一.BLE介绍
BLE是Bluetooth Low Energy的缩写,又叫蓝牙4.0,区别于蓝牙3.0和之前的技术.BLE前身是NOKIA开发的Wibree技术,主要用于实现移动智能终端与周边配件之间的持续连接,是功耗极低的短距离无线通信技术,并且有效传输距离被提升到了100米以上,同时只需要一颗纽扣电池就可以工作数年之久.BLE是在蓝牙技术的基础上发展起来的,同同于蓝牙,又区别于传统蓝牙.BLE设备分单模和双模两种,双模简称BR,商标为蓝牙Smart Ready,单模简称BLE或者LE,商标为Bluetooth Smart.Android是在4.3后才支持BLE,这说明不是所有蓝牙手机都支持BLE,而且支持BLE的蓝牙手机一般是双模的。双模兼容传统蓝牙,可以和传统蓝牙通信,也可以和BLE通信,常用在手机上,android4.3和IOS4.0之后版本都支持BR,也就是双模设备。单模只能和BR和单模的设备通信,不能和传统蓝牙通信,由于 功耗低,待机长,所以常用在手环的智能设备上。
二.基本概念
1.通用访问配置文件:(GAP)用来控制设备连接和广播,GAP使你的设备被其他设备可见,并决定了你的设备是否可以或者怎样与合同设备进行交互。
2.通用属性配置文件:(GATT)通过BLE连接,读写属性类数据的简介通用规范,现在所有的BLE应用资料都是基于总协定的。
3.属性协议:(ATT)总协定是基于ATTProtocol的,ATT针对BLE设备做了专门的优化,具体就是在传输过程中使用尽量少的数据,每个属性都有一个唯一的UUID,属性将以特征和服务的形式传输。特征特征可以理解为一个数据类型,它包括一个值和0至多个对次值的描述(描述符)。
4.Descriptor:对Characteristic的描述,例如范围、计量单位等。
1. Service:
Characteristic的集合。例如一个service叫做“Heart Rate Monitor”,它可能包含多个Characteristics,其中可能包含一个叫做“heart ratemeasurement”的Characteristic。
2. UUID:
唯一标示符,每个Service,Characteristic,Descriptor,都是由一个UUID定义。
三,Android BLE API
- BluetoothManager:通过BluetoothManager来获取BluetoothAdapter.BluetoothManager bluetoothManager =(BluetoothManager)getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
- BluetoothAdapter:代表了移动设备的本地的蓝牙适配器,通过该蓝牙适配器可以对蓝牙进行基本操作,一个Android系统只有一个BluetoothAdapter,通过BluetoothManager获取.BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
- BluetoothDevice:扫描后发现可连接的设备,获取已经连接的设备.BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice = bluetoothAdapter.getRemoteDevice(address);
- BluetoothGatt:继承蓝牙规范,通过BluetoothGatt可以连接设备(连接),发现服务(discoverServices),并把相应地属性返回到BluetoothGattCallback,可以看成蓝牙设备从连接到断开的生命周期
- BluetoothGattCharacteristic:相当于一个数据类型,可以看成一个特征或能力,它包括一个值和0~n个值的描述(BluetoothGattDescriptor)。
- BluetoothGattDescriptor: 描述符,对特征的描述,包括范围,计量单位等。
- BluetoothGattService: 服务,特征的集合。
- BluetoothGattCallback:已经连接上设备,对设备的某些操作后返回的结果。- onConnectionStateChange:指示GATT客户端何时与远程GATT服务器连接/断开连接的回调。
四,操作流程
google GitHub例子连接BluetoothLe
google Developers蓝牙SDK参考
首先权限不能忘:
uses-permission android:name =“android.permission.ACCESS _ COARSE _ LOCATION”/>
uses-permission android:name=”android.permission.BLUETOOTH” />
uses-permission android:name=”android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN” />
除了蓝牙权限外,如果需要BLE feature则还需要声明uses-feature:
uses-feature android:name=”android.hardware.bluetooth_le” android:required=”true” />
检查当前手机是否支持ble 蓝牙,如果不支持退出程序
if (!getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_BLUETOOTH_LE)) {
Toast.makeText(this, R.string.ble_not_supported, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
finish();
}
//初始化 Bluetooth adapter, 通过蓝牙管理器得到一个参考蓝牙适配器(API必须在以上android4.3或以上和版本)
final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager)getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
// 检查设备上是否支持蓝牙
mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
if (mBluetoothAdapter == null) {
Toast.makeText(this, R.string.error_bluetooth_not_supported, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
finish();
return;
}
//如果 API level 是大于等于 23(Android 6.0) 时判断是否具有权限,自Android 6.0开始需要打开位置权限才可以搜索到Ble设备
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M){
//判断是否具有权限
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){
//请求权限
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION},REQUEST_CODE_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
}
}
Boolean result =isLocationEnable(this);
if (result){
Log.e(TAG, "用户以打开定位功能===");
}else {
setLocationService();
}
}
执行完上面的请求权限后,系统会弹出提示框让用户选择是否允许改权限。选择的结果可以在回到接口中得知:
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
if (requestCode == REQUEST_CODE_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) {
if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
//用户允许改权限,0表示允许,-1表示拒绝 PERMISSION_GRANTED = 0, PERMISSION_DENIED = -1
//permission was granted, yay! Do the contacts-related task you need to do.
//这里进行授权被允许的处理
Log.e(TAG, "允许定位权限===");
} else {
//permission denied, boo! Disable the functionality that depends on this permission.
//这里进行权限被拒绝的处理
Log.e(TAG, "不允许定位权限===");
}
} else {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
}
}
//判断定位
public final boolean isLocationEnable(Context context) {
LocationManager locationManager = (LocationManager) context.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
boolean networkProvider = locationManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER);
boolean gpsProvider = locationManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);
if (networkProvider || gpsProvider) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
private void setLocationService() {
Intent locationIntent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS);
startActivityForResult(locationIntent, REQUEST_CODE_LOCATION_SETTINGS);
}
执行完上面的请求权限后回调:
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
// 用户没有开启蓝牙
if (requestCode == REQUEST_CODE_LOCATION_SETTINGS) {
if (isLocationEnable(this)) {
//定位已打开的处理
Toast.makeText(this, "定位已经打开", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
else {
//定位依然没有打开的处理
Toast.makeText(this, "定位没有打开", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
else if (requestCode == REQUEST_ENABLE_BT && resultCode == RESULT_CANCELED) {
finish();
return;
}
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
}
五、设备搜索
BluetoothAdapter.startDiscovery在大多数手机上是可以同时发现经典蓝牙和低功耗蓝牙,但是startDiscovery的回调无法返回低功耗蓝牙提取的广播,所以无法通过广播识别设备,且startDiscovery扫描低功耗蓝牙提取的效率比StartLeScan低很多。所以在实际应用中,还是StartDiscovery和StartLeScan分开扫,前者扫传统蓝牙,后者扫低功耗蓝牙。
由于搜索需要尽量减少功耗,因此在实际使用时需注意:当找到对应的设备后,立即停止扫描;不要循环搜索设备,为每次搜索设置适合的时间限制,避免设备不在可用范围的时候持续不停扫描,消耗电量。
通过调用BluetoothAdapter的startLeScan()搜索BLE设备。调用此方法时需要传入BluetoothAdapter .LeScanCallback参数。具体代码示例如下:
/**
* Device scan callback.
* BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback :public static interface
* onLeScan:Callback reporting an LE device found during a device scan initiated by the startLeScan(BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback) function.
*/
private final BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback =
new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {
@Override
public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi, byte[] scanRecord) {
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
mLeDeviceListAdapter.addDevice(device);
mLeDeviceListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
});
}
/**
* BluetoothGattCallback: public abstract class
* onConnectionStateChange:Callback indicating when GATT client has connected/disconnected to/from a remote GATT server.
* onServicesDiscovered:Callback invoked when the list of remote services, characteristics and descriptors for the remote device have been updated, ie new services have been discovered.
* onCharacteristicChanged:Callback triggered as a result of a remote characteristic notification.
* onCharacteristicRead:Callback reporting the result of a characteristic read operation.
* onCharacteristicWrite:Callback indicating the result of a characteristic write operation.
*/
private final BluetoothGattCallback mGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback(){
@Override
public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {
super.onConnectionStateChange(gatt, status, newState);
Log.i(TAG, "onConnectionStateChange.newState = " + newState);
String intentAction;
if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
intentAction = ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED;
mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTED;
broadcastUpdate(intentAction);
Log.i(TAG, "Connected to GATT server.");
// Attempts to discover services after successful connection.
Log.i(TAG, "Attempting to start service discovery:" +
mBluetoothGatt.discoverServices());
} else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
intentAction = ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED;
mConnectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;
Log.i(TAG, "Disconnected from GATT server.");
broadcastUpdate(intentAction);
}
}
@Override
public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
super.onServicesDiscovered(gatt, status);
Log.i(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered.");
if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);
} else {
Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status);
}
}
@Override
public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
super.onCharacteristicChanged(gatt, characteristic);
Log.i(TAG, "onCharacteristicChanged.");
//broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
}
@Override
public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {
super.onCharacteristicRead(gatt, characteristic, status);
Log.i(TAG, "onCharacteristicRead.status = " + status);
if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
}
}
@Override
public void onCharacteristicWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {
super.onCharacteristicWrite(gatt, characteristic, status);
Log.i(TAG, "onCharacteristicWrite.status = " + status);
if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
}
}
};
/**
* Connects to the GATT server hosted on the Bluetooth LE device.
*
* @param address The device address of the destination device.
*
* @return Return true if the connection is initiated successfully. The connection result
* is reported asynchronously through the
* {@code BluetoothGattCallback#onConnectionStateChange(android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt, int, int)}
* callback.
*/
public boolean connect(final String address) {
if (mBluetoothAdapter == null || address == null) {
Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothAdapter not initialized or unspecified address.");
return false;
}
// Previously connected device. Try to reconnect.
if (mBluetoothDeviceAddress != null && address.equals(mBluetoothDeviceAddress)
&& mBluetoothGatt != null) {
Log.d(TAG, "Trying to use an existing mBluetoothGatt for connection.");
if (mBluetoothGatt.connect()) {
mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTING;
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
final BluetoothDevice device = mBluetoothAdapter.getRemoteDevice(address);
if (device == null) {
Log.w(TAG, "Device not found. Unable to connect.");
return false;
}
// We want to directly connect to the device, so we are setting the autoConnect
// parameter to false.
//Connect to GATT Server hosted by this device.
mBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt(this, false, mGattCallback);
Log.d(TAG, "Trying to create a new connection.");
mBluetoothDeviceAddress = address;
mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTING;
return true;
}