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网络协议

ICMP

UDP

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标题 "RFC-768-791-792-793-826-1122-6298" 提到的是互联网相关的RFC文档集合，这些文档在定义和规范网络协议方面起着核心作用。描述中提到的"ARP-ICMP-IPv4-UDP-TCP协议"是这个压缩包中可能涵盖的关键协议，它们是互联网通信的基础。标签进一步明确了这涉及网络协议，特别是ARP、ICMP、IP、UDP这四种协议。接下来，我们将深入探讨这些协议及其在互联网中的重要性。 1. **地址解析协议 (ARP)**：RFC 826，定义了ARP，它是将网络层（如IPv4）的逻辑地址转换为数据链路层（如MAC地址）的物理地址的方法。当一个设备想要发送数据到另一个设备，但只知道其IP地址时，它会广播ARP请求来获取目标设备的MAC地址，从而完成通信。 2. **因特网控制消息协议 (ICMP)**：RFC 792，规定了ICMP，它是TCP/IP协议族的一部分，用于在IP网络中传递错误报告和控制信息。例如，当你尝试访问的网站无法到达时，你可能会收到“无法到达主机”的错误，这就是ICMP的“目的不可达”消息。 3. **互联网协议 (IPv4)**：RFC 791，是互联网的核心协议，负责在网络中传输数据包。IPv4定义了IP地址的结构，数据包的格式以及路由和寻址规则。每个连接到互联网的设备都有一个唯一的IPv4地址，使得数据能在全球范围内的网络中流动。 4. **用户数据报协议 (UDP)**：RFC 768，是一种无连接的传输层协议，提供简单、快速的服务，不保证数据包的顺序或可靠性，但适合实时应用，如视频流和在线游戏。与TCP不同，UDP不建立连接，也不进行错误检测或重传丢失的数据包。 5. **传输控制协议 (TCP)**：RFC 793，是另一种传输层协议，提供了面向连接、可靠的数据传输服务。TCP通过建立连接、确认数据包接收、处理数据包顺序和错误检测来确保数据的准确传输，广泛应用于Web浏览、电子邮件等应用。这些RFC文档不仅是对协议的规范，也是工程师们理解和实现网络协议的重要参考资料。理解并掌握这些协议的工作原理对于网络管理员、软件开发者和IT专业人士来说至关重要，因为它们构成了互联网通信的基石。通过阅读这些RFC文档，可以深入理解网络通信的底层机制，从而更好地优化网络性能，解决网络问题，以及开发网络应用程序。

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RFC-768-791-792-793-826-1122-6298.zip （7个子文件）

RFC-768-791-792-793-826-1122-6298

rfc1122.txt.pdf 157KB

rfc6298.txt.pdf 19KB

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Network Working Group Internet Engineering Task Force

Request for Comments: 1122 R. Braden, Editor

October 1989

Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers

Status of This Memo

This RFC is an official specification for the Internet community. It

incorporates by reference, amends, corrects, and supplements the

primary protocol standards documents relating to hosts. Distribution

of this document is unlimited.

Summary

This is one RFC of a pair that defines and discusses the requirements

for Internet host software. This RFC covers the communications

protocol layers: link layer, IP layer, and transport layer; its

companion RFC-1123 covers the application and support protocols.

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 5

1.1 The Internet Architecture .............................. 6

1.1.1 Internet Hosts .................................... 6

1.1.2 Architectural Assumptions ......................... 7

1.1.3 Internet Protocol Suite ........................... 8

1.1.4 Embedded Gateway Code ............................. 10

1.2 General Considerations ................................. 12

1.2.1 Continuing Internet Evolution ..................... 12

1.2.2 Robustness Principle .............................. 12

1.2.3 Error Logging ..................................... 13

1.2.4 Configuration ..................................... 14

1.3 Reading this Document .................................. 15

1.3.1 Organization ...................................... 15

1.3.2 Requirements ...................................... 16

1.3.3 Terminology ....................................... 17

1.4 Acknowledgments ........................................ 20

2. LINK LAYER .................................................. 21

2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................... 21

Internet Engineering Task Force [Page 1]

RFC1122 INTRODUCTION October 1989

2.2 PROTOCOL WALK-THROUGH .................................. 21

2.3 SPECIFIC ISSUES ........................................ 21

2.3.1 Trailer Protocol Negotiation ...................... 21

2.3.2 Address Resolution Protocol -- ARP ................ 22

2.3.2.1 ARP Cache Validation ......................... 22

2.3.2.2 ARP Packet Queue ............................. 24

2.3.3 Ethernet and IEEE 802 Encapsulation ............... 24

2.4 LINK/INTERNET LAYER INTERFACE .......................... 25

2.5 LINK LAYER REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY ........................ 26

3. INTERNET LAYER PROTOCOLS .................................... 27

3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 27

3.2 PROTOCOL WALK-THROUGH .................................. 29

3.2.1 Internet Protocol -- IP ............................ 29

3.2.1.1 Version Number ............................... 29

3.2.1.2 Checksum ..................................... 29

3.2.1.3 Addressing ................................... 29

3.2.1.4 Fragmentation and Reassembly ................. 32

3.2.1.5 Identification ............................... 32

3.2.1.6 Type-of-Service .............................. 33

3.2.1.7 Time-to-Live ................................. 34

3.2.1.8 Options ...................................... 35

3.2.2 Internet Control Message Protocol -- ICMP .......... 38

3.2.2.1 Destination Unreachable ...................... 39

3.2.2.2 Redirect ..................................... 40

3.2.2.3 Source Quench ................................ 41

3.2.2.4 Time Exceeded ................................ 41

3.2.2.5 Parameter Problem ............................ 42

3.2.2.6 Echo Request/Reply ........................... 42

3.2.2.7 Information Request/Reply .................... 43

3.2.2.8 Timestamp and Timestamp Reply ................ 43

3.2.2.9 Address Mask Request/Reply ................... 45

3.2.3 Internet Group Management Protocol IGMP ........... 47

3.3 SPECIFIC ISSUES ........................................ 47

3.3.1 Routing Outbound Datagrams ........................ 47

3.3.1.1 Local/Remote Decision ........................ 47

3.3.1.2 Gateway Selection ............................ 48

3.3.1.3 Route Cache .................................. 49

3.3.1.4 Dead Gateway Detection ....................... 51

3.3.1.5 New Gateway Selection ........................ 55

3.3.1.6 Initialization ............................... 56

3.3.2 Reassembly ........................................ 56

3.3.3 Fragmentation ..................................... 58

3.3.4 Local Multihoming ................................. 60

3.3.4.1 Introduction ................................. 60

3.3.4.2 Multihoming Requirements ..................... 61

3.3.4.3 Choosing a Source Address .................... 64

3.3.5 Source Route Forwarding ........................... 65

Internet Engineering Task Force [Page 2]

RFC1122 INTRODUCTION October 1989

3.3.6 Broadcasts ........................................ 66

3.3.7 IP Multicasting ................................... 67

3.3.8 Error Reporting ................................... 69

3.4 INTERNET/TRANSPORT LAYER INTERFACE ..................... 69

3.5 INTERNET LAYER REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY .................... 72

4. TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS ......................................... 77

4.1 USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL -- UDP .......................... 77

4.1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................... 77

4.1.2 PROTOCOL WALK-THROUGH ............................. 77

4.1.3 SPECIFIC ISSUES ................................... 77

4.1.3.1 Ports ........................................ 77

4.1.3.2 IP Options ................................... 77

4.1.3.3 ICMP Messages ................................ 78

4.1.3.4 UDP Checksums ................................ 78

4.1.3.5 UDP Multihoming .............................. 79

4.1.3.6 Invalid Addresses ............................ 79

4.1.4 UDP/APPLICATION LAYER INTERFACE ................... 79

4.1.5 UDP REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY .......................... 80

4.2 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL -- TCP ................... 82

4.2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................... 82

4.2.2 PROTOCOL WALK-THROUGH ............................. 82

4.2.2.1 Well-Known Ports ............................. 82

4.2.2.2 Use of Push .................................. 82

4.2.2.3 Window Size .................................. 83

4.2.2.4 Urgent Pointer ............................... 84

4.2.2.5 TCP Options .................................. 85

4.2.2.6 Maximum Segment Size Option .................. 85

4.2.2.7 TCP Checksum ................................. 86

4.2.2.8 TCP Connection State Diagram ................. 86

4.2.2.9 Initial Sequence Number Selection ............ 87

4.2.2.10 Simultaneous Open Attempts .................. 87

4.2.2.11 Recovery from Old Duplicate SYN ............. 87

4.2.2.12 RST Segment ................................. 87

4.2.2.13 Closing a Connection ........................ 87

4.2.2.14 Data Communication .......................... 89

4.2.2.15 Retransmission Timeout ...................... 90

4.2.2.16 Managing the Window ......................... 91

4.2.2.17 Probing Zero Windows ........................ 92

4.2.2.18 Passive OPEN Calls .......................... 92

4.2.2.19 Time to Live ................................ 93

4.2.2.20 Event Processing ............................ 93

4.2.2.21 Acknowledging Queued Segments ............... 94

4.2.3 SPECIFIC ISSUES ................................... 95

4.2.3.1 Retransmission Timeout Calculation ........... 95

4.2.3.2 When to Send an ACK Segment .................. 96

4.2.3.3 When to Send a Window Update ................. 97

4.2.3.4 When to Send Data ............................ 98

Internet Engineering Task Force [Page 3]

RFC1122 INTRODUCTION October 1989

4.2.3.5 TCP Connection Failures ...................... 100

4.2.3.6 TCP Keep-Alives .............................. 101

4.2.3.7 TCP Multihoming .............................. 103

4.2.3.8 IP Options ................................... 103

4.2.3.9 ICMP Messages ................................ 103

4.2.3.10 Remote Address Validation ................... 104

4.2.3.11 TCP Traffic Patterns ........................ 104

4.2.3.12 Efficiency .................................. 105

4.2.4 TCP/APPLICATION LAYER INTERFACE ................... 106

4.2.4.1 Asynchronous Reports ......................... 106

4.2.4.2 Type-of-Service .............................. 107

4.2.4.3 Flush Call ................................... 107

4.2.4.4 Multihoming .................................. 108

4.2.5 TCP REQUIREMENT SUMMARY ........................... 108

5. REFERENCES ................................................. 112

Internet Engineering Task Force [Page 4]

RFC1122 INTRODUCTION October 1989

1. INTRODUCTION

This document is one of a pair that defines and discusses the

requirements for host system implementations of the Internet protocol

suite. This RFC covers the communication protocol layers: link

layer, IP layer, and transport layer. Its companion RFC,

"Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and Support"

[INTRO:1], covers the application layer protocols. This document

should also be read in conjunction with "Requirements for Internet

Gateways" [INTRO:2].

These documents are intended to provide guidance for vendors,

implementors, and users of Internet communication software. They

represent the consensus of a large body of technical experience and

wisdom, contributed by the members of the Internet research and

vendor communities.

This RFC enumerates standard protocols that a host connected to the

Internet must use, and it incorporates by reference the RFCs and

other documents describing the current specifications for these

protocols. It corrects errors in the referenced documents and adds

additional discussion and guidance for an implementor.

For each protocol, this document also contains an explicit set of

requirements, recommendations, and options. The reader must

understand that the list of requirements in this document is

incomplete by itself; the complete set of requirements for an

Internet host is primarily defined in the standard protocol

specification documents, with the corrections, amendments, and

supplements contained in this RFC.

A good-faith implementation of the protocols that was produced after

careful reading of the RFC’s and with some interaction with the

Internet technical community, and that followed good communications

software engineering practices, should differ from the requirements

of this document in only minor ways. Thus, in many cases, the

"requirements" in this RFC are already stated or implied in the

standard protocol documents, so that their inclusion here is, in a

sense, redundant. However, they were included because some past

implementation has made the wrong choice, causing problems of

interoperability, performance, and/or robustness.

This document includes discussion and explanation of many of the

requirements and recommendations. A simple list of requirements

would be dangerous, because:

o Some required features are more important than others, and some

features are optional.

Internet Engineering Task Force [Page 5]

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好奇MAN

2023-05-03

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2024-01-25

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