Golang语法系列——interface接口

NOTE

• 主要概念

1. interface 可被 struct 等继承 （animalI = catT, catT 实现所有animalI的方法）
2. 了解规则：最好使用new()生成指针类

• 参考链接

type-switch 类型选择

• 参考链接

1. 介绍interface的用处
https://github.com/astaxie/build-web-application-with-golang/blob/master/zh/02.6.md 

• Comma-ok断言 判断类型 element.(T)

	package main

	import (
		"fmt"
		"strconv"
	)

	type Element interface{}
	type List []Element

	type Person struct {
		name string
		age int
	}

	//打印
	func (p Person) String() string {
		return "(name: " + p.name + " - age: "+strconv.Itoa(p.age)+ " years)"
	}

	func main() {
		list := make(List, 3)
		list[0] = 1 //an int
		list[1] = "Hello" //a string
		list[2] = Person{"Dennis", 70}

		for index, element := range list{
			switch value := element.(type) {
				case int:
					fmt.Printf("list[%d] is an int and its value is %d\n", index, value)
				case string:
					fmt.Printf("list[%d] is a string and its value is %s\n", index, value)
				case Person:
					fmt.Printf("list[%d] is a Person and its value is %s\n", index, value)
				default:
					fmt.Println("list[%d] is of a different type", index)
			}
		}
	}

• interface 可以嵌套interface

例如io标准库
// io.ReadWriter
// Reader和Writer两个 interface
type ReadWriter interface {
	Reader
	Writer
}

类型断言

• 代码

#NOTE：如果忽略 areaIntf.(*Square) 中的 * 号，会导致编译错误：impossible type assertion: Square does not implement Shaper (Area method has pointer receiver)。

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

type Square struct {
	side float32
}

type Circle struct {
	radius float32
}

type Shaper interface {
	Area() float32
}

func main() {
	var areaIntf Shaper
	sq1 := new(Square)
	sq1.side = 5

	areaIntf = sq1
	// Is Square the type of areaIntf?
	if t, ok := areaIntf.(*Square); ok {
		fmt.Printf("The type of areaIntf is: %T\n", t)
	}
	if u, ok := areaIntf.(*Circle); ok {
		fmt.Printf("The type of areaIntf is: %T\n", u)
	} else {
		fmt.Println("areaIntf does not contain a variable of type Circle")
	}
}

func (sq *Square) Area() float32 {
	return sq.side * sq.side
}

func (ci *Circle) Area() float32 {
	return ci.radius * ci.radius * math.Pi
}

输出
The type of areaIntf is: *main.Square
areaIntf does not contain a variable of type Circle

调用规则

• 规则

Go 语言规范定义了接口方法集的调用规则：

    类型 *T 的可调用方法集包含接受者为 *T 或 T 的所有方法集
    类型 T 的可调用方法集包含接受者为 T 的所有方法
    类型 T 的可调用方法集不包含接受者为 *T 的方法

• 代码

#注意new()的用法

package main

import (
	"fmt"
)

type List []int

func (l List) Len() int {
	return len(l)
}

func (l *List) Append(val int) {
	*l = append(*l, val)
}

type Appender interface {
	Append(int)
}

func CountInto(a Appender, start, end int) {
	for i := start; i <= end; i++ {
		a.Append(i)
	}
}

type Lener interface {
	Len() int
}

func LongEnough(l Lener) bool {
	return l.Len()*10 > 42
}

func main() {
	// A bare value
	var lst List
	// compiler error:
	// cannot use lst (type List) as type Appender in argument to CountInto:
	//       List does not implement Appender (Append method has pointer receiver)
	// CountInto(lst, 1, 10)
	if LongEnough(lst) { // VALID:Identical receiver type
		fmt.Printf("- lst is long enough\n")
	}

	// A pointer value
	plst := new(List)
	CountInto(plst, 1, 10) //VALID:Identical receiver type
	if LongEnough(plst) {
		// VALID: a *List can be dereferenced for the receiver
		fmt.Printf("- plst is long enough\n")
	}
}

输出
- plst is long enough

空接口复制

• 代码

#需逐个显式复制
var dataSlice []myType = FuncReturnSlice()
var interfaceSlice []interface{} = make([]interface{}, len(dataSlice))
for i, d := range dataSlice {
    interfaceSlice[i] = d
}

#错误语法
var dataSlice []myType = FuncReturnSlice()
var interfaceSlice []interface{} = dataSlice