P7453 & LOJ 2980 [THUSC 2017] 大魔法师 Solution

Description

给定序列 $a=(a_1,a_2,\cdots ,a_n)$，$b=(b_1,b_2,\cdots ,b_n)$ 和 $c=(c_1,c_2,\cdots ,c_n)$，有 $m$ 个操作分七种：

• $\mathrm{ex}{\mathrm{c}}_{\mathrm{a}}(l,r)$：对每个 $i\in [l,r]$ 执行 $a_i\leftarrow a_i+b_i$.
• $\mathrm{ex}{\mathrm{c}}_{\mathrm{b}}(l,r)$：对每个 $i\in [l,r]$ 执行 $b_i\leftarrow b_i+c_i$.
• $\mathrm{ex}{\mathrm{c}}_{\mathrm{c}}(l,r)$：对每个 $i\in [l,r]$ 执行 $c_i\leftarrow c_i+a_i$.
• $\mathrm{add}(l,r,v)$：对每个 $i\in [l,r]$ 执行 $a_i\leftarrow a_i+v$.
• $\mathrm{mul}(l,r,v)$：对每个 $i\in [l,r]$ 执行 $b_i\leftarrow b_i\times v$.
• $\mathrm{assign}(l,r,v)$：对每个 $i\in [l,r]$ 执行 $c_i\leftarrow v$.
• $\mathrm{query}(l,r)$：求 $\sum _{i=l}^r{a}_i$，$\sum _{i=l}^r{b}_i$ 和 $\sum _{i=l}^r{c}_i$的值，对 $998244353$ 取模.

Limitations

$1\le n,m\le 2.5\times 10^5$
$0\le a_i,b_i,c_i,v<998244353$
$1\le l\le r\le n$
$5\text{s},500\text{MB}$

Solution

显然需要矩阵，由于要加常数，每个节点维护矩阵 $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]$.
然后考虑用矩阵表达修改，由左行右列的口诀，显然有：

• $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}1,0,0,0\\ 1,1,0,0\\ 0,0,1,0\\ 0,0,0,1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}a+b,b,c,1\end{array}\right]$
• $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}1,0,0,0\\ 0,1,0,0\\ 0,1,1,0\\ 0,0,0,1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b+c,c,1\end{array}\right]$
• $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}1,0,1,0\\ 0,1,0,0\\ 0,0,1,0\\ 0,0,0,1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c+a,1\end{array}\right]$
• $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}1,0,0,0\\ 0,1,0,0\\ 0,0,1,0\\ v,0,0,1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}a+v,b,c,1\end{array}\right]$
• $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}1,0,0,0\\ 0,v,0,0\\ 0,0,1,0\\ 0,0,0,1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b\times v,c,1\end{array}\right]$
• $\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,c,1\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}1,0,0,0\\ 0,1,0,0\\ 0,0,0,0\\ 0,0,v,1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}a,b,v,1\end{array}\right]$

由于矩阵乘法满足结合律，可以用线段树维护，维护每个节点的矩阵与标记（也是一个矩阵），修改操作直接乘上对应矩阵，查询操作求矩阵和即可.

需要注意几点：

• 要初始化为单位矩阵的地方，不要忘记初始化.
• 矩阵乘法时，不计算一直为 $0$ 的位置.
• 如果是单位矩阵就不下传.

Code

$3.85\text{KB},27.95\text{s},80.72\text{MB}\text{(in total, C++20 with O2)}$

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

using i64 = long long;
using ui64 = unsigned long long;
using i128 = __int128;
using ui128 = unsigned __int128;
using f4 = float;
using f8 = double;
using f16 = long double;

template<class T>
bool chmax(T &a, const T &b){
	if(a < b){ a = b; return true; }
	return false;
}

template<class T>
bool chmin(T &a, const T &b){
	if(a > b){ a = b; return true; }
	return false;
}

constexpr int mod = 998244353;
inline int add(int x, int y) {return x + y >= mod ? x + y - mod : x + y; }
namespace matrix {
	struct Mat {
		int mat[4][4];
		inline Mat(int _e = 1) { 
		    memset(mat, 0, sizeof mat); 
		    mat[0][0] = mat[1][1] = mat[2][2] = mat[3][3] = _e;
		}
		inline int* operator[](int i) { return mat[i]; }
		inline const int* operator[](int i) const { return mat[i]; }
	};
	
	inline Mat operator+(const Mat& x, const Mat& y) {
		Mat z(0);
		for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
		    for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) z[i][j] = add(x[i][j], y[i][j]);
		return z;
	}
	
	inline Mat operator*(const Mat& x, const Mat& y) {
		Mat z(0);
		for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
		    for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
		    	if (!x[i][k]) continue;
		    	for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
		    		if (!y[k][j]) continue;
		    		z[i][j] = (z[i][j] + 1LL * x[i][k] * y[k][j]) % mod;
		    	}
		    }
		return z;
	}
	
	inline bool operator==(const Mat& x, const Mat& y) {
		for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
		    for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
		        if (x[i][j] != y[i][j]) return false;
		return true;
	}
}
using matrix::Mat;

namespace seg_tree {
	struct Node {
		int l, r;
		Mat val, tag;
	};
	
	inline int ls(int u) { return 2 * u + 1; }
	inline int rs(int u) { return 2 * u + 2; }
	
	struct SegTree {
		vector<Node> tr;
		
		inline SegTree() {}
		inline SegTree(const vector<Mat>& a) {
			const int n = a.size();
			tr.resize(n << 1);
			build(0, 0, n - 1, a);
		}
		
		inline void pushup(int u, int mid) {
			tr[u].val = tr[ls(mid)].val + tr[rs(mid)].val;
		}
		
		inline void apply(int u, const Mat& mat) {
			tr[u].val = tr[u].val * mat;
			tr[u].tag = tr[u].tag * mat;
		}
		
		inline void pushdown(int u, int mid) {
			if (tr[u].tag == Mat()) return;
			apply(ls(mid), tr[u].tag);
			apply(rs(mid), tr[u].tag);
			tr[u].tag = Mat();
		}
		
		inline void build(int u, int l, int r, const vector<Mat>& a) {
			tr[u].l = l, tr[u].r = r;
			if (l == r) {
				tr[u].val = a[l];
				return;
			}
			const int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
			build(ls(mid), l, mid, a);
			build(rs(mid), mid + 1, r, a);
			pushup(u, mid);
		}
		
		inline void modify(int u, int l, int r, const Mat& mat) {
			if (l <= tr[u].l && tr[u].r <= r) return apply(u, mat);
			const int mid = (tr[u].l + tr[u].r) >> 1;
			pushdown(u, mid);
			if (l <= mid) modify(ls(mid), l, r, mat);
			if (r > mid) modify(rs(mid), l, r, mat);
			pushup(u, mid); 
		}
		
		inline Mat query(int u, int l, int r) {
			if (l <= tr[u].l && tr[u].r <= r) return tr[u].val;
			const int mid = (tr[u].l + tr[u].r) >> 1;
			Mat res = Mat(0);
			pushdown(u, mid);
			if (l <= mid) res = res + query(ls(mid), l, r);
			if (r > mid) res = res + query(rs(mid), l, r);
			return res;
		}
	};
}
using seg_tree::SegTree;

signed main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
	cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
	
	int n; scanf("%d", &n);
	vector<Mat> a(n);
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		scanf("%d %d %d", &a[i][0][0], &a[i][0][1], &a[i][0][2]);
		a[i][0][3] = 1;
	}
	
	SegTree sgt(a);
	int m; scanf("%d", &m);
	
	for (int i = 0, op, l, r; i < m; i++) {
		scanf("%d %d %d", &op, &l, &r), l--, r--;
		if (op == 7) {
			auto mat = sgt.query(0, l, r);
			printf("%d %d %d\n", mat[0][0], mat[0][1], mat[0][2]);
		}
		else {
			auto mat = Mat();
			if (op == 1) mat[1][0] = 1;
			if (op == 2) mat[2][1] = 1;
			if (op == 3) mat[0][2] = 1;
			if (op == 4) scanf("%d", &mat[3][0]);
			if (op == 5) scanf("%d", &mat[1][1]);
			if (op == 6) scanf("%d", &mat[3][2]), mat[2][2] = 0;
			sgt.modify(0, l, r, mat);
		}
	}
	
	return 0;
}