【设备树浅析】二、基于LS2K1000处理器的实例分析

名词解释

PMON：Process Monitor，一个开源的监控程序，兼具BIOS和bootloader功能，支持多种处理器架构，包括：MIPS、ARM、PowerPC等；

LS2K1000：龙芯中科技术股份有限公司研发的64位低功耗SoC芯片，属于龙芯2号系列；采用双核设计，主频为1GHz，处理器架构为MIPS。

1、前言

本文基于LS2K1000处理器（基于LS2K1000处理器设计的板卡）进行设备树分析。

内核设备树的路径为arch/mips/loongson2/dts/2k1000_board.dts，PMON设备树的路径为Targets/LS2K/conf/LS2K.dts。作为开发板的默认DTS文件，生成的DTB会编译进内核。内核对于设备树的处理逻辑为：若固件提供可用的DTB，则优先使用固件的DTB；若固件没有提供可用的DTB，则使用内核中的DTB。

2、DTS说明

2.1、compatible

值类型：<stringlist>

说明：compatible属性值由一个或多个字符串组成，从最具体到最一般，用于设备驱动程序选择；它们允许一个设备表达它与一系列类似设备的兼容性，可能允许单个设备驱动程序与多个设备匹配。

推荐的格式是“manufacturer,model”，其中manufacturer是描述制造商名称的字符串，model指定型号。

2.2、#address-cells与#size-cells

值类型：<u32>

说明：#address-cells和#size-cells属性可用于在device tree层次结构中具有子设备的任何设备节点中，并描述应如何对子设备节点进行寻址。#address-cells用于描述设备reg字段中用几个dword数据（1个dword数据占用4个字节）表示地址，#size-cells用于描述设备reg字段中用几个dword数据表示大小。

3、实例分析

3.1、根节点

/*
 * 2K1000 Device Tree Source for LS2K1000 boards
 */

/dts-v1/;
/ {
    model = "loongson,LS2k1000-EVP";
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k";
    #address-cells = <2>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
};

/dts-v1/：用于指定设备树的版本号，它是设备树文件的头部，告诉内核如何解析设备树文件；必须出现在设备树文件的开头；

/：根节点；

model：属性值是一个<string>，用于指定设备的制造商型号；建议的格式是：“manufacturer,model”，其中manufacturer是描述制造商名称的字符串，model指定型号。

3.2、内存

// Since 2K1000 support > 4GiB DIMM, use 2 cell for address and size
memory {
    name = "memory";
    device_type = "memory";
    reg =  <0 0x00200000 0 0x09800000	// 216MiB at 2MiB
            1 0x10000000 0 0xd0000000>;	// 4G 7424 - 512 MiB at 4352MiB
};

name：属性值是一个<string>，用于指定节点名称；此属性已弃用，不建议使用，但是，它可能用于不符合Device Tree Specification的旧设备树；

device_type：属性值是一个<string>；IEEE 1275中使用了device_type属性来描述设备的FCode编程模型。由于Device Tree Specification没有FCode，因此不推荐使用该属性的新用法，并且为了与IEEE 1275派生的设备树兼容，该属性应仅包含在CPU和内存节点上；

reg属性中，地址被分为两段，低地址段为：0 0x00200000 0 0x09800000，其中，0 0x00200000为内存起始地址，0 0x09800000为内存大小；高地址段为：1 0x10000000 0 0xd0000000，其中，1 0x10000000为内存起始地址，0 0xd0000000为内存大小。

3.3、别名

aliases {
    ethernet0 = &gmac0;
    ethernet1 = &gmac1;
};

ethernet0和ethernet1分别为gmac0和gmac1的别名，其中，gmac0和gmac1分别为GMAC0和GMAC1控制器的标签名，下文会谈及。

3.4、SoC

// all soc device use 32bit address

soc {
    compatible = "ls,nbus", "simple-bus";
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <1>;
    ranges = <0x10000000 0 0x10000000 0x10000000
              0x40000000 0 0x40000000 0x40000000
              0x20000000 0 0x20000000 0x20000000
              0x0d000000 0 0x0d000000 0x02000000>;

    dma-coherent;
    nr_cpus_loongson = <2>;
    cores_per_package = <2>;
};

ranges属性中包含的是soc节点合法的地址范围和映射关系，分成了四段，分别为：0x10000000 0 0x10000000 0x10000000，其中0x10000000为soc节点的起始地址，0 0x10000000为对应父节点的起始地址，0x10000000为soc节点的地址大小；其余同上所述；

dma-coherent：由硬件维护cache一致性；若配置了dma-coherent属性，则内核按照coherent模式执行；若配置了non-coherent属性，则内核按照non-coherent模式执行；除了在DTS中配置这个属性外，固件中还需要配置相应的寄存器；

nr_cpus_loongson：物理CPU封装的数量；

cores_per_package：每个物理 CPU 封装内包含的 CPU 核心数量。

3.5、中断控制器

icu: interrupt-controller@1fe11400 {
    compatible = "loongson,2k-icu";
    interrupt-controller;
    #interrupt-cells = <1>;
    reg = <0x1fe11400 0x40>;
};

interrupt-controller：中断控制器；

#interrupt-cells：该中断控制器的中断指示符中cell的个数。

3.6、PCIE设备MSI中断

msi: pci-msi-controller@1fe114a0 {
    compatible = "loongson,2k-pci-msi";
    msi-controller;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    msi-mask = <0x000000c0 0x40000c00>;
    reg = <0x1fe114a0 0x60>;
};

msi-controller：MSI中断控制器；

interrupt-parent = <&icu>：MSI中断控制器的父节点为中断控制器；

msi-mask：为1的位表示CPU中断控制器的对应的位可以用于MSI中断。

3.7、HDA控制器

/* HDA controller nodes:
 * If you want to use the "hda" function,enable the "hda"
 * controller by configure general configuration register 0.
 */
hda@0x400d0000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-audio";
    reg = <0x400d0000 0xffff>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <12>;
};

interrupts = <12>：系统分配给该设备的中断号为12。

3.8、显示控制器

dc@0x400c0000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-fb";
    reg = <0x400c0000 0x10000
           0x20000000 0x8000000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <36>;
    output {
            DVO0 = "disable";
            DVO1 = "disable";
    };
};

双路DVO接口显示被失能。

3.9、GPU

gpu@0x40080000 {
    compatible = "loongson,galcore";
    reg = <0x40080000 0x40000
           0x2a000000 0x15000000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <37>;
};

reg：0x40080000 0x40000表示寄存器的起始地址和大小；0x2a000000 0x15000000表示GPU显存的起始地址和大小。

3.10、OHCI

ohci@0x40070000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k-ohci", "usb-ohci";
    reg = <0x40070000 0x10000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <59>;
    dma-mask = <0x0 0xffffffff>;
};

OHCI：Open Host Controller Interface，支持USB 1.1标准；

dma-mask：表示设备DMA能力；若设备只有32位DMA能力，则应该配置为0x0 0xffffffff，若设备有64位DMA能力，则应该配置成0xffffffff 0xffffffff。

3.11、EHCI

ehci@0x40060000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k-ehci", "usb-ehci";
    reg = <0x40060000 0x10000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <58>;
    dma-mask = <0xffffffff 0xffffffff>;
};

EHCI：Enhanced Host Controller Interface，支持USB 2.0标准。

3.12、OTG

otg@0x40000000 {
    compatible = "loongson,dwc-otg", "dwc-otg";
    reg = <0x40000000 0x40000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <57>;
    dma-mask = <0x0 0xffffffff>;
};

OTG：On-The-Go，应用于不同设备之间的连接，进行数据交换。

3.13、AHCI

ahci@0x400e0000{
    compatible = "snps,spear-ahci";
    reg = <0x400e0000 0x10000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <27>;
    dma-mask = <0x0 0xffffffff>;
};

AHCI：Advanced Host Controller Interface，用于访问硬盘。

3.14、GMAC控制器

gmac0: ethernet@0x40040000 {
    compatible = "snps,dwmac-3.70a", "ls,ls-gmac";
    reg = <0x40040000 0x10000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <20 21>;
    interrupt-names = "macirq", "eth_wake_irq";
    /*mac-address = [ 00 20 22 04 01 00 ]; [>mac 64:48:48:48:48:60 <]*/
    phy-mode = "rgmii";
    bus_id = <0x0>;
    phy_addr = <0xffffffff>;
    dma-mask = <0xffffffff 0xffffffff>;
};

gmac1: ethernet@0x40050000 {
    compatible = "snps,dwmac-3.70a", "ls,ls-gmac";
    reg = <0x40050000 0x10000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <22 23>;
    interrupt-names = "macirq", "eth_wake_irq";
    /*mac-address = [ 64 48 48 48 48 61 ]; [>mac 64:48:48:48:48:61 <]*/
    phy-mode = "rgmii";
    bus_id = <0x1>;
    phy_addr = <0xffffffff>;
    dma-mask = <0xffffffff 0xffffffff>;
};

interrupt-names = "macirq", "eth_wake_irq"：GMAC控制器会处理两种中断，macirq和eth_wake_irq，对于GMAC0，分配的中断号分别为20和21；对于GMAC1，分配的中断号分别为22和23；

phy-mode = "rgmii"：以太网MAC和PHY之间的通信接口为RGMII；

bus_id：设备的总线ID，GMAC0应配置为0，GMAC1应配置为1；

phy_addr：分配的PHY地址；配置的PHY地址应该和实际板卡的物理连接方式相对应，如果值为0xffffffff，则内核会自动检测PHY地址。

3.15、PCIE控制器

pcie0_port0@40100000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcie";
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <40>;
    #address-cells = <3>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
    bus-range = <0x1 0x3>;
    ranges = <0x02000000 0x0 0x40100000 0x40100000 0x0 0x8000000  //mem
              0x01000000 0x0 0x18000000 0x18000000 0x0 0x0ff000>;  //io						
};

pcie0_port1@50000000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcie";
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <41>;
    #address-cells = <3>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
    bus-range = <0x4 0x6>;
    ranges = <0x02000000 0x0 0x50000000 0x50000000 0x0 0x4000000  //mem
              0x01000000 0x0 0x18100000 0x18100000 0x0 0x100000>;  //io
};

pcie0_port2@54000000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcie";
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <42>;
    #address-cells = <3>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
    bus-range = <0x8 0xa>;
    ranges = <0x02000000 0x0 0x54000000 0x54000000 0x0 0x4000000  //mem
              0x01000000 0x0 0x18200000 0x18200000 0x0 0x100000>;  //io
};

pcie0_port3@58000000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcie";
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <43>;
    #address-cells = <3>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
    bus-range = <0xc 0xe>;
    ranges = <0x02000000 0x0 0x58000000 0x58000000 0x0 0x8000000  //mem
              0x01000000 0x0 0x18300000 0x18300000 0x0 0x100000>;  //io
};

pcie1_port0@60000000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcie";
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <44>;
    #address-cells = <3>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
    bus-range = <0x10 0x12>;
    ranges = <0x02000000 0x0 0x60000000 0x60000000 0x0 0x18000000  //mem
              0x01000000 0x0 0x18400000 0x18400000 0x0 0x100000>;  //io
};

pcie1_port1@78000000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcie";
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <45>;
    #address-cells = <3>;
    #size-cells = <2>;
    bus-range = <0x14 0x16>;
    ranges = <0x02000000 0x0 0x78000000 0x78000000 0x0 0x8000000  //mem
              0x01000000 0x0 0x18500000 0x18500000 0x0 0x100000>;  //io
};

bus-range：分配给PCIE控制器的总线号范围；

ranges：表示此控制器下PCIE设备的MEM和IO空间。pcie0_port0的第一组地址表示MEM空间：0x02000000 0x0 0x40100000 0x40100000 0x0 0x80000000，0x02000000表示此地址为MEM空间，0x0 0x40100000表示映射到PCIE总线的起始地址，0x40100000表示对应的CPU地址空间的地址，0x0 0x80000000表示地址空间大小；第二组地址表示IO空间：0x01000000 0x0 0x18000000 0x18000000 0x0 0x0ff000，0x01000000表示此地址为IO空间，0x0 0x18000000表示映射到PCIE总线的起始地址，0x18000000表示对应的CPU地址空间的地址，0x0 0x0ff000表示地址空间大小；其余节点的分析同上所述。

3.16、serial

serial0x@0x1fe00000 {
    device_type = "serial";
    compatible = "ns16550,loongson";
    reg = <0x1fe00000 0x100>;
    clock-frequency = <125000000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <8>;
};
serial3x@0x1fe00300 {
    device_type = "serial";
    compatible = "ns16550,loongson";
    reg = <0x1fe00300 0x100>;
    clock-frequency = <125000000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <8>;
};
serial4x@0x1fe00400 {
    device_type = "serial";
    compatible = "ns16550,loongson";
    reg = <0x1fe00400 0x100>;
    clock-frequency = <125000000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <9>;
};
serial5x@0x1fe00500 {
    device_type = "serial";
    compatible = "ns16550,loongson";
    reg = <0x1fe00500 0x100>;
    clock-frequency = <125000000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <9>;
};

clock-frequency：串口使用的频率，单位为Hz。

3.17、GPIO

pioA:gpio@0x1fe10500 {
    compatible = "ls,ls2k-gpio", "ls,ls-gpio";
    reg = <0x1fe10500 0x38>;
    ngpios = <64>;
    gpio-controller;
    #gpio-cells = <2>;
};

ngpios = <64>：芯片共有64个GPIO引脚；

gpio-controller：GPIO控制器；

#gpio-cells = <2>：当一个设备节点通过phandle引用该控制器节点时，需要提供2个额外的cells来完整地指定一个GPIO引脚及其配置。

3.18、I2C

i2c0: i2c@1fe01000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-i2c";
    reg = <0x1fe01000 0x8>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <30>;
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <0>;

    rtc@51 {
        compatible = "nxp,pcf8563";
        reg = <0x51>;
    };

    eeprom@57 {
        compatible = "atmel,24c16";
        reg = <0x57>;
        pagesize = <16>;
    };
};
i2c1: i2c@1fe01800 {
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <0>;
    compatible = "loongson,ls-i2c";
    reg = <0x1fe01800 0x8>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <31>;

    codec@1a {
        compatible = "codec_uda1342";
        reg = <0x1a>;
    };

    eeprom@50 {
        compatible = "eeprom-edid";
        reg = <0x50>;
    };
};

LS2K1000中有2个用于I2C设备的控制器，编号分别为0和1；

#address-cells = <1>和#size-cells = <0>代表挂载在I2C总线下的子设备地址用一个四字节数据表示并且没有偏移量；

I2C0总线下挂载两个子设备，一个是RTC，地址为0x51，另一个是eeprom，地址为0x57，pagesize = <16>表示eeprom的页大小为16KB，两个子设备共享父设备的中断号；I2C1总线分析同上所述。

i2c_dvo0:i2c@2 {
    compatible = "i2c-gpio";
    gpios = <&pioA 1 0 /* sda */
             &pioA 0 0 /* scl */
            >;
    /*i2c-gpio,sda-open-drain;*/
    /*i2c-gpio,scl-open-drain;*/
    i2c-gpio,delay-us = <5>;	/* ~100 kHz */
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <0>;
    eeprom@50 {
        compatible = "dvi-eeprom-edid";
        reg = <0x50>;
    };
};

i2c_dvo1:i2c@3 {
    compatible = "i2c-gpio";
    gpios = <&pioA 32 0 /* sda */
             &pioA 33 0 /* scl */
            >;
    /*i2c-gpio,sda-open-drain;*/
    /*i2c-gpio,scl-open-drain;*/
    i2c-gpio,delay-us = <5>;	/* ~100 kHz */
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <0>;
    eeprom@50 {
        compatible = "eeprom-edid";
        reg = <0x50>;
    };
};

gpios = <&pioA 1 0 /* sda */  //表示通过pioA控制器引脚1，使用低电平

               &pioA 0 0 /* scl */>  //表示通过pioA控制器引脚0，使用低电平

i2c-gpio,sda-open-drain和i2c-gpio,scl-open-drain用于配置sda和scl引脚的开漏状态；

delay-us描述的是I2C总线工作频率，计算公式为：500 / delay-us，单位为KHz。

3.19、SPI

spi0: spi@1fff0220 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-spi";
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <0>;
    reg = <0x1fff0220 0x6>;
    spidev@0 {
        compatible = "spansion,m25p80";
        reg = <0>;
        #address-cells = <1>;
        #size-cells = <1>;
        spi-max-frequency = <40000000>;
        m25p,fast-read;

        partition@0x0 { //PMON 1M
            label = "pmon";
            reg = <0x0 0x110000>; //start and size
            //read-only;
        };                                    
        partition@0x110000 { //kernel+ramfs 30M
            label = "kernel";
            reg = <0x00110000 0x01E00000>; //start and size
        };
        partition@0x01F10000 {
            label = "rootfs";
            reg = <0x01F10000 0x0>; //start and size
        };
    };
};

spi-max-frequency：SPI设备支持最大频率，单位为Hz。

3.20、RTC

rtc0: rtc@1fe07800 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-rtc";
    reg = <0x1fe07800 0x100>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <60>;
};

3.21、CAN

/* CAN controller nodes:
 * If you want to use the "can" function,enable the "can"
 * controller by configure general configuration register 0.
 */
can0: can@1fe00c00 {
    compatible = "nxp,sja1000";
    reg = <0x1fe00c00 0xff>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <24>;
    nxp,tx-output-mode = <0>;
    nxp,tx-output-config = <0x16>;
    nxp,external-clock-frequency = <125000000>;
};
can1: can@1fe00d00 {
    compatible = "nxp,sja1000";
    reg = <0x1fe00d00 0xff>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <25>;
    nxp,tx-output-mode = <0>;
    nxp,tx-output-config = <0x16>;
    nxp,external-clock-frequency = <125000000>;
};

tx-output-mode：用于选择CAN收发器的基本工作模式；

常见取值如下所示：

tx-output-config：用于微调选定模式下的具体参数；

参数如下所示：

典型配置寄存器结构如下所示：

external-clock-frequency：外部参考时钟频率为125MHz。

3.22、PWM控制器

pwm0: pwm@1fe02000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k-pwm";
    reg = <0x1fe02000 0x10>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <32>;
};	
pwm1: pwm@1fe02010 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k-pwm";
    reg = <0x1fe02010 0x10>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <33>;
};
pwm2: pwm@1fe02020 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k-pwm";
    reg = <0x1fe02020 0x10>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <34>;
};
pwm3: pwm@1fe02030 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls2k-pwm";
    reg = <0x1fe02030 0x10>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <35>;
};

3.23、apbdma

/* APB DMA controller nodes:
 * apbdma node specify the commom property for dma node.
 * the #config-nr must be 2,Used to provide APB sel region
 * and APB DMA controler information.
 */
apbdma: apbdma@1fe10438{
    compatible = "loongson,ls-apbdma";
    reg = <0x1fe10438 0x8>;
    #config-nr = <2>;
};

此节点用于传递配置寄存器的地址；

#config-nr：值固定为2，用于限定DMA配置参数数量。

3.24、DMA控制器

/* DMA node should specify the apbdma-sel property using a
 * phandle to the controller followed by number of APB sel
 * region(max 9) and number of APB DMA controller(max 4).
 */
dma0: dma@1fe10c00 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-apbdma-0";
    reg = <0x1fe10c00 0x8>;
    apbdma-sel = <&apbdma 0x0 0x0>;
    #dma-cells = <1>;
    dma-channels = <1>;
    dma-requests = <1>;
};
dma1: dma@1fe10c10 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-apbdma-1";
    reg = <0x1fe10c10 0x8>;
    apbdma-sel = <&apbdma 0x5 0x1>;
    #dma-cells = <1>;
    dma-channels = <1>;
    dma-requests = <1>;
};
dma2: dma@1fe10c20 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-apbdma-2";
    reg = <0x1fe10c20 0x8>;
    apbdma-sel = <&apbdma 0x6 0x2>;
    #dma-cells = <1>;
    dma-channels = <1>;
    dma-requests = <1>;
};
dma3: dma@1fe10c30 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-apbdma-3";
    reg = <0x1fe10c30 0x8>;
    apbdma-sel = <&apbdma 0x7 0x3>;
    #dma-cells = <1>;
    dma-channels = <1>;
    dma-requests = <1>;
};
dma4: dma@1fe10c40 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-apbdma-4";
    apbdma-sel = <&apbdma 0x0 0x0>;
    reg = <0x1fe10c40 0x8>;
    #dma-cells = <1>;
    dma-channels = <1>;
    dma-requests = <1>;
};

LS2K1000总共有5个用于APB设备的DMA控制器：编号为0~4；

apbdma-sel：apbdma控制器中sel域和对应的值。

dma-channels：DMA通道数，固定为1；

dma-requests：DMA请求数，固定为1。

3.25、SDIO

sdio@0x1fe0c000 {
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <1>;

    compatible = "loongson,ls2k_sdio";
    reg = <0x1fe0c000 0x1000>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <39>;
    interrupt-names = "ls2k_mci_irq";

    dmas = <&dma1 1>;
    dma-names = "sdio_rw";
    dma-mask = <0xffffffff 0xffffffff>;
};

SDIO：Secure Digital Input and Output；

dma = <&dma1 1>：表示使用了DMA1控制器，通道数为1；

dma-names = "sdio_rw"：DMA控制器名称，固定为sdio_rw。

3.26、音频设备

音频设备需要3个节点，分别为i2s、audio和sound。

i2s: i2s@0x1fe0d000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-i2s";
    reg = <0x1fe0d000 0x10>;
};
audio: audio@0x1fe0d000 {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-pcm-audio";
    reg = <0x1fe0d000 0x10>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <54 55>;
    interrupt-names = "i2s_irq0", "i2s_irq1";

    dmas = <&dma2 1
            &dma3 1>;
    dma-names = "i2s_play", "i2s_record";
    dma-mask = <0xffffffff 0xffffffff>;
};
sound {
    compatible = "loongson,ls-sound";
    loongson,i2s-controller = <&i2s>;
    loongson,audio-codec = <&audio>;
    codec-names = "rt5651","rt5651 Duplex", "rt5651-aif1", "rt5651.3-001a";
};

dma-names = "i2s_play", "i2s_record"：DMA控制器名称，固定为“i2s_play”、“i2s_record”；

sound节点用于codec设备的注册，不需要对配置进行修改。

3.27、NAND

nand@0x1fe06040 {
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <1>;
    compatible = "loongson,ls-nand";
    reg = <0x1fe06040 0x0
           0x1fe06000 0x20>;
    interrupt-parent = <&icu>;
    interrupts = <52>;
    interrupt-names = "nand_irq";

    dmas = <&dma0 1>;
    dma-names = "nand_rw";
    dma-mask = <0xffffffff 0xffffffff>;

    number-of-parts = <0x2>;

    partition@0 {
        label = "kernel_partition";
        reg = <0x0000000 0x01e00000>;
    };

    partition@0x01400000 {
        label = "os_partition";
        reg = <0x01e00000 0x0>;
    };
};

number-of-parts = <0x2>：表示共有2个分区；

分区0的reg = <0x00000000 0x01e00000>，其中0x00000000为分区起始地址，0x01e00000为分区大小；分区1同上所述。

3.28、hwmon

hwmon@0x1fe07000 {
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <1>;

    compatible = "loongson,ls-hwmon";
    reg = <0x1fe07000 0x1>;
    max-id = <0>;
    id = <0>;
};

hwmon：hardware monitoring framework（硬件监视框架）；

max-id和id只有在多路才使用，单路上没有实际用处。

3.29、suspend_to_ram

suspend_to_ram {
    suspend_addr = <0x1fc00500>;
};

描述系统挂起到RAM能力的硬件配置信息。

3.30、参数的传递

chosen {
    /* the redundant spaces are used for save new boot args */
    bootargs = "console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/sda2 rw";
};

bootargs：内核启动参数。

4、备注

外设之间可能存在复用关系，注意固件中的引脚复用配置以及设备树文件中的节点定义。