The
C
+ +
Programming
Language
Third Edition
Bjarne Stroustrup
AT&T Labs
Murray Hill, New Jersey
Addison-Wesley
An Imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
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ii
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stroustrup, Bjarne
The C
++
Programming Language / Bjarne Stroustrup. — 3rd. ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-201-88954-4
1. C
++
(Computer Programming Language) I. Title
QA76.73.C153S77 1997 97-20239
005.13’3—dc21 CIP
Copyright © 1997 by AT&T
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
This book was typeset in Times and Courier by the author.
ISBN 0-201-88954-4
Printed on recycled paper
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9—CRW—0100999897
First printing, June 1997
Contents
Contents iii
Preface v
Preface to Second Edition vii
Preface to First Edition ix
Introductory Material 1
1 Notes to the Reader ..................................................................... 3
2 A Tour of C
++
............................................................................. 21
3 A Tour of the Standard Library .................................................. 45
Part I: Basic Facilities 67
4 Types and Declarations ............................................................... 69
5 Pointers, Arrays, and Structures .................................................. 87
6 Expressions and Statements ........................................................ 107
7 Functions ..................................................................................... 143
8 Namespaces and Exceptions ....................................................... 165
9 Source Files and Programs .......................................................... 197
The C++ Programming Language, Third Edition by Bjarne Stroustrup. Copyright ©1997 by AT&T.
Published by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. ISBN 0-201-88954-4. All rights reserved.
iv Contents
Part II: Abstraction Mechanisms 221
10 Classes ........................................................................................ 223
11 Operator Overloading ................................................................. 261
12 Derived Classes ........................................................................... 301
13 Templates .................................................................................... 327
14 Exception Handling .................................................................... 355
15 Class Hierarchies ........................................................................ 389
Part III: The Standard Library 427
16 Library Organization and Containers .......................................... 429
17 Standard Containers .................................................................... 461
18 Algorithms and Function Objects ............................................... 507
19 Iterators and Allocators ............................................................... 549
20 Strings ......................................................................................... 579
21 Streams ........................................................................................ 605
22 Numerics ..................................................................................... 657
Part IV: Design Using C
++
689
23 Development and Design ............................................................ 691
24 Design and Programming ........................................................... 723
25 Roles of Classes .......................................................................... 765
Appendices 791
A The C
++
Grammar ...................................................................... 793
B Compatibility .............................................................................. 815
C Technicalities .............................................................................. 827
Index 869
The C++ Programming Language, Third Edition by Bjarne Stroustrup. Copyright ©1997 by AT&T.
Published by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. ISBN 0-201-88954-4. All rights reserved.
Preface
Programming is understanding.
– Kristen Nygaard
I find using C
++
more enjoyable than ever. C
++
’s support for design and programming has
improved dramatically over the years, and lots of new helpful techniques have been developed for
its use. However, C
++
is not just fun. Ordinary practical programmers have achieved significant
improvements in productivity, maintainability, flexibility, and quality in projects of just about any
kind and scale. By now, C
++
has fulfilled most of the hopes I originally had for it, and also suc-
ceeded at tasks I hadn’t even dreamt of.
This book introduces standard C
++
† and the key programming and design techniques supported
by C
++
. Standard C
++
is a far more powerful and polished language than the version of C
++
intro-
duced by the first edition of this book. New language features such as namespaces, exceptions,
templates, and run-time type identification allow many techniques to be applied more directly than
was possible before, and the standard library allows the programmer to start from a much higher
level than the bare language.
About a third of the information in the second edition of this book came from the first. This
third edition is the result of a rewrite of even larger magnitude. It offers something to even the
most experienced C
++
programmer; at the same time, this book is easier for the novice to approach
than its predecessors were. The explosion of C
++
use and the massive amount of experience accu-
mulated as a result makes this possible.
The definition of an extensive standard library makes a difference to the way C
++
concepts can
be presented. As before, this book presents C
++
independently of any particular implementation,
and as before, the tutorial chapters present language constructs and concepts in a ‘‘bottom up’’
order so that a construct is used only after it has been defined. However, it is much easier to use a
well-designed library than it is to understand the details of its implementation. Therefore, the stan-
dard library can be used to provide realistic and interesting examples well before a reader can be
assumed to understand its inner workings. The standard library itself is also a fertile source of pro-
gramming examples and design techniques.
__________________
† ISO/IEC 14882, Standard for the C
++
Programming Language.
The C++ Programming Language, Third Edition by Bjarne Stroustrup. Copyright ©1997 by AT&T.
Published by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. ISBN 0-201-88954-4. All rights reserved.
