objB1 = [[ClassB alloc]init];
	objB1.index = 1;
	
	ClassA *objA = [[ClassA alloc]init];
	NSLog(@"setting objB1n");
	objA.objB = objB1;
	[objB1 release];
	
	ClassB *objB2 = [[ClassB alloc]init];
	objB2.index = 2;
	
	NSLog(@"setting objB2n");
	objA.objB = objB2;
	[objB2 release];
	
	[objA release];
	
}

void funcAutorelease()
{
	NSLog(@"---------autorelase---------n");
	
	ClassB *objB1 = [[[ClassB alloc]init] autorelease];
	objB1.index = 1;
	
	ClassA *objA = [[[ClassA alloc]init] autorelease];
	NSLog(@"setting objB1n");
	objA.objB = objB1;
	
	ClassB *objB2 = [[[ClassB alloc]init] autorelease];
	objB2.index = 2;
	
	NSLog(@"setting objB2n");
	objA.objB = objB2;
}

int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) {
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];    
	
	funcNoAutorelease();
	funcAutorelease();
	
	NSLog(@"releasing autoreleasePooln"); 
	[pool release]; 
	NSLog(@"autoreleasePool is releasedn"); 
	
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-getter-setter.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-getter-setter.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-getter-setter memman-getter-setter.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-getter-setter

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
//-----------------------------------------------
// Class B
@interface ClassB : NSObject
{
	int index;
}

-(int) getIndex;
-(void) setIndex:(int) value;

-(void) hello;
@end
 
@implementation ClassB

-(int) getIndex
{
	return index;
}

-(void) setIndex:(int) value
{
	index = value;
}

-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hello ClassBn");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassB %d destroyedn", index);
}
@end

//-----------------------------------------------
// Class A
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
	ClassB *objB;
}

-(ClassB *) getObjB;
-(void) setObjB:(ClassB *) value;

-(void) hello;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA

-(ClassB*) getObjB
{
	return objB;
}

-(void) setObjB:(ClassB*) value
{
	if (objB != value)
	{
		[objB release];
		objB = [value retain];
		NSLog(@"objB's retain count is %dn", [objB retainCount]);
	}
}


-(void) hello
{
	NSLog(@"hello ClassAn");
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	NSLog(@"releasing internal member objBn");
	[objB release];
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void funcNoAutorelease()
{
	NSLog(@"---------No autorelease---------n");
	
	ClassB *objB1 = [[ClassB alloc]init];
	[objB1 setIndex:1];

	ClassA *objA = [[ClassA alloc]init];
	NSLog(@"setting objB1n");
	[objA setObjB:objB1];
	[objB1 release];

	ClassB *objB2 = [[ClassB alloc]init];
	[objB2 setIndex:2];

	NSLog(@"setting objB2n");
	[objA setObjB:objB2];
	[objB2 release];

	[objA release];

}

void funcAutorelease()
{
	NSLog(@"--------autorelease-----------n");
	
	ClassB *objB1 = [[[ClassB alloc]init] autorelease];
	[objB1 setIndex:1];

	ClassA *objA = [[[ClassA alloc]init] autorelease];
	NSLog(@"setting objB1n");
	[objA setObjB:objB1];

	ClassB *objB2 = [[[ClassB alloc]init] autorelease];
	[objB2 setIndex:2];

	NSLog(@"setting objB2n");
	[objA setObjB:objB2];
}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{    
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];    
 
	funcNoAutorelease();
	funcAutorelease();
	
	NSLog(@"releasing autoreleasePooln"); 
	[pool release]; 
	NSLog(@"autoreleasePool is releasedn"); 
	
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-run-loop-with-pool.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-run-loop-with-pool.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-run-loop-with-pool memman-run-loop-with-pool.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-run-loop-with-pool

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
//-----------------------------------------------
// Class B
@interface ClassB : NSObject
{
}
@end
 
@implementation ClassB
-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassB destroyedn");
}
@end

//-----------------------------------------------
// Class A
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
}
-(ClassB*) createClassB;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA
-(ClassB*) createClassB
{
	NSLog(@"create an instance of ClassB and autoreleasen");
	return [[[ClassB alloc] init] autorelease];
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void func()
{
	NSLog(@"{ beginn");
	
	NSLog(@"create an instance of ClassA and autoreleasen");
	ClassA *obj1 = [[[ClassA alloc] init] autorelease];
	NSDate *now = [[NSDate alloc] init];
	NSTimer *timer = [[NSTimer alloc] initWithFireDate:now
		interval:0.0
		target:obj1
		selector:@selector(createClassB)
		userInfo:nil
		repeats:NO];

	NSRunLoop *runLoop = [NSRunLoop currentRunLoop];
	[runLoop addTimer:timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];

	[timer release];
	[now release];

	[runLoop run];
	
	NSLog(@"} endn");
}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{
	NSLog(@"create an autoreleasePooln");
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];    
 
	func();
	
	NSLog(@"releasing autoreleasePooln"); 
	[pool release]; 
	NSLog(@"autoreleasePool is releasedn"); 
	
	return 0;
}

//================================================================================================
// memman-run-loop-without-pool.m
//================================================================================================
//gcc -fconstant-string-class=NSConstantString -c memman-run-loop-without-pool.m -I /GNUstep/System/Library/Headers
//gcc -o memman-run-loop-without-pool memman-run-loop-without-pool.o -L /GNUstep/System/Library/Libraries/ -lobjc -lgnustep-base
//./memman-run-loop-without-pool

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  
 
//-----------------------------------------------
// Class B
@interface ClassB : NSObject
{
}
@end
 
@implementation ClassB
-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassB destroyedn");
}
@end

//-----------------------------------------------
// Class A
@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
}
-(ClassB*) createClassB;
@end
 
@implementation ClassA
-(ClassB*) createClassB
{
	NSLog(@"create an instance of ClassB and autoreleasen");
	return [[[ClassB alloc] init] autorelease];
}

-(void) dealloc
{
	[super dealloc];
	NSLog(@"ClassA destroyedn");
}
@end

void func()
{
	NSLog(@"{ beginn");
	
	NSLog(@"create an instance of ClassAn");
	ClassA *obj1 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
	NSDate *now = [[NSDate alloc] init];
	NSTimer *timer = [[NSTimer alloc] initWithFireDate:now
		interval:0.0
		target:obj1
		selector:@selector(createClassB)
		userInfo:nil
		repeats:NO];

	NSRunLoop *runLoop = [NSRunLoop currentRunLoop];
	[runLoop addTimer:timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];

	[timer release];
	[now release];

	[runLoop run];
	
	NSLog(@"Manually release the instance of ClassAn");
	[obj1 release];
	
	NSLog(@"} endn");
}

int main(int argc, char**argv)  
{
	NSLog(@"No autoreleasePool createdn");
 
	func();
	
	return 0;
}

//===============================================================================================

（1）
《iPhone/Mac Objective-C内存管理教程和原理剖析(一)基本原理》
[转]http://www.cnblogs.com/VinceYuan/archive/2010/03/08/1680488.html

（2）
《iPhone/Mac Objective-C内存管理教程和原理剖析(二)口诀与范式》
[转]http://www.cnblogs.com/VinceYuan/archive/2010/03/08/1680492.html