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Increase at 4.1% in EU

Overview

In the first quarter of 2025 the hourly labour costs rose by 3.4% in the euro area and by 4.1% in the EU, compared with the same quarter of the previous year. These figures are published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.

The two main components of labour costs are wages & salaries and non-wage costs.

In the euro area, in the first quarter of 2025 compared with the same quarter of the previous year the costs of hourly wages & salaries and the non-wage costs increased by 3.4% each.

In the EU, in the first quarter of 2025 compared with the same quarter of the previous year

  • the costs of hourly wages & salaries increased by 4.2% while

  • the non-wage component increased by 3.8%.

Nominal hourly labour costs, whole economy

Breakdown by economic activity

In the first quarter of 2025 compared with the same quarter of the previous year, hourly labour costs in the euro area rose by 2.5% in the (mainly) non-business economy and by 3.8% in the business economy:

  • +2.5% in industry,

  • +4.7% in construction and

  • +4.3% in services.

In the EU, hourly labour costs grew by 3.4% in the (mainly) non-business economy and by 4.4% in the business economy:

  • +3.3% in industry,

  • +5.2 % in construction and

  • +4.7% in services.

In the EU, in the first quarter of 2025 compared with the same quarter of the previous year, the economic activity (NACE Rev. 2 sections) that recorded the highest increases in hourly wage costs were:

  • M – ‘Professional, scientific and technical activities’ (+7.4%) and

  • L – ‘Real estate activities’ (+6.1%)

  • E – ‘Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities’ (+5.8%).

The lowest annual increase was recorded in NACE Rev. 2 section O – ‘Public administration and defense; compulsory social security’ (+2.5%).

In the EU, in the first quarter of 2025 compared with the same quarter of the previous year, the economic activity (NACE Rev. 2 sections) that recorded the highest increases in the non-wage component were:

  • M – ‘Professional, scientific and technical activities’ (+6.2%) and

  • L – ‘Real estate activities’ (+6.0%)

  • F – ‘Construction’ (+5.5%).

The lowest annual increase was recorded in NACE Rev. 2 section D – ‘Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply’ (+1.1%).

Nominal hourly labour costs, wage and non-wage component by NACE sections, EU

Hourly wage costs across countries

In the first quarter of 2025 compared with the same quarter of the previous year, the highest increases in hourly wage costs for the whole economy were recorded in Romania (+16.1%), Croatia (+13.5%), Bulgaria (+13.0%) and Slovenia (+11.9%). Two more EU Member States recorded an increase of 10% or more: Poland (+11.2%), and Hungary (+10.2%). The lowest increases were recorded in Malta (+1.6%) and France (+1.9%).

Nominal hourly wage costs, whole economy

Tables

Nominal hourly labour costs of whole economy

(NACE Rev. 2 sections B to S)

% change compared with same quarter of previous year - calendar adjusted

Q1 2024

Q4 2024

Q1 2025

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

Euro area

5.3

5.4

4.9

3.8

4.1

2.7

3.4

3.4

3.4

EU

5.7

5.9

5.2

4.3

4.7

3.1

4.1

4.2

3.8

Belgium

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

3.6

3.6

3.6

Bulgaria

15.9

15.9

15.9

12.8

13.0

11.7

12.4

13.0

9.5

Czechia

6.6

6.5

6.9

6.1

6.1

6.1

8.1

8.1

7.9

Denmark

2.5

2.5

2.7

4.2

4.1

4.5

4.0

4.0

4.3

Germany

6.6

7.0

5.4

3.4

4.4

0.0

2.5

2.8

1.7

Estonia

7.4

7.5

7.1

7.0

7.0

7.1

8.0

7.9

8.3

Ireland

6.1

5.3

10.9

4.7

5.4

1.4

5.2

5.1

5.4

Greece

9.0

7.9

12.6

4.8

4.9

4.7

5.5

5.7

4.5

Spain

4.7

4.6

5.2

3.5

3.4

3.8

3.6

3.7

3.6

France

3.7

3.4

4.5

2.1

1.8

2.6

2.0

1.9

2.2

Croatia

16.4

16.5

15.6

14.1

14.0

14.7

13.6

13.5

14.3

Italy

2.2

2.4

1.6

4.5

4.4

4.6

4.3

3.9

5.5

Cyprus

4.7

4.3

6.4

5.2

4.9

6.5

4.8

4.8

4.9

Latvia

13.6

12.7

17.1

10.7

11.4

8.1

8.8

9.3

7.1

Lithuania

10.9

11.0

9.3

10.6

10.7

9.6

9.2

9.2

8.7

Luxembourg

4.5

4.5

4.4

1.0

1.1

0.1

3.4

3.4

3.2

Hungary

13.7

13.6

14.1

11.7

11.9

10.3

9.9

10.2

7.5

Malta

4.6

4.6

4.4

6.3

6.4

4.4

1.5

1.6

0.2

Netherlands

6.3

6.4

5.9

6.5

6.2

7.4

6.2

5.6

8.1

Austria

9.3

9.2

9.5

6.0

5.7

7.1

4.0

3.7

4.8

Poland

14.1

14.1

14.0

13.8

13.8

13.5

11.2

11.2

11.1

Portugal

6.6

6.6

6.6

10.1

10.1

10.1

4.0

4.0

4.0

Romania

16.4

16.4

16.4

13.1

13.1

11.9

16.1

16.1

16.0

Slovenia

8.5

8.5

8.7

7.0

7.3

5.2

11.8

11.9

11.2

Slovakia

10.2

9.7

11.9

5.4

4.9

6.7

5.8

5.4

7.0

Finland

2.4

3.0

-0.6

2.6

3.4

-0.8

6.8

6.7

7.5

Sweden

4.2

4.3

3.9

3.3

3.7

2.4

4.0

3.9

4.2

Norway

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.2

5.8

4.0

9.0

8.1

14.7

Iceland

9.1

9.0

9.2

6.3

6.1

6.8

4.2

4.1

4.5

Nominal hourly labour costs of business economy

(NACE Rev. 2 sections B to N)

% change compared with same quarter of previous year - calendar adjusted

Q1 2024

Q4 2024

Q1 2025

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

Euro area

5.1

5.2

4.8

3.9

4.2

3.2

3.8

3.8

3.8

EU

5.7

5.8

5.3

4.4

4.7

3.6

4.4

4.4

4.2

Belgium

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.5

2.5

2.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

Bulgaria

15.7

15.6

16.0

12.8

12.8

12.8

12.9

13.5

9.6

Czechia

7.6

7.5

7.9

7.1

7.2

7.0

8.4

8.5

8.2

Denmark

2.8

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.9

3.7

2.9

2.9

3.1

Germany

6.3

6.7

5.0

3.4

4.3

0.2

2.5

2.8

1.2

Estonia

7.3

7.5

6.7

8.1

8.1

8.2

8.6

8.6

8.8

Ireland

7.1

6.1

11.3

4.6

5.9

0.8

5.0

5.0

4.9

Greece

11.8

10.0

18.9

7.9

7.6

9.3

8.4

8.1

9.7

Spain

5.1

5.0

5.5

3.7

3.5

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.0

France

3.5

3.1

4.6

2.8

2.4

3.6

2.8

2.7

3.2

Croatia

13.1

13.3

12.3

12.2

12.1

12.8

12.8

12.8

13.3

Italy

1.9

2.1

1.5

4.2

4.1

4.5

5.4

4.8

7.0

Cyprus

5.0

4.6

7.2

5.7

5.3

7.6

4.5

4.5

4.4

Latvia

13.1

12.8

14.2

12.1

12.7

10.0

9.5

9.4

10.1

Lithuania

10.3

10.3

9.3

9.0

9.1

8.8

8.1

8.0

9.7

Luxembourg

4.1

4.1

4.1

1.2

1.3

0.1

4.0

4.0

3.7

Hungary

13.5

13.5

13.4

10.8

11.0

9.5

9.2

9.5

7.3

Malta

3.0

2.9

4.6

1.3

1.1

3.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

Netherlands

5.6

5.6

5.6

6.3

5.8

8.3

6.7

5.9

9.5

Austria

9.6

9.4

10.1

6.6

6.1

8.0

5.6

5.4

6.5

Poland

13.2

13.2

13.3

10.5

10.5

10.4

9.2

9.2

9.2

Portugal

5.0

5.0

5.1

9.9

9.9

9.9

4.5

4.5

4.6

Romania

15.9

15.9

16.1

11.9

11.9

10.8

16.8

16.8

16.6

Slovenia

8.2

8.1

8.7

8.3

8.7

6.0

10.0

10.0

9.6

Slovakia

9.7

9.1

11.3

5.7

5.2

6.9

6.3

5.9

7.5

Finland

2.1

2.7

-0.8

2.3

3.0

-1.2

6.0

5.9

6.7

Sweden

5.5

4.7

7.2

4.3

3.8

5.3

3.9

3.9

3.9

Norway

6.1

6.0

6.2

6.0

6.7

5.1

8.9

7.5

18.1

Iceland

8.7

8.6

8.9

5.8

5.7

6.3

4.4

4.3

4.7

Nominal hourly labour costs of mainly non-business economy

(NACE Rev. 2 sections O to S)

% change compared with same quarter of previous year - calendar adjusted

Q1 2024

Q4 2024

Q1 2025

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

Euro area

5.6

5.9

5.0

3.4

3.9

1.8

2.5

2.6

2.4

EU

5.9

6.3

4.8

4.1

4.8

2.2

3.4

3.6

3.0

Belgium

2.2

2.2

2.3

1.6

1.6

1.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

Bulgaria

16.9

17.1

16.1

12.7

13.5

9.1

10.9

11.3

9.4

Czechia

4.1

4.0

4.3

3.5

3.5

3.5

7.4

7.5

7.2

Denmark

2.0

2.0

1.9

6.2

6.2

6.4

6.0

5.9

6.8

Germany

7.4

8.0

6.0

3.3

4.6

-0.2

2.7

2.7

2.6

Estonia

7.7

7.5

8.5

4.5

4.6

4.5

6.8

6.5

7.4

Ireland

4.2

3.6

:c

4.8

4.5

:c

5.5

5.3

:c

Greece

4.3

4.1

4.8

0.2

0.3

-0.2

1.0

2.0

-1.6

Spain

3.8

3.5

4.4

3.1

3.2

3.0

2.4

2.3

2.7

France

4.1

4.1

4.2

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.3

Croatia

23.5

23.6

22.6

18.1

18.1

18.6

15.2

15.1

16.0

Italy

2.9

3.3

1.8

5.1

5.1

4.9

2.2

2.1

2.6

Cyprus

4.2

3.8

5.3

4.0

3.7

5.0

5.8

5.8

5.8

Latvia

14.5

12.0

24.0

7.5

8.5

3.8

7.1

9.2

-0.1

Lithuania

12.6

12.7

9.5

14.3

14.4

11.8

12.0

12.2

6.4

Luxembourg

5.7

5.8

5.5

0.6

0.7

-0.1

1.8

1.8

2.1

Hungary

14.3

14.1

15.9

14.0

14.3

12.3

11.7

12.2

8.2

Malta

7.6

7.9

4.3

15.4

16.5

4.9

2.2

2.5

-0.9

Netherlands

7.7

8.2

6.5

6.7

7.0

6.0

5.1

4.8

5.8

Austria

8.7

8.9

8.0

4.0

4.0

3.7

-0.9

-1.1

-0.3

Poland

16.4

16.5

16.2

22.7

22.6

23.1

16.3

16.3

16.4

Portugal

9.6

9.7

9.6

10.5

10.5

10.4

2.6

2.7

2.5

Romania

18.0

18.1

17.4

16.8

16.9

15.6

14.0

14.0

14.2

Slovenia

9.2

9.3

8.7

3.5

3.6

3.2

16.0

16.2

14.9

Slovakia

11.5

10.9

13.3

4.8

4.3

6.1

4.9

4.5

6.1

Finland

3.2

3.9

-0.1

3.2

3.9

-0.2

8.4

8.3

9.1

Sweden

1.8

3.6

-1.9

1.5

3.5

-2.4

4.2

4.1

4.6

Norway

3.7

3.8

3.3

3.9

4.3

2.1

9.3

9.4

8.7

Iceland

9.6

9.6

9.5

7.1

6.9

7.6

4.0

3.9

4.3

Nominal hourly labour costs of Industry

(NACE Rev. 2 sections B to E)

% change compared with same quarter of previous year - calendar adjusted

Q1 2024

Q4 2024

Q1 2025

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

Euro area

5.1

5.2

4.8

4.2

4.5

3.2

2.5

2.5

2.4

EU

5.7

5.8

5.2

4.8

5.1

3.7

3.3

3.5

2.9

Belgium

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

Bulgaria

13.7

13.8

13.5

11.5

11.4

12.2

14.1

14.5

12.3

Czechia

7.1

7.1

7.2

6.5

6.5

6.5

7.0

7.1

6.8

Denmark

2.1

2.0

2.2

3.5

3.4

3.9

4.3

4.4

3.7

Germany

5.6

6.0

4.4

3.4

4.4

0.0

-0.3

0.0

-1.4

Estonia

7.9

8.0

7.6

9.1

9.8

7.4

9.0

9.1

8.7

Ireland

7.1

6.7

8.4

6.8

5.2

15.8

4.4

4.8

1.8

Greece

7.3

6.2

11.5

9.7

8.5

14.2

8.7

9.1

6.8

Spain

4.7

4.3

5.9

4.2

3.8

5.4

5.1

5.4

4.4

France

3.8

3.3

5.1

3.0

2.6

3.8

2.9

2.8

3.3

Croatia

14.4

14.5

13.7

15.1

15.1

15.4

14.3

14.4

13.8

Italy

3.5

3.6

3.3

5.1

5.0

5.3

4.7

4.4

5.6

Cyprus

4.8

4.4

6.7

5.4

5.1

6.7

3.2

3.3

3.1

Latvia

12.2

12.0

12.7

11.0

11.7

8.3

10.2

9.9

11.2

Lithuania

10.2

10.6

:c

9.6

10.0

:c

7.7

7.8

:c

Luxembourg

5.3

5.4

4.1

-0.8

-0.8

-1.4

3.6

3.6

3.6

Hungary

13.1

13.0

13.7

10.8

11.0

9.6

8.7

9.0

6.7

Malta

5.2

4.7

13.8

13.3

12.9

20.5

6.3

6.1

9.9

Netherlands

6.0

6.1

5.9

5.8

5.9

5.3

:c

:c

:c

Austria

7.7

7.5

8.3

6.5

6.1

7.8

5.4

5.2

6.0

Poland

13.5

13.5

13.5

10.6

10.6

10.6

8.8

8.9

8.7

Portugal

5.1

5.1

5.1

9.8

9.8

9.8

2.6

2.6

2.7

Romania

14.4

14.4

14.2

11.4

11.4

11.0

17.8

17.8

17.9

Slovenia

4.8

4.6

5.5

8.3

8.5

7.1

10.7

10.8

9.9

Slovakia

10.9

10.7

11.4

5.8

5.5

6.9

4.8

4.1

6.9

Finland

0.3

0.7

-1.7

2.3

3.2

-1.6

7.7

7.9

6.6

Sweden

3.7

3.1

5.1

4.0

3.6

5.0

2.8

2.7

2.8

Norway

4.5

4.9

2.2

5.8

6.8

4.0

5.9

7.0

-0.5

Iceland

10.8

10.7

11.0

5.1

4.8

6.1

3.3

3.3

3.6

Nominal hourly labour costs of Construction

(NACE Rev. 2 section F)

% change compared with same quarter of previous year
- calendar adjusted

Q1 2024

Q4 2024

Q1 2025

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

Euro area

5.4

5.5

5.3

4.2

4.5

3.5

4.7

4.4

5.5

EU

6.1

6.2

5.7

4.7

4.9

3.9

5.2

5.1

5.5

Belgium

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.8

2.8

2.8

3.6

3.6

3.6

Bulgaria

19.5

20.8

13.0

17.2

17.7

14.9

19.7

20.3

16.3

Czechia

8.4

8.2

8.9

7.7

7.8

7.7

12.2

12.4

11.8

Denmark

3.3

3.4

2.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

2.6

2.7

1.6

Germany

7.4

7.7

6.5

4.0

4.7

1.8

3.8

4.0

3.2

Estonia

6.2

6.5

5.4

8.0

8.6

6.4

6.3

6.2

6.8

Ireland

:c

8.1

:c

:c

8.9

:c

:c

5.5

:c

Greece

13.9

12.2

19.5

16.6

7.9

45.2

6.6

4.5

13.5

Spain

3.5

2.6

5.5

1.1

-0.2

4.4

4.9

5.0

4.8

France

2.7

2.4

3.6

3.0

2.7

4.0

2.6

2.3

3.2

Croatia

12.4

12.8

10.2

10.0

9.9

11.1

13.8

13.6

14.8

Italy

4.0

4.6

2.6

5.4

5.8

4.5

6.7

5.1

10.4

Cyprus

4.0

3.5

6.3

6.4

6.0

8.6

2.8

2.8

2.9

Latvia

14.9

14.9

15.0

13.7

13.8

13.4

11.1

10.9

11.5

Lithuania

14.9

14.1

36.0

11.1

11.0

13.4

6.6

6.6

7.0

Luxembourg

5.9

5.9

6.4

0.2

0.3

-0.4

2.8

2.8

2.8

Hungary

16.9

16.8

17.6

13.1

13.3

11.2

12.5

12.8

10.2

Malta

2.6

2.6

2.7

1.0

1.1

-0.3

-1.3

-1.2

-2.7

Netherlands

4.8

5.4

2.6

8.3

8.0

9.3

:c

:c

:c

Austria

9.9

8.7

14.2

8.2

6.2

15.2

7.8

6.9

10.6

Poland

16.7

16.7

16.6

11.5

11.5

11.6

9.9

9.9

9.9

Portugal

4.4

4.4

4.4

13.5

13.5

13.6

4.8

4.8

4.8

Romania

20.2

20.2

20.4

10.3

10.3

10.1

20.4

20.4

20.2

Slovenia

12.4

12.6

10.6

10.5

10.9

8.8

6.7

6.6

7.1

Slovakia

6.7

6.2

8.3

10.3

9.5

12.5

7.4

7.4

7.5

Finland

6.4

7.2

2.4

2.1

3.0

-1.6

5.7

5.3

7.8

Sweden

5.2

4.5

6.8

5.1

5.1

5.2

3.0

3.3

2.3

Norway

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.3

5.9

3.3

7.8

7.8

7.4

Iceland

9.3

9.4

8.8

6.0

6.1

5.7

5.0

4.9

5.2

Nominal hourly labour costs of Services

(NACE Rev. 2 sections G to N)

% change compared with same quarter of previous year
- calendar adjusted

Q1 2024

Q4 2024

Q1 2025

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

TOTAL

WAGES

OTHER

Euro area

5.1

5.2

4.8

3.8

4.0

3.1

4.3

4.3

4.3

EU

5.6

5.7

5.3

4.3

4.5

3.6

4.7

4.8

4.6

Belgium

1.8

1.8

1.8

2.2

2.2

2.2

3.6

3.6

3.6

Bulgaria

16.3

16.1

17.8

13.0

13.1

13.0

11.8

12.5

7.5

Czechia

7.9

7.7

8.4

7.6

7.7

7.4

9.0

9.0

8.9

Denmark

3.0

3.0

3.3

3.1

2.9

3.8

2.5

2.4

3.1

Germany

6.6

7.0

5.2

3.3

4.3

0.0

3.9

4.3

2.6

Estonia

7.2

7.5

6.5

7.7

7.3

8.8

8.8

8.7

9.1

Ireland

6.4

5.7

10.3

5.4

5.7

4.1

5.1

5.0

5.4

Greece

13.1

11.1

21.2

6.9

7.3

5.6

8.4

8.0

10.3

Spain

5.4

5.4

5.4

3.9

3.9

3.6

3.8

3.8

3.7

France

3.5

3.1

4.6

2.7

2.3

3.5

2.8

2.7

3.2

Croatia

12.7

12.8

12.0

11.2

11.1

11.9

12.0

11.9

12.9

Italy

0.6

0.8

0.1

3.5

3.3

4.0

5.5

4.9

7.3

Cyprus

5.2

4.8

7.4

5.7

5.3

7.6

4.9

4.9

4.9

Latvia

13.2

12.8

14.6

12.3

12.8

10.2

9.1

9.0

9.6

Lithuania

9.6

9.7

8.5

8.5

8.4

11.6

8.5

8.3

11.6

Luxembourg

3.7

3.7

3.7

1.5

1.7

0.4

4.1

4.2

3.8

Hungary

13.3

13.4

12.8

10.6

10.8

9.3

9.2

9.5

7.3

Malta

2.6

2.6

3.0

-0.7

-0.8

1.1

0.3

0.3

-0.4

Netherlands

5.6

5.6

5.8

6.3

5.5

9.0

:c

:c

:c

Austria

10.5

10.6

10.4

6.3

6.1

7.0

5.4

5.2

6.2

Poland

12.7

12.7

12.7

10.4

10.4

10.2

9.3

9.3

9.3

Portugal

5.0

5.0

5.1

9.5

9.5

9.5

5.1

5.1

5.2

Romania

16.0

16.0

16.6

12.4

12.5

10.7

15.6

15.6

15.3

Slovenia

10.2

10.1

10.9

8.0

8.6

4.8

9.9

10.0

9.8

Slovakia

9.1

8.4

11.4

5.2

4.7

6.5

7.3

7.0

7.9

Finland

2.4

3.1

-0.8

2.3

3.0

-0.9

5.3

5.0

6.7

Sweden

6.2

5.3

8.0

4.2

3.6

5.3

4.4

4.3

4.5

Norway

6.8

6.5

8.2

6.3

6.8

5.8

10.4

7.6

28.3

Iceland

7.9

7.8

8.2

6.0

5.9

6.4

4.7

4.6

5.0

Notes for users

Revisions and timetable

The Labour Cost Index data are subject to revision, in particular for the latest quarters, when new source data become available. The original data, before any subsequent revision, are also available here.

Compared with the News Release of 19 March 2025, the annual growth rate of the hourly labour costs, for the total economy in the fourth quarter of 2024 was revised from +3.7% to +3.8% for the euro area. It remained unchanged for the EU (+4.3%).

Eurostat releases early estimates for the hourly labour costs of the euro area and of the EU, around 50 days after the reference quarter. Early estimates for the first quarter of 2025 have been released on 20 May 2025 and early estimates for the second quarter of 2025 are scheduled on 20 August 2025.

Methods and definitions

The Labour Cost Index is a short-term indicator showing the development of hourly labour costs incurred by employers, in nominal terms, that is without adjusting for price developments. It is calculated dividing the labour cost in national currency by the number of hours worked. Therefore, the development of variables, labour costs and hours worked, affect the evolution of the index (base year = 2020).

The quarterly changes in hourly employers’ costs are measured for total labour costs and its main components: wages and salaries; and non-wage costs (labour costs other than wages and salaries). Total labour costs (TOT) cover wage and non-wage costs less subsidies. They do not include vocational training costs or other expenditures such as recruitment costs, spending on working clothes, etc.

Wage and salary costs (WAG) include direct remuneration, bonuses, and allowances paid by an employer in cash or in kind to an employee in return for work done, payments to employees saving schemes, payments for days not worked and remuneration in kind such as food, drink, fuel, company cars, etc.

Labour costs other than wages and salaries (OTH - non-wage costs) include the employers’ social contributions plus employment taxes regarded as labour costs less subsidies intended to refund part or the entire employer’s cost of direct remuneration.

Eurostat publishes Labour Cost Index data for NACE Rev. 2 sections B to S. The aggregate is referred to as "Whole economy" for the sake of simplification, although sections A: ‘Agriculture, forestry and fishing’; T: ‘Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use’ and U: ‘Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies’ are excluded. Section N: ‘Administrative and support service activities’ includes the activities of temporary employment agencies.

Geographical information

The euro area (EA20) includes Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland.

The European Union (EU27) includes Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden.

For more information

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