B站学习——Julia变量及基本类型

一、浮点数

1、修改参数的函数结尾用！

function ff!(x)   # 函数ff()会修改x的内容
    x[end] = 4
end
x = [1,2,3]
println(ff!(x))


julia> x
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 2
 4

2、查看变量的类型

julia> a = 2
2

julia> typeof(a)
Int64

julia> b = typeof(a)
Int64

julia> typeof(b)
DataType

julia> supertype(b)   # b的父类型
Signed

3、浮点数的表示方法

julia> 1e-3
0.001

julia> typeof(ans)
Float64

julia> 1f-3
0.001f0

julia> typeof(ans)
Float32

4、精度
数值越大，精度越低，浮点数在0附近最稠密

julia> eps(Float32)
1.1920929f-7

julia> eps(Float64)
2.220446049250313e-16

julia> eps(1.0)
2.220446049250313e-16

julia> eps(1000.)
1.1368683772161603e-13

julia> 1.1+1.0
2.1

julia> 1.1+0.1
1.2000000000000002

二、复数

1、基本运算

julia> x = 1 + 2im
1 + 2im

julia> y = 2 + 3im
2 + 3im

julia> x + y
3 + 5im

julia> x - y
-1 - 1im

julia> x * y
-4 + 7im

julia> x / y
0.6153846153846154 + 0.07692307692307691im

julia> x ^ 2
-3 + 4im

julia> 2x      # 复数和常数相乘
2 + 4im

julia> 2(1 + 2im)
2 + 4im

julia> 2 * (1+2im)
2 + 4im

2、运算优先级

julia> 2/5im == 2/(5*im)
true

3、复杂运算

julia> sqrt(x)
1.272019649514069 + 0.7861513777574233im

julia> cos(x)
2.0327230070196656 - 3.0518977991518im

julia> exp(x)
-1.1312043837568135 + 2.4717266720048188im

julia> abs(x)
2.23606797749979

julia> sqrt(-1)
ERROR: DomainError with -1.0:
sqrt will only return a complex result if called with a complex argument. Try sqrt(Complex(x)).
Stacktrace:
 [1] throw_complex_domainerror(::Symbol, ::Float64) at .\math.jl:32
 [2] sqrt at .\math.jl:492 [inlined]
 [3] sqrt(::Int64) at .\math.jl:518
 [4] top-level scope at none:0

julia> sqrt(-1 + 0im)
0.0 + 1.0im

4 、复数

julia> x = 1
1

julia> y = 1
1

julia> z = complex(x,y)
1 + 1im

julia> real(z)
1

julia> imag(z)
1

julia> angle(z)
0.7853981633974483

三、分数

julia> 2//3
2//3

julia> 4//8
1//2

julia> numerator(2//3)    # 分子
2

julia> denominator(2//3)  # 分母
3

julia> float(2//3)
0.6666666666666666

julia> isequal(float(1//2),1/2)
true

四、字符串

1、基本操作

julia> x = "a"
"a"

julia> Int(x)
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching Int64(::String)
Closest candidates are:
  Int64(::Union{Bool, Int32, Int64, UInt32, UInt64, UInt8, Int128, Int16, Int8, UInt128, UInt16}) at boot.jl:710
  Int64(::Ptr) at boot.jl:720
  Int64(::Float32) at float.jl:706
  ...
Stacktrace:
 [1] top-level scope at none:0

julia> x = 'a'     # 单个字符
'a': ASCII/Unicode U+0061 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> Int(x)
97

julia> Char(x)
'a': ASCII/Unicode U+0061 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> str = "hello world"   # 字符串
"hello world"

julia> str[1]    # Julia的下标从1开始
'h': ASCII/Unicode U+0068 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> str[0]    
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access String
  at index [0]
Stacktrace:
 [1] checkbounds at .\strings\basic.jl:193 [inlined]
 [2] codeunit at .\strings\string.jl:89 [inlined]
 [3] getindex(::String, ::Int64) at .\strings\string.jl:210
 [4] top-level scope at none:0

julia> str[end-3:end]
"orld"

2、遍历字符串

julia> for s in str
       println(s)
       end
h
e
l
l
o

w
o
r
l
d

3、其他操作
(1) 字符串拼接

julia> x = "hello"
"hello"

julia> y = "world"
"world"

julia> string(x,",",y,"\n")
"hello,world\n"

julia> x * ',' * y
"hello,world"

julia> x * "," * y
"hello,world"

julia> "abc" ^ 3
"abcabcabc"

julia> s = split("one two three")
3-element Array{SubString{String},1}:
 "one"  
 "two"
 "three"

julia> join(s)
"onetwothree"

julia> join(s, " ")
"one two three"

(2) 插值操作符，$取出变量的值

julia> n = 4
4

julia> "nnn has $n n"
"nnn has 4 n"

julia> "1 + 2 = $(1+2)"
"1 + 2 = 3"

julia> println("\$100")    # 当作文字使用时需要转义
$100

(3) 其他操作

julia> lowercase("HELLO")
"hello"

julia> uppercase("hello")
"HELLO"

julia> replace("I want learn Python","Python" => "Julia")
"I want learn Julia"

julia> startswith("julia is interesting","julia")
true

(4) 数学操作

julia> "abcd" < "xyz"
true

julia> "abcd" != "abcde"
true

五、Tuple

用（）表示，内容不可更改

julia> x1 = (1,2,3,4)
(1, 2, 3, 4)

julia> x1[1]
1

julia> length(x1)
4

julia> x1[2:end]
(2, 3, 4)

julia> x3 = (a=1,b=2)   # 定义字典性质
(a = 1, b = 2)

julia> x3.a
1

六、字典

1、基本操作

julia> dict = Dict("aa"=>1,"bb"=>2,"cc"=>3)
Dict{String,Int64} with 3 entries:
  "bb" => 2
  "aa" => 1
  "cc" => 3

julia> typeof(dict)
Dict{String,Int64}

julia> dict.count        
3

julia> dict.keys     # 默认显示16个键，只定义了3个
16-element Array{String,1}:
 #undef 
 #undef
 #undef
 #undef
    "bb"
 #undef
 #undef
 #undef
 #undef
 #undef
 #undef
 #undef
    "aa"
    "cc"
 #undef
 #undef

julia> dict.vals
16-element Array{Int64,1}:
         0
         0
         0
         0
         2
 344243432
 345220920
         0
         0
         0
 344240640
         0
         1
         3
         0
         0

julia> dict["aa"]
1

2、类型转换

julia> arr = ["one"=>1, "two"=> 2]
2-element Array{Pair{String,Int64},1}:
 "one" => 1
 "two" => 2

julia> Dict(arr)
Dict{String,Int64} with 2 entries:
  "two" => 2
  "one" => 1

julia> tpl = [("one",1), ("two",2)]
2-element Array{Tuple{String,Int64},1}:
 ("one", 1)
 ("two", 2)

julia> Dict(tpl)
Dict{String,Int64} with 2 entries:
  "two" => 2
  "one" => 1

julia> vas = [1,2,3]
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 2
 3

julia> kes = ["one", "two", "three"]
3-element Array{String,1}:
 "one"  
 "two"
 "three"

julia> Dict(zip(kes,vas))
Dict{String,Int64} with 3 entries:
  "two"   => 2
  "one"   => 1
  "three" => 3

3、遍历字典

julia> d = Dict("one"=>1, "two"=>2, "three"=>3)
Dict{String,Int64} with 3 entries:
  "two"   => 2
  "one"   => 1
  "three" => 3

julia> for (k,v) in d
           println("value is $v for key $k")
       end
value is 2 for key two
value is 1 for key one
value is 3 for key three

julia> for v in values(d)
       	   println(v)
       end
2
1
3

4、删除字典元素

julia> delete!(d,"one")
Dict{String,Int64} with 2 entries:
  "two"   => 2
  "three" => 3

七、Set

1、定义

julia> s = Set([1,2,3,2])   # 集合无重复元素
Set([2, 3, 1])

julia> s = Set([1:3:10])
Set(StepRange{Int64,Int64}[1:3:10])

julia> s = Set(1:3:10)
Set([7, 4, 10, 1])

2、关键字in

julia> s = Set(1:3:10)
Set([7, 4, 10, 1])

julia> 2 in s
false

julia> 4 in s
true

3、集合运算

julia> A = Set([1,2,3,4])
Set([4, 2, 3, 1])

julia> B = Set([2,4,6,7])
Set([7, 4, 2, 6])

julia> intersect(A,B)   # 交
Set([4, 2])

julia> union(A,B)
Set([7, 4, 2, 3, 6, 1])  # 并