A temper is a non-plastic material added to clay to prevent shrinkage and cracking during drying and firing of vessels made from the clay. Tempers may include: * Bone; * Chaff; * Charcoal; * Ground schist; * Wood ash; * Grit; * Sand or crushed sandstone; * Crushed limestone; * Crushed igneous rocks, such as volcanic rock, feldspar, or mica; * Grog; * Plant fiber; * Horse manure (dried and sifted); * Crushed mollusc shells (including fossilized) (see Shell tempering in the Mississippian culture); and * Freshwater sponge spicules.