Biography by Dr. Dominik Kozanda
Book, May 6, 2023
Elon Musk made the statement "You already are a cyborg" during an interview with Kara Swisher in ... more Elon Musk made the statement "You already are a cyborg" during an interview with Kara Swisher in 2018. The interview was part of the Recode Decode podcast series. In the interview, Musk discussed his thoughts on the relationship between humans and technology, and how he believes that humans are already cyborgs because of the integration of technology into our daily lives.
In line with Musk’s beliefs, the present study establishes a link between artificial intelligence and linguistic engineering by emphasizing the significance of meaning enhancement in highly specific linguistic and psychosocial-dynamic contexts, aided by a carefully curated selection of adjectives. The integration of adjectives such as "competent" and "professional" into Open AI's Chat GPT 4 can greatly improve the linguistic quality of scientific texts, including the one before you. In this era of linguistic AI, proofreading may soon become obsolete, as the output texts generated by AI are capable of surpassing the quality of work produced by entire teams.
This research too demonstrates the immense potential of artificial intelligence in the field of linguistic engineering. By harnessing the power of advanced machine learning algorithms, linguists and language enthusiasts alike can leverage AI tools to greatly enhance the impact and effectiveness of their work. The use of carefully curated adjectives within AI-generated text can contribute to the creation of more impactful, compelling, and coherent scientific texts. The integration of these advanced linguistic tools is paving the way for a future where the boundaries between human and machine are blurred, and the potential for innovation and progress in the field of linguistic engineering is virtually limitless.
In conclusion, this study highlights the significant role that artificial intelligence and linguistic engineering can play in the creation of high-quality scientific texts. The integration of advanced AI tools and techniques is rapidly transforming the field of linguistics, paving the way for a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of human communication.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Linguistic Engineering; Linguistics; Language Enhancement; Psychosocial-dynamics; Psycholinguistics; Sociolinguistics; Elon Musk
Papers by Dr. Dominik Kozanda
TRANSLANG22/1, 2023
The aviation industry has always been recognized for its focus on the
customer experience, and a... more The aviation industry has always been recognized for its focus on the
customer experience, and airline menus are a faithful reflection of this
commitment. This study highlights that these menus not only offer a wide
variety of gastronomic options but also employ linguistic engineering
techniques to persuade and entice passengers into making specific choices.
By analyzing the menus of Lufthansa, Air Canada, and Iberia on the PUJYYZ-AMS-FRA route in December 2022, some of the most common
strategies used in linguistic engineering were identified.
For instance, German menus from Lufthansa are characterized by their
rigor in nominalization and brand exposure, suggesting that the company
uses food as a means to promote its brand and differentiate itself from
competitors. On the other hand, Air Canada's English menus deliberately
use adjectives to convince customers to choose specific options. The same
technique applies in the Spanish text of Iberia, where inventions and
exclamations are used to tempt passengers into selecting specific culinary
choices. It is interesting to note how these strategies are premeditated and
strategically applied in the linguistic engineering of airline menus. The way
this type of persuasion is linguistically expressed also varies according to
the language, suggesting that airlines adapt their techniques to the cultures
and linguistic expectations of their customers.
Ultimately, this study emphasizes that linguistic engineering is a powerful
tool for companies seeking to persuade customers and enhance their overall
experience. While this work focused on the menus of the mentioned airlines
at a specific moment, similar dynamics are likely to be found in other texts
and diverse media. Therefore, linguistic engineering provides an
opportunity for companies to develop more effective persuasion and
marketing strategies. The application of these strategies can not only
improve original texts but also be valuable in the field of transcreation, a
highly functional branch in language translation and interpretation. These
tacit strategies provide insights that can be considered as an autonomous
method to enhance communication and customer satisfaction
TRANSLANG22/1, 2023
The aviation industry has always been recognized for its focus on the
customer experience, and a... more The aviation industry has always been recognized for its focus on the
customer experience, and airline menus are a faithful reflection of this
commitment. This study highlights that these menus not only offer a wide
variety of gastronomic options but also employ linguistic engineering
techniques to persuade and entice passengers into making specific choices.
By analyzing the menus of Lufthansa, Air Canada, and Iberia on the PUJYYZ-AMS-FRA route in December 2022, some of the most common
strategies used in linguistic engineering were identified.
For instance, German menus from Lufthansa are characterized by their
rigor in nominalization and brand exposure, suggesting that the company
uses food as a means to promote its brand and differentiate itself from
competitors. On the other hand, Air Canada's English menus deliberately
use adjectives to convince customers to choose specific options. The same
technique applies in the Spanish text of Iberia, where inventions and
exclamations are used to tempt passengers into selecting specific culinary
choices. It is interesting to note how these strategies are premeditated and
strategically applied in the linguistic engineering of airline menus. The way
this type of persuasion is linguistically expressed also varies according to
the language, suggesting that airlines adapt their techniques to the cultures
and linguistic expectations of their customers.
Ultimately, this study emphasizes that linguistic engineering is a powerful
tool for companies seeking to persuade customers and enhance their overall
experience. While this work focused on the menus of the mentioned airlines
at a specific moment, similar dynamics are likely to be found in other texts
and diverse media. Therefore, linguistic engineering provides an
opportunity for companies to develop more effective persuasion and
marketing strategies. The application of these strategies can not only
improve original texts but also be valuable in the field of transcreation, a
highly functional branch in language translation and interpretation. These
tacit strategies provide insights that can be considered as an autonomous
method to enhance communication and customer satisfaction
Revue Internationale Traduction et Langues. 22(1). 160-178.
The aviation industry has always been recognized for its focus on the customer experience, and ai... more The aviation industry has always been recognized for its focus on the customer experience, and airline menus are a faithful reflection of this commitment. This study highlights that these menus not only offer a wide variety of gastronomic options but also employ linguistic engineering techniques to persuade and entice passengers into making specific choices. By analyzing the menus of Lufthansa, Air Canada, and Iberia on the PUJ-YYZ-AMS-FRA route in December 2022, some of the most common strategies used in linguistic engineering were identified. For instance, German menus from Lufthansa are characterized by their rigor in nominalization and brand exposure, suggesting that the company uses food as a means to promote its brand and differentiate itself from competitors. On the other hand, Air Canada's English menus deliberately use adjectives to convince customers to choose specific options. The same technique applies in the Spanish text of Iberia, where inventions and exclamations are used to tempt passengers into selecting specific culinary choices. It is interesting to note how these strategies are premeditated and strategically applied in the linguistic engineering of airline menus. The way this type of persuasion is linguistically expressed also varies according to the language, suggesting that airlines adapt their techniques to the cultures and linguistic expectations of their customers. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that linguistic engineering is a powerful tool for companies seeking to persuade customers and enhance their overall experience. While this work focused on the menus of the mentioned airlines at a specific moment, similar dynamics are likely to be found in other texts and diverse media. Therefore, linguistic engineering provides an opportunity for companies to develop more effective persuasion and marketing strategies. The application of these strategies can not only improve original texts but also be valuable in the field of transcreation, a highly functional branch in language translation and interpretation. These tacit strategies provide insights that can be considered as an autonomous method to enhance communication and customer satisfaction.
TRANSLANG Vol 2022 N° 2, 2022
Highly specific theoretical and practical, essentially intercultural-communicative aspects within... more Highly specific theoretical and practical, essentially intercultural-communicative aspects within the German-Emirati psychosocial-dynamic relationship were observed during several research stays in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This exploration intended to regard and describe these in greater detail by means of an empirical-exploratory approach, trying to offer a more precise definition of some traditional perspectives of stereotype and prejudice research from a German standpoint towards the UAE. Findings include i. a. highly specific cultural subtleties and nuances that enabled to learn and better understand highly complex (inter)cultural dynamics of various aspects related to specific stereotypes and prejudices between the two countries that were studied (the UAE and Germany). Among some prejudices and stereotypes that are said to describe on a rather general level diverse behaviour patterns of many Emirati citizens in the UAE, for instance, one reads hospitality, megalomania, polygamy, xenophobia, sexism, overpricing, corruption, hatred of women, anti-alcoholism, religious radicalism, overstatement, lack of humor, fine taste, solidarity, integrity, unpunctuality, friendliness or introversion (...). These stereotypes and prejudices are subject to extensive research within the scope of diverse fields of study, such as linguistic, cultural, social, evolutionary or ethnic anthropology. However, it seems certain highly specific psychosocial-dynamic aspects linked to German viewpoints towards the UAE have been understudied to date. Among these, for example, intercultural communication plays a pivotal role in analyzing situations in which people with different cultural backgrounds interact. Culture determines how individuals shape messages, what means they use to transmit these, and how they interpret the messages. In the broadest sense, culture refers to all manifestations of human existence that are based on certain values and learned behavior which in turn are expressed in ‘permanent creation’ and preservation of values. This declaration is of relevance when ‘German’ viewpoints towards the UAE are regarded more closely, as these could be most amply characterized as complex. Demeaning perspectives leading to stereotypes and prejudices are not an exception in this particular case. The UAE are continuously reduced to an oil-rich country, disregarding i. a. social, cultural, political (…) merits. However, an image of acceptance and tolerance seems to have prevailed for some controversially discussed stereotypes and prejudices related to the UAE from German perspectives if it is delved more profoundly into (inter)cultural values that are not necessarily regarded disrespectfully as we have been able to recognize. Openness, tolerance and diversity can now be attributed to the UAE more than ever as a product of large changes. These have taken place recently in a place which has been inhabited for over 125,000 years, having been at the crossroads interculturality for many civilizations in the Middle-East and the world throughout the ages. Such as cultural variety is contemporary witness to (inter)cultural values that are often inseparably molten with cultural, religious, political, diplomatic and pacifist intentions. Critical approaches to aspects alike the aforementioned were blueprinted within this text and are thoughtfully regarded to better understand the underlying psychosocial-dynamics between the two cultures. This highly specific research area may have potential to pave the way for future research on (inter)cultural behaviour patterns, attitudes and determinants which may concede language interpretation and translation studies another dimension of responsibility: A balanced conveyance of psychosocial-dynamic and intercultural aspects between language(s) and culture(s).
Comunicación y soluciones digitales para nuevos contenidos. GEDISA. 247-254, 2022
Delving into Google Translate and its artificial intelligence, this article draws upon human-robo... more Delving into Google Translate and its artificial intelligence, this article draws upon human-robotic perspectives which could optimise a target text (TT). There is wide latitude in the field of translation to employ the use of machines to aid translators in their work in order to make the work more efficient and accurate. The text encompasses how IT tools have embraced our lives, and if there is an opportunity to take further advantage of the capabilities of manmade machines, there is no reason why a translator should fail to exploit a software program’s advantages to provide the best possible end-product to the client. A human translator may also be helpful in developing these CAT tools to enhance the tools’ capabilities in dealing with the communicative context in the translation. While it cannot be claimed to be a totally innovative translation working process at this stage, the term transcorrection is not found on the internet in connection with the research purpose of this article and, although it is easy to see the significance of human-robot interaction(s) in professional translation working processes, further research efforts in this area are needed in order to better understand how these interactions (can) work, especially, as technology advances. Google Translate’s artificial intelligence may learn by itself, but human translators and “interpreters” (of the words) have never stopped to learn by themselves.
International Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech. 4(2). 185-200, 2022
This paper investigates the preference for Andalusian Spanish (second language, L2) over German (... more This paper investigates the preference for Andalusian Spanish (second language, L2) over German (first language, L1) in bilinguals who have a lisp
and do not encounter a feeling of belonging to their L1 society due to reactions such a divergent pronunciation provokes. This issue is novel due to
its interdisciplinary nature within this unique language combination, and
it draws particularly on the fields of speech (pathology), language preference, communication, bilingualism, phonetics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. To test the hypothesis ‘some bilinguals who have a lisp prefer
to use Andalusian Spanish (their L2) over German (their L1) to avoid the
noticeability of their speech divergence’, within the boundaries of the present
exploratory case study, interviews with participants were recorded. It was
found that participants sacrifice the usage of their L1 in favour of their L2 in
an attempt to vanish their phonetic divergence. Such a finding is important
because in Andalusian Spanish the pronunciation of the /s/ is significantly
reduced during the conversation flow on account of many of the language’s
specific phonetic conventions.
Nuevos Materiales de la Comunicación y la Salud. Comunicación, Neurocomunicación y Salud. 157-172, 2022
Repensar las humanidades en el siglo XXI. Estudios Aranzadi. Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi, 2021
This study is only the beginning of the arduous journey towards real interculturality in the mult... more This study is only the beginning of the arduous journey towards real interculturality in the multilingual classroom. As the German speaking society of Germany historically tends to sanction a lisp (as mentioned Kozanda, 2020, for example), generating, thus, feelings of low- or non-acceptance in lisping (bilingual) speakers, the author of this paper considers that the opportunities that have been acknowledged so far indicate that we may be on target to understand more specifically how promoting interculturality in the multilingual classroom could mitigate social rejection of learners with a divergent pronunciation, such as the one outlined within this exploration. There is a need to take action in order to solve the issue of social rejection of students with a divergent pronunciation and dealing with its psychosocial-dynamic issues in class. And, this paper aims to contribute to this respect.
Not too long ago, treatment of speech divergences encompassed rather unconventional approaches, s... more Not too long ago, treatment of speech divergences encompassed rather unconventional approaches, such as the like Franke (1924) exposed. Self-proclaiming himself as the first language surgeon, he tried to remove, in the true sense of the word, a divergent /s/ pronunciation that a little girl displayed. Speech divergencies were generally at the crux of the idea of having a speech community pronouncing absolutely conversantly, with no exceptions, certain pronunciations, such as the aforementioned. Under this context, surgical interventions begun to be the norm so as to eliminate "unwelcome" pronunciations. At present, almost a century later, these practices are not conventional anymore, but social stigmas and prejudices (with)in these persons seem to persist, up to the point that they feel excluded from society because of their linguistic divergence. Sidelined, they seem to encounter reactions which are most unwelcome, be it on a verbal (open reference), non-verbal (facial gestures) or para-verbal (voice tonality changes) level. Thusly, this text sought to draw attention to this problem by offering a possible solution from didactic and intercultural perspectives. Integration instead of disintegration can be fostered through the active intervention of teachers who should pay more attention (and not downplay) to the aforementioned behaviour patterns which make many persons feel estranged from their mother-society.
This exploratory research looks into how direct address features are being transferred from one l... more This exploratory research looks into how direct address features are being transferred from one language to another during an interpretative process in a particular context of international politics within the European Union and why alternative verbal renderings in the target language should be subject to consideration, especially when higher accuracy in conveying the original speakers’ intention is intended. Direct address dynamics in simultaneous interpreting are to a certain extent a style of interaction that remains the subject of heated discussions. And, to date, no absolute consensus has been reached when it comes to clear-cut equivalence, functionality and precision of verbal output(s) of speakers in top-notch political meetings where simultaneous interpreters (have to) delve into their communicative intentions each and every second. These reasons motivate the special attention that is devoted within this exploration to provide a snapshot view of highly specific psychosociodynamic aspects concerning direct address in simultaneous interpretation. If a clearer picture is sought, the present study may probably only be a little grain of sand, but, hopefully, one of many to come. The aim of this paper is to offer insights into verbatim interpretations of highly specific direct address elements and to propose as well as delve into potential alternative uses thereof, with their potential benefits and burdens. Through the analysis of highly specific direct address elements of two simultaneous interpretations in Spanish and German during an international political debate held within a plenary session at the European Parliament in English, it is argued that a free-functional, rather than a neutroliteral interpretation, should be adopted on account of its potential implications for the target audience. A different approach to a potentially more accurate verbal output that factors in psychosocial-dynamic perspectives may contribute a different view to this heated debate in translation and interpretation studies.
In Roberto Moreno López, Becerra Fernández, Daniel & Rodrigo Martín, Isabel (coords.). Visibilización de las líneas de comunicación más actuales. 259-273, 2021
Direct address in one of Guy Verhofstadt’s interventions addressing the European Parliament and t... more Direct address in one of Guy Verhofstadt’s interventions addressing the European Parliament and the simultaneous interpretation of its elements into the German and Spanish languages has been the main focus of this multidisciplinar study. The findings reveal that there are several ways in which the interpreters convey address, from psychosocial-dynamic standpoint. The(se) findings indicate a conclusion: Alternative interpretations of specific direct address elements can have a communicative impact on the target speech.
Esta pequeña exploración tuvo como objetivo analizar los comportamientos de uso comunicativo-ling... more Esta pequeña exploración tuvo como objetivo analizar los comportamientos de uso comunicativo-lingüístico(s) de informantes que en dos contextos completamente independientes podrían usar de forma premeditada un tratamiento de «tú», a priori menos formal, y un tratamiento de «usted», en principio, más formal, para la interpretación de lenguas en sus técnicas y modalidades (como las define Collados, 2001). Las hipótesis que se sometieron bajo tratamiento fueron las siguientes: -los interlocutores se tratan de «tú» en las entrevistas de menor grado de formalidad- y -los interlocutores se tratan de «usted» en las entrevistas de mayor grado de formalidad-. A través del análisis de diversas entrevistas en el par de lenguas español y alemán que se pueden enmarcar, a grosso modo, en los contextos interaccional-comunicativos «deporte» y «actuación», se ha podido detectar en contextos completamente independientes, diversos y separados si las hipótesis de partida se cumplen (o no). Los hallazgos confirieron solidez a una conclusion inesperada.
Que no se pueda hablar hasta el momento de la existencia de una regla universal para el uso de un... more Que no se pueda hablar hasta el momento de la existencia de una regla universal para el uso de un trato de «tú» o de un trato de «usted» en contextos de política de la Unión Europea que, además, sea válida para todo tipo de situaciones comunicativo-interaccionales en el contexto alemanohispanoparlante, no sorprende. Mediante un diseño metodológico integrado, mixto y polivalente, esta pequeña exploración tuvo como objetivo aproximarse a una potencial respuesta a preguntas de la siguiente naturaleza: ¿se han llevado acabo estudios sobre cortesía lingüística dentro del contexto antecitado aplicado a la interpretación bilateral? ¿Cómo se define cortesía lingüística en general y, cuál podría ser una aproximación a una delimitación en el contexto objeto de estudio? ¿Albergan relevancia las formas de tratamiento en interpretación bilateral? ¿Existe una distinción, no solo lingüística, entre el trato de «tú» alemán y el trato de «tú» español? ¿Existe una distinción potencialmente contextual, no solo puramente lingüística, entre el trato de «usted» alemán y el trato de «usted» español? ¿El trato de «usted» siempre es formal y el trato de «tú» nunca lo es?
Conference Presentations by Dr. Dominik Kozanda
History, Change and Becoming The Relation between Language and Culture in Social and Cultural Anthropology. University of Oran 2, Algeria.
Strategic, linguistic and psychosocial-dynamic engineering, far more than taking advantage of a m... more Strategic, linguistic and psychosocial-dynamic engineering, far more than taking advantage of a menu card for marketing reasons, represents an increasingly recurrent practice. On a functional (not literal) translation "basis", linguistic alternatives can encourage the strategic and psychosociodynamic load of a text through a premeditated and intentional use of certain words or expressions. These attempts, aimed at inducing the customer to purchase a certain product, for example, have not yet been approached from highly specific linguistic, strategic and psychosociodynamic perspectives as the ones revealed within this contribution.
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Biography by Dr. Dominik Kozanda
In line with Musk’s beliefs, the present study establishes a link between artificial intelligence and linguistic engineering by emphasizing the significance of meaning enhancement in highly specific linguistic and psychosocial-dynamic contexts, aided by a carefully curated selection of adjectives. The integration of adjectives such as "competent" and "professional" into Open AI's Chat GPT 4 can greatly improve the linguistic quality of scientific texts, including the one before you. In this era of linguistic AI, proofreading may soon become obsolete, as the output texts generated by AI are capable of surpassing the quality of work produced by entire teams.
This research too demonstrates the immense potential of artificial intelligence in the field of linguistic engineering. By harnessing the power of advanced machine learning algorithms, linguists and language enthusiasts alike can leverage AI tools to greatly enhance the impact and effectiveness of their work. The use of carefully curated adjectives within AI-generated text can contribute to the creation of more impactful, compelling, and coherent scientific texts. The integration of these advanced linguistic tools is paving the way for a future where the boundaries between human and machine are blurred, and the potential for innovation and progress in the field of linguistic engineering is virtually limitless.
In conclusion, this study highlights the significant role that artificial intelligence and linguistic engineering can play in the creation of high-quality scientific texts. The integration of advanced AI tools and techniques is rapidly transforming the field of linguistics, paving the way for a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of human communication.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Linguistic Engineering; Linguistics; Language Enhancement; Psychosocial-dynamics; Psycholinguistics; Sociolinguistics; Elon Musk
Papers by Dr. Dominik Kozanda
customer experience, and airline menus are a faithful reflection of this
commitment. This study highlights that these menus not only offer a wide
variety of gastronomic options but also employ linguistic engineering
techniques to persuade and entice passengers into making specific choices.
By analyzing the menus of Lufthansa, Air Canada, and Iberia on the PUJYYZ-AMS-FRA route in December 2022, some of the most common
strategies used in linguistic engineering were identified.
For instance, German menus from Lufthansa are characterized by their
rigor in nominalization and brand exposure, suggesting that the company
uses food as a means to promote its brand and differentiate itself from
competitors. On the other hand, Air Canada's English menus deliberately
use adjectives to convince customers to choose specific options. The same
technique applies in the Spanish text of Iberia, where inventions and
exclamations are used to tempt passengers into selecting specific culinary
choices. It is interesting to note how these strategies are premeditated and
strategically applied in the linguistic engineering of airline menus. The way
this type of persuasion is linguistically expressed also varies according to
the language, suggesting that airlines adapt their techniques to the cultures
and linguistic expectations of their customers.
Ultimately, this study emphasizes that linguistic engineering is a powerful
tool for companies seeking to persuade customers and enhance their overall
experience. While this work focused on the menus of the mentioned airlines
at a specific moment, similar dynamics are likely to be found in other texts
and diverse media. Therefore, linguistic engineering provides an
opportunity for companies to develop more effective persuasion and
marketing strategies. The application of these strategies can not only
improve original texts but also be valuable in the field of transcreation, a
highly functional branch in language translation and interpretation. These
tacit strategies provide insights that can be considered as an autonomous
method to enhance communication and customer satisfaction
customer experience, and airline menus are a faithful reflection of this
commitment. This study highlights that these menus not only offer a wide
variety of gastronomic options but also employ linguistic engineering
techniques to persuade and entice passengers into making specific choices.
By analyzing the menus of Lufthansa, Air Canada, and Iberia on the PUJYYZ-AMS-FRA route in December 2022, some of the most common
strategies used in linguistic engineering were identified.
For instance, German menus from Lufthansa are characterized by their
rigor in nominalization and brand exposure, suggesting that the company
uses food as a means to promote its brand and differentiate itself from
competitors. On the other hand, Air Canada's English menus deliberately
use adjectives to convince customers to choose specific options. The same
technique applies in the Spanish text of Iberia, where inventions and
exclamations are used to tempt passengers into selecting specific culinary
choices. It is interesting to note how these strategies are premeditated and
strategically applied in the linguistic engineering of airline menus. The way
this type of persuasion is linguistically expressed also varies according to
the language, suggesting that airlines adapt their techniques to the cultures
and linguistic expectations of their customers.
Ultimately, this study emphasizes that linguistic engineering is a powerful
tool for companies seeking to persuade customers and enhance their overall
experience. While this work focused on the menus of the mentioned airlines
at a specific moment, similar dynamics are likely to be found in other texts
and diverse media. Therefore, linguistic engineering provides an
opportunity for companies to develop more effective persuasion and
marketing strategies. The application of these strategies can not only
improve original texts but also be valuable in the field of transcreation, a
highly functional branch in language translation and interpretation. These
tacit strategies provide insights that can be considered as an autonomous
method to enhance communication and customer satisfaction
and do not encounter a feeling of belonging to their L1 society due to reactions such a divergent pronunciation provokes. This issue is novel due to
its interdisciplinary nature within this unique language combination, and
it draws particularly on the fields of speech (pathology), language preference, communication, bilingualism, phonetics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. To test the hypothesis ‘some bilinguals who have a lisp prefer
to use Andalusian Spanish (their L2) over German (their L1) to avoid the
noticeability of their speech divergence’, within the boundaries of the present
exploratory case study, interviews with participants were recorded. It was
found that participants sacrifice the usage of their L1 in favour of their L2 in
an attempt to vanish their phonetic divergence. Such a finding is important
because in Andalusian Spanish the pronunciation of the /s/ is significantly
reduced during the conversation flow on account of many of the language’s
specific phonetic conventions.
Conference Presentations by Dr. Dominik Kozanda