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Pan-African Network for economic Analysis of Policies

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What is the Pan African Network for Economic Analysis of Policies (PANAP)?

The Pan-African Network for economic Analysis of Policies brings together academic, research and institutional partners that develop research on agro-economics and policy issues.

It was established in 2019 under the aegis of the African Union (AU) - European Union (EU) partnership.

The network is co-hosted by the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC), the African Union Commission - Agriculture, Rural Development, Blue Economy, and Sustainable Environment (ARBE), and the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA).

PANAP

Our mission

PANAP aims to strengthen the liaison between researchers/scientists and policymakers in Africa, and to stimulate their cooperation on selected topics linked to policy priorities that reinforce the stability and enhance the development of African agriculture and food sectors. In particular, the network is conducting research on economic analysis of policies focusing on Africa’s Food Systems and that supports its sustainable transition.

networking

PANAP Objectives

  1. Enhance food and nutrition security, as in the Malabo Declaration - ending hunger in Africa by 2025, and SDG1 – Ending Poverty & SDG2 - Zero Hunger.
  2. Foster scientific communities providing independent, evidence-based scientific support, data/information, and economic analysis of sustainable agrifood systems and related policies.
  3. Support continental, regional and national policymakers in Africa in designing, assessing ex-ante and evaluating ex-post the impacts of agricultural policies.
  4. Serve as a platform for knowledge sharing of micro and macro data, models/economic tools, modelling skills, promote the dissemination of simulation results and create a common knowledge base and practices on the topic of economic analysis of policy.

About this website

Currently hosted within the pages of the Data/Modelling platform of resource economics of the European Commission, this website works as complete and up-to-dated reference of the network's activities. Find here the involved partners and collaborators, the network events, the documents, the news, the scientific publications and policy briefs, the economic modelling tools, and a repository of all the open datasets.

networking

To remain informed on the network activities and events, please subscribe to the PANAP newsletter by filling in the form!

Our navigator allows to explore hundreds of PANAP publications and resources by country, and year or model.

Data and dashboards

Country dashboards

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A one-stop-shop infographics combining data from scattered sources on food/nutrition security and macroeconomics and agro-economics indicators for countries where food security and sustainable agriculture are focal sectors for EU intervention.
Published: 13/06/2019 | Updated: 03/10/2024

Jobs calculator

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What happens to employment if exports change? Try this interactive tool to simulate the effects of demand changes on jobs. Tool based on the Social Accounting Matrices. Simulation available for 30+ countries, including all EU, the UK, and some Africans.
Published: 09/04/2019 | Updated: 24/10/2023

PANAP Newslettters

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Subscription to the PANAP newsletters
Published: 28/09/2022

PANAP Navigator

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Tableaux de bord pour naviguer parmi les contenues du réseau panafricain pour l'analyse économique des politiques - Control board to navigate through the contents of the Pan-African Network for economic Analysis of Policies
Published: 06/09/2020

Potential impacts of the African Continental Free Trade Area on agri-food sectors and food security in Ghana

DEMETRA CGE results of the ex-ante assessment of AfCFTA impacts on the Ghanaian economy
Published: 04/10/2024

The impacts of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area on the Nigerian economy

The dataset contains the DEMETRA CGE results of the ex-ante assessment of AfCFTA impacts on the Nigerian economy
Published: 03/09/2024

Food consumption in West Africa

This dashboard provides information on food consumption of households in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo.
Published: 28/08/2024

AfCFTA tariff offer analysis

Published: 22/01/2024 | Updated: 14/05/2024

The impacts of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area on the Tanzanian economy

The report contains a country-level analysis regarding the African Continental Free Trade Area impacts on the Tanzanian economy using the JRC-DEMETRA model
Published: 21/03/2024

SAM - Tanzania - 2015

Social Accounting Matrix for Tanzania for 2015, estimated by JRC (2023)
Published: 31/01/2024

Plan Sénégal Emergent 2019-2023

Arguments scientifiques à l'appui d'options politiques en faveur du secteur agricole pour la deuxième phase du Plan Sénégal Emergent (PSE) et de son Plan d'Actions Prioritaires (PAP) en 2019-2023.
Published: 26/02/2019 | Updated: 15/01/2024

FPCA-II. Food Price Crowdsourcing Africa-expansion

FPCA - From mobile app-based crowdsourcing to crowd-trusted food prices in Nigeria: statistical pre-processing and post-sampling.
Published: 05/01/2023

Sustainable Cocoa Event 2022

Sustainable Cocoa Side-Event @ 2022 FAO Science & Innovation forum
Published: 19/09/2022

The impacts of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area on the Kenyan economy

The report contains a country-level analysis regarding the African Continental Free Trade Area impacts on the Kenyan economy. It presents a detailed assessment of the free trade area effects on economics sectors, households and government revenue.
Published: 15/02/2022

Potential effects of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on African agri-food sectors and food security

This report complements previous continental economy-wide assessments of the impacts of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) by providing a more comprehensive description of the trade agreement’s effects on food systems and food security.
Published: 24/11/2021

SAM - Ghana - 2015

Social Accounting Matrix for Ghana for 2015, estimated by JRC (2021)
Published: 31/05/2021

SAM - Ethiopia - 2015/16

Social Accounting Matrix for Ethiopia for 2015/16, estimated by JRC (2020)
Published: 08/01/2020

RJOC - Ethiopia

Study that provides quantitative evidences supporting policy options for the Rural Job Opportunity Creation Strategy (RJOCS) in Ethiopia
Published: 26/11/2019

Food Price Crowdsourcing Africa

“Food Price Crowdsourcing Africa” (FPCA) is a research project for understanding food price changes along the food chain while strengthening agricultural and market information systems through mobile phone technology and citizens' participation.
Published: 12/03/2019 | Updated: 23/07/2019

ASGTS - Kenya

Study (JRC & FAO-MAFAP, 2018) to explore ex-ante socioeconomic impacts of alternative agricultural policies, driving to development options recommended to support the final decision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoALF) of Kenya
Published: 26/06/2018

Publications

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    Le programme de subvention des intrants agricoles au Sénégal [The agricultural input subsidy program in Senegal]

    Year: 2025

    Authors: Ricome, A; Cockx, L; Barreiro-Hurle, J; Sadibou Fall, C; Tillie, P

    Journal: Publications Office of the European Union

    Abstract: Depuis maintenant une quinzaine d’années, le Sénégal a mis en place un programme de subvention d’intrants agricoles à destination de ses producteurs agricoles visant à leur fournir engrais, semences et matériel agricole. Cependant, très peu d’études ont été réalisées pour en évaluer les impacts. Ce rapport présente les résultats détaillés d’une étude visant à évaluer les effets de ce programme dans deux régions, la vallée du fleuve Sénégal et le bassin arachidier, au travers de plusieurs dispositifs de collecte de données, et notamment d’une enquête auprès des producteurs agricoles. Les résultats mettent en lumière plusieurs faiblesses du programme. La mise en œuvre du programme diffère d’une région à l’autre et les critères de sélection des bénéficiaires souffrent d’un certain flou. Les bénéficiaires du programme tendent à être sélectionnés parmi les producteurs les plus grands, mieux éduqués et bénéficiant d’un capital social plus important. L’estimation des effets du programme en prenant en compte ce biais de sélection montre bien un effet positif sur l’utilisation d’engrais inorganique, et dans le cas du bassin arachidier, également sur le recours aux semence certifiées. Cependant, aucun effet ni sur les rendements des principales cultures ni sur les performances économiques des bénéficiaires n’est observé dans les deux régions de l’étude. Cela s’explique notamment par les dysfonctionnements du programme, tels que les retards de livraison des intrants ou leur mauvaise qualité, mais aussi par un effet d’éviction sur les achats d’engrais commerciaux, notamment dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, qui résulte d’un ciblage inefficace des bénéficiaires. Au final, le programme de subvention des intrants agricoles ne permet pas d’augmenter la production ou le revenu des producteurs bénéficiaires. Le rapport conclut sur des recommandations pour améliorer l’efficacité de cet outil essentiel de la politique agricole Sénégalaise. [For the past fifteen years, Senegal has implemented a program to subsidize agricultural inputs for its producers with the aim of providing them with fertilizers, seeds, and agricultural equipment. However, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate its impacts. This report presents detailed results of a study aimed at assessing the effects of this program in the Senegal River Valley and the Bassin Arachidier, using several data collection mechanisms, including a survey of agricultural producers. The results highlight several weaknesses of the program. The implementation of the program varies from one region to another, and the selection criteria lack clarity. Program beneficiaries tend to be selected among the larger producers who are better educated and have greater social capital. Estimating the effects of the program while accounting for this selection bias does show a positive effect on the use of inorganic fertilizer and, in the case of the Bassin Arachidier, also on the use of certified seeds. However, no effect on the yields of the main crops nor on economic performance of farms is observed in either region. This can be explained by the program's deficiences, such as delays in input delivery or input poor quality, but also by a crowding-out effect on the purchases of commercial fertilizers, particularly in the Senegal River Valley, resulting from inefficient targeting of beneficiaries. In the end, the agricultural input subsidy program does not increase production nor the income of beneficiary producers.]

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    The Impacts of African Continental Free Trade Area on COMESA

    Year: 2025

    Authors: Simola, A; Ferrari, E; Nechifor, V; Boysen, O; Kibiru, J; Onyango, CH

    Journal: Publications Office of the European Union

    Abstract: This study analyses the impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) using a recursively dynamic global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, MAGNET. The study considers two policy measures: cuts in bilateral tariff rates and the reduction of non-tariff measures (NTMs) in intra-African trade flows. The results show that AfCFTA can generate an additional 0.55% increase in COMESA's economic growth by 2035, with a corresponding increase in household disposable income and purchasing power for lower-income households. The study also finds that COMESA will increase its total trade, especially with African trade partners, and diversify its export and import markets in Africa. The AfCFTA is expected to promote industrialization in COMESA through trade creation in manufactured goods and increase the share of agricultural consumption imports. However, non-tariff barriers remain a challenge in facilitating trade into the African markets.

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    The impacts of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the Kenyan economy: Evidence from an economy-wide model

    Year: 2025

    Authors: Ndong Ntah, M; Ferrari, E; Nandelenga, M; Nechifor, V; Woldie Yalew, A

    Journal: African Development Review

    Abstract: Russia's invasion of Ukraine has disrupted the global supply chains of several globally traded commodities. The repercussions for many African countries are concerning. This study assesses the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the Kenyan economy using a computable general equilibrium model. The model is calibrated using a highly disaggregated social accounting matrix. The analysis particularly focuses on the impacts of changes in world prices for five major commodities of which Kenya is a net importer. The results show rising import price that adversely lowers Kenya's gross domestic product and household consumption. The macroeconomic impacts are particularly driven by the fertilizer and fuel commodity price changes. Activities producing agrifood commodities and providing services are highly affected. Rural households face a higher food consumer price index than their urban counterparts. Subsidizing fuel and fertilizer prices could dampen most of the adverse effects but would come at considerable fiscal costs. The government of Kenya should consider devising policies that strengthen intraregional trade, diversify import origins and improve agricultural productivity and energy efficiency.

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    Do voluntary sustainability standards improve socioeconomic and ecological outcomes? Evidence from Ghana's cocoa sector

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Wätzold, MYL; Abdulai, I; Cooke, A; Krumbiegel, K; Ocampo-Ariza, C; Wenzel, A; Wollni, M

    Journal: Ecological Economics

    Abstract: Voluntary sustainability standards offer potential for sustainable development by improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers while conserving biodiversity. However, their overall implications remain poorly understood, as studies have mostly focused on assessing their effects on single sustainability dimensions. Here, we use an interdisciplinary approach to understand the simultaneous effects of sustainability standards (e.g. Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance, Cocoa Life) on socioeconomic and ecological outcomes in Ghana's cocoa sector. Our study is based on a rich dataset comprising household data from 814 smallholder cocoa-producing households from five major cocoa regions and ecological data from 119 cocoa plots. Results from the endogenous switching regression approach suggest that sustainability standards have positive effects on socioeconomic outcomes such as cocoa yield, net cocoa income and returns to land. However, using generalized linear mixed effects models, we do not find any significant associations with ecological outcomes related to vegetation structure and animal diversity. Our results indicate that sustainability standards in Ghana's cocoa sector lead to socioeconomic benefits but not to ecological benefits for the plot environment. Nevertheless, yield increases do not come at the expense of biodiversity. We conclude that sustainability standards have the potential to improve socioeconomic outcomes, without significantly creating trade-offs with ecological outcomes.

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    The contribution of agricultural inputs in reducing child stunting

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Rogna, M

    Journal: Agriculture & Food Security

    Abstract: While the impact of agricultural inputs on crop yields has received considerable attention, their influence on nutritional outcomes has been somewhat neglected. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the role of agricultural inputs in mitigating child stunting through linear dynamic panel regressions conducted at the country level. By analysing data from approximately half of the world’s countries over a 20-years period, our findings reveal that mineral fertilizers make significant positive contributions to reducing child stunting. Other agricultural inputs, such as per-capita agricultural land and manure exhibit a positive contribution in reducing child stunting, but their statistical significance is obtained only in few models. Surprisingly, irrigation appears to have no impact on alleviating child stunting.

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    The implications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine for African economies: A CGE analysis for Ethiopia

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Woldie Yalew, A; Nechifor, V; Ferrari, E

    Journal: Bio-based and Applied Economics

    Abstract: The Russian invasion of Ukraine contributed to soaring world market prices of many commodities with severe repercussions for many African countries. This study examines the implications of the 2022 world market price increases for wheat, fuels, and fertilizers for Ethiopia. Using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the study shows negative impacts on GDP, wage rates, and households’ consumption in the country. The effects of fertilizer and petroleum price changes are notable and unequal across production sectors. With increasing import prices of inorganic fertilizers, crop growing activities substitute inorganic fertilizers with animal manure reducing the use of manure as cooking fuel. The effects on urban households are more severe than the effects on rural households. Policies supporting biofuels and biogas digesters may dampen the adverse effects stemming from petroleum price surges.

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    Potential impacts of the African Continental Free Trade Area on agri-food sectors and food security in Ghana

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Agyei-Holmes, A; Opoku, K; Atta Ankomah, R; Nechifor, V; Ferrari, E; Boysen, O; Simola, A

    Journal: Publications Office of the European Union

    Abstract: This study employs the economy-wide model DEMETRA to provide a detailed characterisation of the impacts of the African Continental Free Trade Area on the Ghanaian economy from 2020 to 2035 and how these economy-wide impacts will affect food consumption and affordability. It considers two liberalisation scenarios – tariff-only liberalisation and tariff and non-tariff measures liberalisation – across four potential liberalisation schedules defined by different government revenue, food security and economic development objectives. Results from a continental-level assessment are linked to the DEMETRA model to accommodate changes in international markets as a result of the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area. The study shows that tariff-only liberalisation leads to positive effects on trade and that there is a further boost to trade when tariffs are combined with non-tariff measures. A moderate growth in gross domestic product potentially increases capital stock and intermediate goods for manufacturing. Demand for labour in the manufacturing sector also rises, but labour demand in livestock production declines. In terms of food security, prices of processed food generally decline, while prices of cash crops rise. Overall, household consumption of food and other commodities rises. Ultimately, overall government tax revenue falls as a result of a significant reduction in trade taxes, which calls for innovative ways to expand tax collection in country.

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    The impacts of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area on the Nigerian economy

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Omoju, OE; Ikhide, EE; Osigwe, AC; Nghargbu, R; Nechifor, V; El Meligi, A; Ferreira, V; Boysen, O; Simola, A; Ferrari, E

    Journal: Publications Office of the European Union

    Abstract: The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is aimed at boosting intra-African trade and promoting regional development. However, the distribution of its benefits and costs across member states and household groups is uneven, and it presents opportunities and threats to different sectors of the economy. This report assesses the impact of the AfCFTA on the Nigerian economy, with particular reference to the agri-food sectors. Analysis performed using the MAGNET and DEMETRA economy-wide models calibrated on the GTAP 10 database and Nigeria s 2019 Social Accounting Matrix, respectively, shows that the AfCFTA has a negligible impact on Nigerian gross domestic product, notably in the case of a liberalisation scenario that eliminates tariffs but does not include non-tariff measures (NTMs) cost reduction. Contrary to expectations, government revenue increases, as revenue from other sources offsets the fall in customs revenue, and this effect is larger under the intermediate input liberalisation schedule. The outputs of the industry, utilities, construction, services and agriculture sectors increase, while the outputs of the public services, extractive industry and processed food sectors decrease. The reduction in the output of the processed food sector leads to an increase in imports of processed food commodities. The increase in output is larger under the agricultural trade liberalisation schedule. The employment effects also mirror the output effects, with the sectors experiencing output contraction also experiencing a fall in employment, and vice versa. Low-skilled labour will be affected due to adverse effects on output of sectors where they are employed. The welfare impact is larger for rural households than for urban households. For urban households, some outlier households face welfare losses in 2025 and 2030. But these negative welfare effects turn positive in the transition to 2035 as the AfCFTA benefits expand.

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    Exploring food consumption patterns across the rural-urban continuum in West Africa

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Cockx, L; Boti, D

    Journal: Publications Office of the European Union

    Abstract: Diets are a significant contributor to malnutrition in all its forms. Moreover, changes in food consumption create opportunities and challenges for agrifood systems. An improved understanding of diets is therefore crucial to design appropriate food, agricultural, and nutrition policies. Urbanization is commonly put forward as a determinant of changing diets. Yet, research on this relationship has been challenged by the lack of a unified definition of what constitutes an “urban” area. In addition, a simple rural-urban dichotomy has resulted in a focus on the “rural-urban divide” that disregards the interconnectedness between various types of population agglomerations and masks differences within rural and urban zones. In this study, we combine household survey data on food consumption with satellite data capturing the urbanisation gradient following the harmonized definition of the Degree or Urbanisation. While there are important differences across countries, several patterns emerge clearly including a shift away from traditional staples, towards more conveniently consumed and prepared foods. While the effects are often strongest cities, we find significant differences in food consumption at much lower levels of urbanization. This confirms the importance of moving beyond a simple rural-urban dichotomy and taking into account the great diversity among both rural and urban environments.

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    Capturing the drivers of crop water footprints in Africa and its spatial patterns

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Nechifor, V; Gracia-de-Rentería, P; Ferrari, E

    Journal: Water Resources and Economics

    Abstract: Improving water efficiency in the agricultural sector is essential to ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater in a context of increasing water scarcity and human water demand. The water footprint (WF) is an established metric of resource intensity while the drivers steering WF over time remain under-researched. To advance this line of research, this paper assesses the sign and magnitude of macroeconomic, climatic, and agronomic drivers on the agricultural crop WF in 43 countries of the African continent for the period 2002–2016, using econometric panel data techniques and considering potential spatial patterns. The results reveal a significant spatial dependence in the WF across neighbouring countries. Socioeconomic factors are the most important determinant of water productivity, indicating that economic development facilitates a falling water requirement per unit of production. A negative impact of the temperature variation on the WF is also found, while the share of total land dedicated to agriculture tends to increase the crop WF in the continent. These results support designing adequate agricultural and water management policies to achieve sustainable and resilient food systems capable of adapting to anticipated population growth, climate change and other future threats to human health, prosperity and environmental sustainability in Africa.

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Collaborators

CNRA - Côte d'Ivoire

The National Agricultural Research Center (CNRA) of Côte d'Ivoire, provides a public research service with private-type management. It places at the heart of its actions, the sustainable increase in production and productivity in the agricultural and agro-industrial fields.

CNRA - Côte d'Ivoire logo

COMESA

The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

COMESA logo

IITA

The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is a non-profit institution
that generates agricultural innovations to meet Africa’s most pressing challenges of hunger,
malnutrition, poverty, and natural resource degradation. Working with various partners across
sub-Saharan Africa, we improve livelihoods, enhance food and nutrition security,
increase employment, and preserve natural resource integrity.ly.

IITA logo

INS - Niger

The "Insitute National de la Statistique" of Niger coordinates the activities of the National Statistical System (SSN), produces statistical information following international standards, and ensures the conservation and, where appropiate, the dissemination of data colleted by all services of the SSN. It also promotes the development of methodologies and applied research in the fields of the collection, processing and dissemination of statistical data.

INS - Niger logo

ISSER - Ghana

The Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) currently serves as the research wing under the College of Humanities, University of Ghana and engages in a number of policy relevant research whose findings are intended to help policy makers on the best policy decisions to make for national development.

MAG/EL - Niger

Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Élevage de la République du Niger - Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of the Republic of Niger

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MAG/EL - Niger logo

MINADER - Cameroun

République du Cameroun Ministre de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural - Ministry of agriculture and rural development of Cameroun.

MINADER - Côte d’Ivoire

République de Côte d’Ivoire Ministre de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural - Ministry of agriculture and rural development of the Ivory Coast.

MINADER - Côte d’Ivoire logo

NILDS

The National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies (NILDS) is an organ of the Nigerian National Assembly established by an Act of Parliament. NILDS supports the sustenance of dynamic and effective Legislature in Nigeria (at Federal, State and Local level), and the ECOWAS sub-region.

Models

DEMETRA

Developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, DEMETRA, is is a single-country, recursive dynamic CGE economic model, used to analyse policy scenarios on agricultural economics, food security, fiscal policy and water nexus issues in developing countries.

DEMETRA official page

FSSIM-Dev

The Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries (FSSIM-Dev) is one of the decision-making tools developed by the JRC to provide independent evidence-based policy analysis in the areas of food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture, specifically in sub-Saharan Africa.

FSSIM-Dev official page

MAGNET

MAGNET (Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool) is a global general equilibrium model that has been widely used to simulate the impacts of agricultural, trade, land and bioenergy policies on the global economy with a particular focus on the impacts on land use, agricultural prices, nutrition and household food security.

Partners

ANSD - Senegal

The Agence Nationale de Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) of Senegal is an administrative structure endowed with legal personality and management autonomy and placed under the authority of the Minister in charge of Statistics.

AU

The African Union (AU) is a continental body consisting of the 55 member states that make up the countries of the African Continent. It was officially launched in 2002 as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU, 1963-1999)

African Union logo

 

The AU is part of the coordinating body of the PANAP network

BOAD

The West African Development Bank (BOAD) is the common development finance institution of the member countries of the West African Monetary Union (WAMU). It was established by an Agreement signed on 14 November 1973, and became operational in 1976. Member countries include Benin, Burkina, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo.

CAPEG - Niger

Cellule d’Analyse des Politiques publiques et d’Evaluation de l’action Gouvernementale is an administrative structure created under the Prime Minister, Head of Government. Its main mission is to contribute to strengthening the effectiveness of public action in terms of anticipation and decision-making through the production of knowledge on public policies and the analysis of the performance of government action.

CIRES - Côte d'Ivoire

The mission of the Centre Ivoirien de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (CIRES) consists essentially in:

  • undertaking research activities concerning the economic and social problems of the Ivory Coast and the countries of the Sub-Region.
  • establishing ongoing relationships with as many public or private economic bodies as possible, and publish research on economic and social disciplines.

EIAR - Ethiopia

The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) aspires to see improved livelihood of all Ethiopians engaged in agriculture, agro-pastoralism, and pastoralism through market-competitive agricultural technologies.

FARA

The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) is the apex continental organization responsible for coordinating and advocating for agricultural research for development (AR4D). FARA serves as the technical arm of the Africa Union Commission on matters concerning agriculture science, technology and innovation.

FARA logo

FARA is part of the coordinating body of the PANAP network

INRAN - Niger

The Niger National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRAN) is Niger’s principal agricultural research agency. Administered by the Ministry of Agriculture, INRAN conducts research on crops, livestock, natural resources, socioeconomics, and agricultural engineering.

INRAN - Niger logo

INS - Côte d'Ivoire

Insitute National de la Statistique de la Côte d'Ivoire - National Statistical Institute of the Ivory Coast.

INS - Côte d'Ivoire logo

ISRA - Senegal

The Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA) aims for the design and implementation of research programs on crop, forest, animal and fish production and rural economy. It also looks for the creation of scientific knowledge, the generation of technological innovations and the development of decision-support tools for the improvement of the agricultural sector

Its "Bureau d'analyses macro-économiques" (BAME) is a specialized department s in economics and social sciences research, aiming at better understanding the transformations of the Senegalese rural world.

ISRA - Senegal logo

KIPPRA - Kenya

KIPPRA is the leading institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis in Kenya

KIPPRA - Kenya logo

PSI - Ethiopia

Policy Studies Institute (PSI) is a policy think tank established in November 2018 by the Ethiopian government, engaged in:

  • Economic, social and governance research and policy studies;
  • Bridging research and policymaking;
  • Capacity building and consultancy; and
  • Knowledge dissemination and exchange.

PSI - Ethiopia

SUA - Tanzania

Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) is a public University based in Morogoro Tanzania. It is best known for offering courses and programmes widely in a field of Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Forestry, Animal Science, Wildlife Management, Tourism Management, Environmental Science, Food Science, Natural Resources, Nutrition, Rural Development, since its establishment.

Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development

The Institute conducts Research and Analysis on policy in the domain of Agriculture, Rural development, Natural resources and Environment. It aims at addressing micro and macroeconomic policy issues bearing on farming, transportation, processing, marketing, and trade of agricultural products and inputs; sustainability of agricultural systems and natural resources as well as the environment; and commercialization, income growth and food security.

The Western Cape Department of Agriculture

The Western Cape Department of Agriculture provides a wide range of development, research and support services to the agricultural community in the Western Cape. The agricultural sector stimulates economic growth in the province and plays a major role in creating sustainable job opportunities.

Policy briefs

Effects of the African Continental Free Trade Area on Food Security

The African countries are deepening their economic integration by launching the world’s largest free trade area, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). This Policy Insight presents scientific evidence on the impacts of the AfCFTA on agri-food industries and food security in Africa. The AfCFTA deepens African economic integration by boosting intra-African trade throughout the continent. It potentially generates vibrant growth and transformation at scale.

By 2035, the AfCFTA could reduce undernourishment in Africa by 1 million people.

Implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine for the Kenyan economy

The Kenyan economy was significantly affected by the global supply chain disruptions stemming from the Russian invasion. The macroeconomic impacts were largely driven by global fertilizer and fossil fuel price increases. Rural households were nevertheless affected by raising food prices, notably those of vegetable oils. Kenyan Government intervention through fossil fuel subsidies contributed to an ease of the cost of living crisis by reducing prices, but came at a considerable fiscal cost. Fertilizer subsidies proved to enhance food security by boosting agricultural output with positive fiscal secondary effects.

Port efficiency and economic impact in Senegal

Increasing port efficiencies could enhance economic growth, with a positive impact on both exports and imports, resulting in GDP gains and reduced poverty rates in Senegal.

Working Papers 2023

  • 2023-01

    Title: Economywide impacts of expansion of maritime trade efficiencies in Senegal - A recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium approach

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC134634

    Year: 2023

    Authors: Sahoo, A; Nechifor, V; Ferreira, V; Ferrari, E; Damit, SD

    Abstract: Senegal's strategic location along the Trans-Saharan trade route play a crucial role in the country's trade industry. About half of the country’s demand for food crops is imported. However, the port capacity is increasingly facing pressures due to its infrastructural constraints leading to hidden iceberg type of costs. Infrastructural investment can potentially raise the port capacity, hence increasing the efficiencies of trade transactions by doing away with the existing iceberg costs. The study applies a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model to evaluate potential outcomes of increased efficiencies in maritime trade on Senegal’s economic performances and wellbeing of Senegal. The findings indicate that increasing the efficiencies of maritime trade would result in lower costs for imported food products and inputs to the domestic activities, enhancing country’s competitiveness in the export markets that would boost domestic output, particularly of cash crops, industrial food and chemical products. Increased availability of food supply with higher purchasing power of the households would support the country’s food security. Improved maritime efficiencies would improve country’s economic growth and overall welfare with urban households benefiting the most. There would be significant reduction in poverty incidence at the national level, with larger impacts on rural areas. However, impacts on extreme poor are substantially lower than poverty incidence.

  • 2023-02

    Title: The Effects of Rising Prices on Maize Production in Western African Countries

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC134410

    Year: 2023

    Authors: Rogna, M

    Abstract: The intensification of the Russo--Ukrainian war started in February 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine has generated a dramatic increase in the price of several goods. In particular, energy, gas and oil have been the most interested by this spike in prices, followed by several agricultural commodities. Fertilizers, whose production is energy intensive and/or directly dependent from oil derivatives, have also experienced a sharp increase in prices. This has risen concerns for food insecure countries, particularly in Africa, since, besides a lower possibility to purchase food commodities on the international market, they will likely decrease their own production due to a lower utilization of fertilizers. Quantifying this potential decrease in agricultural production is important in order to fully assess their vulnerability in terms of food security. The present paper tries to accomplish this task by forecasting the change in maize production in 2022 and 2023 compared to 2021 in seven Western African countries. We find an overall decline in maize production of 10% circa in both years with a strong heterogeneity among countries. Trivial users of fertilizers, such as Niger, experience a very modest decline in production (less than 2%) whereas others, such as Benin and Togo, have a double digit decline: approximately 13% the former and 32% the latter.

  • 2023-03

    Title: Agro-economic determinants of violations of Protected Areas in Western Africa

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC134631

    Year: 2023

    Authors: Rogna, M

    Abstract: Protected areas are a widely diffused instrument for preserving the environment by restricting human activities in locations with a high natural value. However, such restrictions may create discontent on nearby inhabitants or on economic actors that are prevented from exploiting the resources present in protected areas. This may easily lead to violations. Encroachment, the use of land inside protected areas for agricultural purposes, is a common violation. The present paper investigates the determinants of encroachment in Western African countries. The focus is placed on the agro-economic determinants. Protected areas in locations with strong agricultural vocation or with high percentage of protected land are more likely to be subject to violations. Furthermore, economic deprivation and land profitability are other two mild drivers of encroachment together with mechanization. Other indicators of modern practices such as irrigation and use of inorganic fertilizers, instead, do not increase the probability of violations to protected areas.

  • 2023-04

    Title: Sustainable practices in cocoa production. The role of certification schemes and farmer cooperatives

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC135044

    Year: 2023

    Authors: Krumbiegel, K; Tillie, P

    Abstract: Many small-scale cocoa producers in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana grow cocoa on unshaded or low-shaded cocoa plots. This has dire consequences for farm biodiversity, resulting in lower species richness and depleted soils. To measure the extent of sustainable agricultural practices’ use in the cocoa sector, we develop a scale that incorporates dimensions of agroforestry, soil conservation, pest and disease management and farm sanitation. We use a representative data set of more than 1700 cocoa producers in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana to assess farmer participation in different organizational structures and market channels and their roles in promoting sustainable practices. We apply a multinomial endogenous switching regression model to control for potential selection bias and derive the average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) and the untreated (ATU) for three participation options: 1) certification scheme only, 2) farmer cooperative only and 3) both. In Côte d’Ivoire, econometric results show that joint participation in both a certification scheme and a farmer cooperative leads to a significantly higher sustainability score than alternative options. In comparison, certification scheme membership shows the highest effect in Ghana. Different findings may be explained by differences in the organization of the cocoa value chain across the two countries. Governmental extension services in Ghana provide support to cocoa farmers, which otherwise farmer cooperatives would potentially offer.

  • 2023-05

    Title: Integrating the three sustainability dimensions: A Social Accounting Matrix approach for Cameroon.

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC134015

    Year: 2023

    Authors: El Meligi, A; Ferreira, V; Ferrari, E

    Abstract: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a comprehensive and economy-wide database that records data on all transactions taking place in an economy over a specific period, typically one year. The SAM serves two primary objectives. Firstly, it presents the economic structure and interrelationships among economic agents in the region under analysis. Secondly, it provides a database for analysing the economy’s performance and simulating the effects of policy interventions through multisectoral linear models and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. This paper presents the 2016 SAM for Cameroon, offering a suitable database for implementing and evaluating the country's developmental, social, economic and environmental policies. The paper outlines how to pass from a standard structure of the SAM to a detailed scheme by explaining all the accounts included, and covering key aspects of its construction and estimation. This SAM presents a high level of disaggregation by encompassing labour and household characteristics, along with satellite accounts for employment and emissions. The SAM is used as a database to perform a descriptive analysis of the Cameroonian economy and to obtain results that focus on the three sustainability dimensions: social, economic and environmental.

  • 2023-06

    Title: Agricultural Commodities' Price Transmission From International to Local Markets in Developing Countries

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC135279

    Year: 2023

    Authors: Emediegwu, L; Rogna, M

    Abstract: The transmission of commodities prices from the international to local markets is an interesting and deeply investigated topic. A fast and strong link between the two levels of the market is seen by economists as a sign of local market efficiency, allowing actors to respond fast to signals coming from the international market. However, the empirical evidence on the topic is very mixed, ranging from a very weak linkage between the two market prices to a high-speed and almost complete transmission. The present paper aims to advance the knowledge on the topic by focusing on the price transmission of four main cereals – maize, rice, sorghum, and wheat – in 23 developing and fragile economies. Employing a recent World Bank dataset with prices for several local markets in select countries, we estimate panel vector autoregressions (PVAR) to analyze the pass-through effects of international price shocks on local food prices. We find evidence for a relatively strong price transmission elasticity for all commodities except sorghum. Furthermore, the observed transmission of shocks is almost immediate. We present the policy implications for these findings.

  • 2023-07

    Title: Implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine for African economies: A CGE analysis for Ethiopia

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC135512

    Year: 2023

    Authors: Woldie Yalew, A; Nechifor, V; Ferrari, E

    Abstract: The ongoing Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is disrupting the global supply chains of essential commodities resulting in a cascading effects on the global economy. This study examines the implications of Russia’s military aggression for Ethiopian. It assesses the consequences of world market price increases for wheat, fertilizer, and petroleum on Ethiopia’s macro economy, production, and households’ consumption. The study employs a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model calibrated to the 2015/2016 social accounting matrix (SAM) of Ethiopia, updated to 2022 using the recursive dynamic features of the model. The impacts of the world price increases are presented as percentage changes to a counterfactual Ethiopian economy in 2022, without accounting for actual and anticipated repercussions from the war. The study finds that GDP, labour wage rates, and households’ consumption decline. The impacts of fertilizer and petroleum price changes are notable and unevenly distributed. Crop growing activities substitute animal manure for inorganic fertilizers. The effect on urban households’ consumption more severe than on rural households. Rising petroleum prices increase the demand for ethanol providing motives to expand sugar manufacturing. Increasing inorganic fertilizer prices tighten the competition for the use of animal manure between cropping activities and households. Promotion of biogas digesters among rural households could encourage the optimal use of animal manure.

Working papers 2024

  • 2024-01

    Title: The AfCFTA Tariff Offers: Current State and First Insights

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC135509

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Boysen, O

    Abstract: The majority of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement signatories have submitted tariff concession offers, as published on the AfCFTA Secretariat’s website. More than a year after the AfCFTA came into effect, it is time to take stock of these submissions and conduct a first assessment of the data with respect to members’ stances towards fostering intra-African trade through openness on the one hand and maintaining protection against competing imports and revenues from import tariffs on the other. Combining the offers with corresponding trade and tariff data, we find that there are both substantial data gaps and inconsistencies with the AfCFTA’s trade liberalisation modalities and the trade classification standard. Constructing two tariff schedules, one which repairs the offers for compliance with the modalities and another that maximises the import tariff revenue retained as a benchmark, the study gauges each region’s offer regarding the commitment to liberalisation versus protection. The analysis confirms that the modalities require regions to liberalise strongly but most opt to liberalise even more and earlier than necessary. Stances towards freer trade differ markedly between regions. Some tend towards retaining all possible tariff revenues or corresponding negotiation space while others directly and strongly commit to liberalisation. The constructed AfCFTA liberalisation categorisations are provided for download to update AfCFTA impact analyses with the latest information available on a likely AfCFTA tariff liberalisation agreement.

  • 2024-02

    Title: Empowering the modelling for Policy with the 2015 Social Accounting Matrix for Tanzania

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC135413

    Year: 2024

    Authors: El Meligi, A; Ferreira, V; Nechifor, V; Boysen, O; Ferrari, E

    Abstract: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a comprehensive and economy-wide database that records data on all transactions taking place in an economy over a specific period, typically one year. The SAM serves two primary objectives. Firstly, it presents the economic structure and interrelationships among economic agents in the region under analyses. Secondly, it provides a database for analysing the economy’s performance and simulating the effects of policy interventions through multisectoral linear models and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. This report presents the 2015 SAM for Tanzania, offering a suitable database for implementing and evaluating the country's social and economic policies. The report outlines how to pass from a standard structure of the SAM to a detailed scheme by explaining all the accounts included, and covering key aspects of its construction and estimation. Considering the characteristics of the Tanzanian economy, this SAM shows a special structure to reflect the Home Production for Home Consumption (HPHC) issue and a high disaggregation of the agricultural sector. Furthermore, this SAM presents a high level of disaggregation by encompassing labour and household characteristics, considering regions, gender rural and urban areas, as well as quintiles. The SAM is used as a database to perform a descriptive analysis of the Tanzanian economy.

  • 2024-03

    Title: The contribution of agricultural Inputs in reducing undernourishment

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC136856

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Rogna, M

    Abstract: With almost eight hundred millions people suffering from hunger in 2022, the world population projected to increase of 2 additional billions units by 2050 and the need to strongly curb greenhouse gas emissions, food production will remain a central issue in the next decades. In particular, the need to balance between environmental sustainability and output growth will require to make crucial choices. Agro-ecology, for example, strongly advocates the need to reduce inputs use in agriculture, often criticizing the intensification policy implemented during the so called “Green Revolution”. However, every decision has benefits and costs. While the effect of agricultural inputs on yields has been largely studied, their contribution to nutritional outcomes has been partly overlooked. In order to take well-informed decisions about optimal inputs intensity, this is an aspect to be taken into consideration. Therefore, the present paper investigates the role of agricultural inputs in reducing undernourishment through fixed effect panel regressions at country level. By covering roughly half of the countries in the world for a 20 years’ time period, it is shown that irrigation and mineral fertilizers positively and significantly contribute to reduce undernourishment. Pesticides and manure are also beneficial, but their contribution is less robust, while land per-capita seems to be inconsequential.

  • 2024-05

    Title: Exploring food consumption patterns across the rural-urban continuum in West Africa

    URL: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137488

    Year: 2024

    Authors: Cockx, L; Boti, D

    Abstract: Diets are a significant contributor to malnutrition in all its forms. Moreover, changes in food consumption create opportunities and challenges for agrifood systems. An improved understanding of diets is therefore crucial to design appropriate food, agricultural, and nutrition policies. Urbanization is commonly put forward as a determinant of changing diets. Yet, research on this relationship has been challenged by the lack of a unified definition of what constitutes an “urban” area. In addition, a simple rural-urban dichotomy has resulted in a focus on the “rural-urban divide” that disregards the interconnectedness between various types of population agglomerations and masks differences within rural and urban zones. In this study, we combine household survey data on food consumption with satellite data capturing the urbanisation gradient following the harmonized definition of the Degree or Urbanisation. While there are important differences across countries, several patterns emerge clearly including a shift away from traditional staples, towards more conveniently consumed and prepared foods. While the effects are often strongest cities, we find significant differences in food consumption at much lower levels of urbanization. This confirms the importance of moving beyond a simple rural-urban dichotomy and taking into account the great diversity among both rural and urban environments.

Events

17/10/2024 Virtual General annual PANAP meeting 2024
17/06/2024 Seville, Spain 2nd workshop on "Economy-wide agricultural modelling with DEMETRA"
21/02/2024 Abuja, Nigeria Workshop on the impact of the AfCFTA for the Nigerian economy
15/02/2024 Ghana StEPPFoS Project Inception Meeting, 1st General Assembly and 1st Steering Committee
14/02/2024 Ghana Workshop on the potential impact of AfCFTA on agri-food sectors and food security
14/12/2023 Virtual General annual PANAP meeting 2023
07/12/2023 Dakar, Senegal Workshop on the results of an ex-post evaluation of an agricultural input subsidy program in Senegal
27/09/2023 Dodoma, Tanzania Workshop for the “The impact of the AfCFTA on the Tanzanian economy” in Dodoma, Tanzania
18/09/2023 Durban, South Africa PANAP participation at the 7th African Conference of Agricultural Economists & 60th Annual AEASA Conference
30/06/2023 Rome, Italy 5th AU – EU Agriculture Ministerial Conference - Side event: how science can support policymaking, the PANAP example
06/06/2023 Durban, South Africa The sustainable mutation of the Cacao Supply Chain: challenges and opportunities for Africa
13/03/2023 Seville, Spain Workshop "Economy-wide agricultural modelling with DEMETRA"
14/09/2022 Accra, Ghana General annual PANAP meeting during the "Science and Partnership for Agriculture Conference"
25/11/2021 Virtual 2nd PANAP meeting during the CAADP-PP 2021 event
22/06/2021 Virtual 4th African Union (AU) – European Union (EU) agriculture ministerial conference - Official page
10/12/2020 Virtual Science Forum South Africa (SFSA) - PANAP session
06/11/2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia PANAP launch event and first conference - Official page
21/06/2019 Rome, Italy African Union - European Union agriculture ministerial conference

Knowledge platforms

Africa Knowledge Platform

A gateway to data and information on Africa's social, economic, territorial and environmental development, developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.

FARADataInformS

Observartory for Africa Agriculture, powered by the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA)

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Knowledge Centre for Global Food and Nutrition Security

We support the EU global commitment to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition through a dedicated, reinforced science-policy interface and a fostered inter-policy dialogue.

News on the web

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Newsletters

PANAP Newsletter Nr. 1, January 2024

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Welcome to the inaugural newsletter of JRC contribution to The Pan-African Network for economic Analysis of Policies (PANAP). This initiative is part of the endorsed actions agenda of the 3rd AU-EU Agriculture Ministerial Conference on Agriculture in 2019.

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