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g-C

as a saturable absorber for the passively

Q-switched Nd:LLF laser at 1.3 μm

Xiaochun Gao,

Shixia Li,

2,3

Tao Li,

Guiqiu Li,

* and Houyi Ma

Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education Ministry, School of Chemistry

and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

School of Information Science and Engineering, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology

and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

College of Physics Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received October 17, 2016; revised December 5, 2016; accepted December 6, 2016;

posted December 7, 2016 (Doc. ID 278721); published January 6, 2017

Two-dimensional (2D) graphite carbon nitride (g-C

) nanosheets have been successfully used as a saturable

absorber (SA) in a passively Q-switched Nd:LLF laser at 1.3 μm for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.

Under an incident pump power of 9.97 W, the shortest pulse duration of 275 ns was acquired with output power of

0.96 W and pulse repetition rate of 154 kHz, resulting in a pulse energy of 6.2 μJ. In addition, the saturable ab-

sorption behaviors of zero-dimensional 12 nm g-C

nanoparticles (g-C

-NPs) and three-dimensional ordered

mesoporous g-C

(mpg-C

) were also observed, although their morphology and structure were quite different

from 2D g-C

. The experimental results introduce the potential application of g-C

nanomaterials as SAs in

OCIS codes: (140.3480) Lasers, diode-pumped; (140.3540) Lasers, Q-switched; (140.3070) Infrared

and far-infrared lasers; (160.4236) Nanomaterials.

https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.5.000033

With the appearance of graphene [1], the exploration for a new

generation of two-dimensional (2D) graphene-like saturable

absorbers (SAs) has been the focus of intensive research in re-

cent years [2–5]. 2D materials have expended the scope of tra-

ditional SAs, such as Cr

4

:YAG, GaAs, and V:YAG, which are

wavelength sensitive, responding to specific wavelength band

[6–9]. Very recently, a new class of sp

hybridized metal-free

materials, graphite carbon nitride (g-C

), has attracted

worldwide attention due to its visible-light-driven bandgap

and proper band edges, which make it fairly suitable for water

splitting [10], energy conversion [11,12], and pollutant removal

[13]. Meanwhile,g-C

possesses highstability withrespect to

chemical, thermal (<873 K), and photochemical attack be-

cause of its tri-s-triazine ring structure and high degree of

polymerization [10]. However, compared with its chemical

properties, its optical characteristics have not yet received

much attention. Encouraged by the analogous structural and

electronic properties of graphene, it seems plausible to obtain

positive results using g-C

as SAs to generate pulsed lasers.

Herein, for the first time, to our knowledge, we investigated

a passively Q-switched Nd:LLF laser at 1.3 μm with 2D g-C

nanosheets as an SA by spreading its dispersions over a trans-

parent YAG substrate. Furthermore, the optical properties of

the other structural g-C

materials, including 12 nm g-C

nanoparticles (NPs) and cashew-shaped mesoporous

mpg-C

, were also investigated. In spite of the great

differences in morphology, we found that all g-C

samples

can be used as broadband SAs due to their absorption from

800 to 3000 nm. It is believed that the g-C

-based materials

will find wide applications in the generation of Q-switched la-

sers from the infrared to mid-infrared in the near future.

The g-C

nanosheets were prepared through ultrasonic

pulverization of bulk g-C

powders [14]. In brief, 10.0 g mel-

amine (99%, Aldrich) was placed in a crucible and heated at a

rate of 5°C min

−1

to reach a temperature of 600°C in a muffle

furnace, followed by tempering at this temperature for an-

other 2 h. After natural cooling, 200 mg bulk g-C

was fully

ground and dispersed in 200 mL of distilled water and treated

for 12 h with the technique of ultrasonic pulverization. After

30 min centrifugation at 4000 rpm, the stock solution of g-C

nanosheets was obtained by taking the supernatant.

4 g cyanamide was dissolved in 16 mL of 40% dispersion of

12 nm SiO

particles (Ludox HS40, Aldrich) with vigorous stir-

ring at 100°Cto removewater [15]. The resulting white powders

were heated at a rate of 2.3°C min

−1

over 4 h to 550°C and held

for another 4h. The resulting brown-yellowpowderwas treated

with 4 mol/L NH

for 2 days to remove the silica template.

The remaining powders were filtered and then washed

thoroughly with distilled water and ethanol. The final product

was obtained by drying overnight at 80°C under vacuum.

Cashew-shaped mesoporous g-C

(mpg-C

) was pre-

pared according to our previous method [16]. 1.0 g of SBA-

15 was impregnated in 70 mL of aqueous solution containing

2.0 g of dicyandiamide and sonicated for 2 h. The resulting

mixture was then heated to 80°C for 24 h to remove the water,

and finally calcined under nitrogen atmospheres at 550°C for

4 h at a heating rate of 2.3°C min

−1

. To remove the silica

template, the resulting silica-g-C

powders were treated

with 2 mol/L NaOH for 24 h, followed by filtration, washing

with water and ethanol several times, and drying at 50°C.

Finally, the desired light-yellow powder, denoted as

mpg-C

, was obtained.

Gao et al. Vol. 5, No. 1 / February 2017 / Photon. Res. 33

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