本文通过一个生动的故事，介绍了Android中Handler的工作原理。详细解释了Handler、Looper、MessageQueue之间的关系及消息处理流程。
目录
前言
今天直接以讲故事的思路引导我们去看Handler的源码，希望能够加强大家的理解，留给我们的时间不多了，开始吧！
故事简介
经过我每天敲23个小时的代码，终于存够了一个亿，我决定邮寄回给我远在家乡的老婆，让她享福一下。至于为啥23个小时，那必须留一个小时跟我老婆视频。
故事开始
1.角色分配
- Handler 快递员（快递小哥）
- Looper 快递公司（快递公司）
- MessageQueue （快递仓库）
- Message 包裹（一个亿）
2.邮寄过程
今天15号，终于发了工资，也挣够了我的一个亿，我一想到远在家乡的老婆，我就心生幸福感，终于可以把凑齐的一个亿寄回给她了；于是23：00下了一个早班，回到家中从床底拉出了我一沓又一沓的现金，确定刚好为一个亿之后安心入睡了。
早6：00便在小程序中下了快递订单，快递小哥也是勤奋努力，6：30就来了，帮我打包、搬运了两个小时，搬运完我支付了5000元的邮费，小哥开着卡车便扬长而去，把我的一个亿拉回了快递仓库进行了打包。
那好，上面一段故事的场景中牵扯出了所有角色，那现在我们就进入Handler源码看下是如何演绎上述故事场景的。
Message message = Message.obtain();
message.obj = "一个亿";
Handler handler = new Handler();
handler.sendMessage(message);这是我们常用的Handler发送消息的代码，那么我们就跟着sendMessage方法，看看是如何把一个亿运到仓库的。
/**
* Pushes a message onto the end of the message queue after all pending messages
* before the current time. It will be received in {@link #handleMessage},
* in the thread attached to this handler.
*
* @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
* message queue. Returns false on failure, usually because the
* looper processing the message queue is exiting.
*/
public final boolean sendMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
一直在内部调用自己的方法，最后调用到下面内部方法。
private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,
long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
msg.workSourceUid = ThreadLocalWorkSource.getUid();
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
大家发现queue这个属性没有，其实它就是仓库MessageQueue，怎么证明呢？回到上一层调用enqueueMessage的方法中，局部变量queue是被Handler中全局变量mQueue赋值的。
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}我们再看下mQueue。
final MessageQueue mQueue;
mQueue确实是MessageQueue（仓库），那Handler（快递小哥）直接通过sendMessage方法就把我一个亿的Message（包裹）输送到仓库了。不过我们还是要再看一下MessageQueue（仓库）是在哪里建设的。
一.第一处
/**
* Use the {@link Looper} for the current thread with the specified callback interface
* and set whether the handler should be asynchronous.
*
* Handlers are synchronous by default unless this constructor is used to make
* one that is strictly asynchronous.
*
* Asynchronous messages represent interrupts or events that do not require global ordering
* with respect to synchronous messages. Asynchronous messages are not subject to
* the synchronization barriers introduced by {@link MessageQueue#enqueueSyncBarrier(long)}.
*
* @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null.
* @param async If true, the handler calls {@link Message#setAsynchronous(boolean)} for
* each {@link Message} that is sent to it or {@link Runnable} that is posted to it.
*
* @hide
*/
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
二.第二处
/**
* Use the provided {@link Looper} instead of the default one and take a callback
* interface in which to handle messages. Also set whether the handler
* should be asynchronous.
*
* Handlers are synchronous by default unless this constructor is used to make
* one that is strictly asynchronous.
*
* Asynchronous messages represent interrupts or events that do not require global ordering
* with respect to synchronous messages. Asynchronous messages are not subject to
* the synchronization barriers introduced by conditions such as display vsync.
*
* @param looper The looper, must not be null.
* @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null.
* @param async If true, the handler calls {@link Message#setAsynchronous(boolean)} for
* each {@link Message} that is sent to it or {@link Runnable} that is posted to it.
*
* @hide
*/
@UnsupportedAppUsage
public Handler(@NonNull Looper looper, @Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}总共有两处，可以看出第一处是Looper的静态方法获得Looper之后直接把Looper的mQueue赋值给了Handler的mQueue，第二处Looper是外部传入的后续操作一致，那可见MessageQueue（仓库）是在Looper（快递公司）中创建出来的，仓库属于快递公司符合常理。至于MessageQueue在Looper中也就是直接New出的MessageQueue对象。
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
那Looper构造方法又是在哪里被调用的呢？
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
现在大家是否就能明白了，为啥在子线程中我们必须要调用prepare方法，需要创建Looper对象，也就是建立起Looper（快递公司），它才能帮我寄这Message（一个亿的包裹）。
3.派发过程
Looper（快递公司）既然有了，那必须得启动运作，收了我的Message（一个亿的包裹）得给我送到老婆手里，那如何运作呢？
/**
* Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
* {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
*/
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
...
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
...
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (observer != null) {
observer.messageDispatched(token, msg);
}
dispatchEnd = needEndTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;
} catch (Exception exception) {
if (observer != null) {
observer.dispatchingThrewException(token, msg, exception);
}
throw exception;
} finally {
ThreadLocalWorkSource.restore(origWorkSource);
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
...
}
}
loop方法中是一个死循环，会一直通过仓库MessageQueue的next方法获取Message（包裹），当拿到我的message（一个亿包裹），就会通过msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)派发出去，这个target就是Handler（快递小哥），快递小哥会把message包裹（一个亿）送到我老婆手中。至于target，是在发送消息时，调用到enqueueMessage方法时就有赋值（见下面代码），就像快递小哥在揽收快递包裹之后入库肯定会标记揽件人为自己，只不过这里派件人也是需要同一个快递小哥。所以逻辑就是通过包裹上标记的target找到快递小哥，快递小哥再通过dispatchMessage(msg)分发派送。
private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,
long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
。。。
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}同时，通过上面我们也需要理解，为什么loop方法要在子线程中必须配合prepare调用，一个创建Looper（快递公司）一个启动公司运作，缺一不可。
4.收货
总的来说在经过了2天的时间，我老婆收到了我寄给她的一个亿，一早便收到了老婆的视频，老婆满脸笑容，我也很满足。收拾完下楼吃了一份热干面，高兴的去到公司努力挣下一个一亿，后面老婆在老家买了跑车，修了豪宅，过上了幸福的生活。
后续
因为我的这次邮寄一个亿对快递公司来说是一笔大单，我要求最快送达，那快递公司如何保证我的包裹最先配送的，它们如何排序的？下面我们进入到MessageQueue（仓库）中查找答案。
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
...
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
...
}
return true;
}上述代码中有一个when关键属性，这其实是一个long的时间戳，就是通过这个时间戳，message（包裹）在入仓库时都会指定一个时间，入库后就按着时间进行了排序。入库的处理找到了答案，我们再去看包裹是如何确保按顺序出库派送的。我们前面有了解到在Looper的loop方法中是调用MessageQueue的next获取message的，那我们直接去看next方法。
@UnsupportedAppUsage
Message next() {
// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
// which is not supported.
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}仔细看上面代码，可以发现也是一个死循环，通过now < msg.when这个条件判断当前的message的包裹时间是否大于当前时间，如果满足了这个条件，那就证明最近的这个message（包裹）还没到发出时间，那么就需要算出差值，在for循环的下一次执行时调用了下
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis)本地底层方法，进行阻塞等待一定的时间，然后再继续运行就会满足条件，成功返回message了。
总结
Handler作为快递员是收货和发货，也就是入口和出口；Looper是快递公司所以必须存在同时也得持续运行，所以必须调用prepare和loop方法，至于为啥我们在主线程中不用调用，那是因为ActivityThread中默认已经调用了。message是包裹同时也会包含一些信息，比如快递小哥的信息（Handler），MessageQueue作为仓库在Handler进行入库和出库时，通过when时间戳进行了排序来确保message的按时间发货。
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