＜设计模式＞学习总结

设计模式是解决问题的方案，学习现有的设计模式可以做到经验复用。拥有设计模式词汇，在沟通时就能用更少的词汇来讨论，并且不需要了解底层细节。

一、创建型/构建型

1.单例Singleton

确保一个类只有一个实例，并提供该实例的全局访问点。

实现：
使用一个私有构造函数、一个私有静态变量以及一个公有静态函数。

//1、懒汉式-线程不安全
public class Singleton {

    private static Singleton uniqueInstance;

    private Singleton() {
    }

    public static Singleton getUniqueInstance() {
        if (uniqueInstance == null) {
            uniqueInstance = new Singleton();
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }
}

//2、懒汉式-线程安全
public static synchronized Singleton getUniqueInstance() {
    if (uniqueInstance == null) {
        uniqueInstance = new Singleton();
    }
    return uniqueInstance;
}

//3、饿汉式-线程安全（一般情况下建议使用）
private static Singleton uniqueInstance = new Singleton();

//4、双检锁/双重校验锁-线程安全（DCL，即 double-checked locking）
public class Singleton {

    private volatile static Singleton uniqueInstance;

    private Singleton() {
    }

    public static Singleton getUniqueInstance() {
        if (uniqueInstance == null) {
            synchronized (Singleton.class) {
                if (uniqueInstance == null) {
                    uniqueInstance = new Singleton();
                }
            }
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }
}

//5、静态内部类-线程安全
public class Singleton {

    private Singleton() {
    }

    private static class SingletonHolder {
        private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
    }

    public static Singleton getUniqueInstance() {
        return SingletonHolder.INSTANCE;
    }
}

//6、枚举
public enum Singleton {

    INSTANCE;

    private String objName;


    public String getObjName() {
        return objName;
    }


    public void setObjName(String objName) {
        this.objName = objName;
    }

2.简单工厂Simple Factory

在创建一个对象时不向客户暴露内部细节，并提供一个创建对象的通用接口。

实现：

public interface Product {
}
public class ConcreteProduct implements Product {
}
public class ConcreteProduct1 implements Product {
}
public class ConcreteProduct2 implements Product {
}

public class SimpleFactory {

    public Product createProduct(int type) {
        if (type == 1) {
            return new ConcreteProduct1();
        } else if (type == 2) {
            return new ConcreteProduct2();
        }
        return new ConcreteProduct();
    }
}
public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SimpleFactory simpleFactory = new SimpleFactory();
        Product product = simpleFactory.createProduct(1);
        // do something with the product
    }
}

3.工厂方法Factory Method

定义了一个创建对象的接口，但由子类决定要实例化哪个类。工厂方法把实例化操作推迟到子类。

public abstract class Factory {
    abstract public Product factoryMethod();
    public void doSomething() {
        Product product = factoryMethod();
        // do something with the product
    }
}

public class ConcreteFactory extends Factory {
    public Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct();
    }
}

public class ConcreteFactory1 extends Factory {
    public Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct1();
    }
}

public class ConcreteFactory2 extends Factory {
    public Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct2();
    }
}

4.抽象工厂Abstract Factory

提供一个接口，用于创建相关的对象家族。

public class AbstractProductA {
}
public class AbstractProductB {
}
public class ProductA1 extends AbstractProductA {
}
public class ProductA2 extends AbstractProductA {
}
public class ProductB1 extends AbstractProductB {
}
public class ProductB2 extends AbstractProductB {
}

public abstract class AbstractFactory {
    abstract AbstractProductA createProductA();
    abstract AbstractProductB createProductB();
}
public class ConcreteFactory1 extends AbstractFactory {
    AbstractProductA createProductA() {
        return new ProductA1();
    }

    AbstractProductB createProductB() {
        return new ProductB1();
    }
}
public class ConcreteFactory2 extends AbstractFactory {
    AbstractProductA createProductA() {
        return new ProductA2();
    }

    AbstractProductB createProductB() {
        return new ProductB2();
    }
}
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        AbstractFactory abstractFactory = new ConcreteFactory1();
        AbstractProductA productA = abstractFactory.createProductA();
        AbstractProductB productB = abstractFactory.createProductB();
        // do something with productA and productB
    }
}

5.生成器

封装一个对象的构造过程，并允许按步骤构造。

public class AbstractStringBuilder {
    protected char[] value;

    protected int count;

    public AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity) {
        count = 0;
        value = new char[capacity];
    }

    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char c) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + 1);
        value[count++] = c;
        return this;
    }

    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
            expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
    }

    void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
        int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;
        if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
        if (newCapacity < 0) {
            if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflow
                throw new OutOfMemoryError();
            newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
    }
}

public class StringBuilder extends AbstractStringBuilder {
    public StringBuilder() {
        super(16);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        // Create a copy, don't share the array
        return new String(value, 0, count);
    }
}

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        final int count = 26;
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            sb.append((char) ('a' + i));
        }
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
    }
    //abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
}

6.原型模式Prototype

使用原型实例指定要创建对象的类型，通过复制这个原型来创建新对象。

public abstract class Prototype {
    abstract Prototype myClone();
}
public class ConcretePrototype extends Prototype {

    private String filed;

    public ConcretePrototype(String filed) {
        this.filed = filed;
    }

    @Override
    Prototype myClone() {
        return new ConcretePrototype(filed);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return filed;
    }
}

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Prototype prototype = new ConcretePrototype("abc");
        Prototype clone = prototype.myClone();
        System.out.println(clone.toString());
    }
    //abc
}