At some point in time, in the Stone Age, all of the above people inhabited the same region or wer... more At some point in time, in the Stone Age, all of the above people inhabited the same region or were close enough together to share the same technology of crossing a river. They would have been following game at the least. In the last century there were peoples around the world that still lived in the Stone Age, i.e., with Stone Age technology, in Brazil, Borneo, Indonesia, etc. Their technology included making baskets, flint tools, and fabricating portable structures. The Eurasian peoples, noted above lived in portable structures suitable for following herds, such as tents or tepees, as used by American Indians and people in Siberia) or like the Mongols today who construct yurts, round houses put together using poles with fabric coverings. An early example of the Eurasian migrants might be the Sami people who migrated from eastern Asia to settle in a land they called Sapmi, known as Lapland, covering adjacent .areas of northern Norway, Sweden and Finland as well as the Kola Peninsula of Russia. There are other reindeer herders that are in Siberia. Of 120 indigenous peoples in Russia, about twenty groups are nomadic reindeer herders. Due to the nature of the reindeer, many herders live in temporary dwellings and migrate with their animals. Around Lake Baikal reindeer herders belong to the Evenki, Soyot and Tofalar peoples. [www.LakeBaikal.com]. Of interest is the tradition that the Mongol, Genghis Khan, was born near Lake Baikal. Another group, the Nenets, known as Samoyed, is a Samoyedic ethnic group that is an indigenous nomadic community of reindeer herders native to Siberia. Each year they move gigantic herds of reindeer from summer to winter pastures across the Arctic tundra. Crossing vast distances is physically demanding work, especially in one of the most challenging environments on earth. They speak a language totally unrelated to Russian, practice an animistic religion, and have Asian facial features. [www.calvertjournal.com]. Among all these people, as noted, the herding of reindeer is central to their way of life and culture and they also may illustrate a common way of life applicable to those who fabricated kayaks and sustained themselves herding animals that would initiate tools, clothing and covers for tents, boats, etc. To move the tents which would have involved poles and leather coverings, they would have needed a form of transport. As with the Sami, the reindeer themselves became the transport device. While we can suppose that the Inuit Eskimo may have followed reindeer herds in Siberia, like the Nenets, crossing the Bering Strait would have posed another problem, since the ice over the Bering Strait would not have any lichen or food to sustain the reindeer. The Bering Strait is about 53 miles wide at its narrowest point. Reindeer herds can migrate 12-30 miles in a day [www.a-z-animals.com]. The last Ice Age lasted from 19,000-To examine the Copeland-Akkadian-English dictionary, with Correspondence (1,000 pp), see: https://www.academia.edu/37991622/Copeland_English_Akkadian_Dictionary_Book_I_Part_II _pdf_Final_update_8_20_19_ A document that illustrates many Akkadian correspondences is my, "Finnish-Uralic Linguistic Connections.
This dictionary contains history and mythologies previously unknown. The Clensi, a royal clan ar... more This dictionary contains history and mythologies previously unknown. The Clensi, a royal clan are of interest. Sarina, a queen, is ,mentioned in two documents, a statue of Prince Metelis, carries a testament showing he is of the Clensi, Many of the Etruscan documents reflect their mythology which, like Roman myths that differ from the Greek, i.e., Hera becomes Roman Juno, but the Etruscan goddess, Uni, is a bit different from both. Juno is supposed to be the daughter of Ops, Opis, the wife of Jupiter, but there are indications that Uni was the sister of Ops. Aphrodite crowned Paris as the husband of Helen of Troy, but Script DM, a mirror, shows a goddess, MEAN, crowning Paris (Alexandar) with the award of Helen's hand in marriage, while, as one can see in the mirror, Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, offers a purse for marriage of his brother to Helen. In this respect that differs in the Greek version, it was to Helen's father that Agamemnon made his offer of his brother's marriage. MAEN is probably the Roman version of Diana, Gr. Artemis, the huntress whose image is accompanied with a deer. MAEN is probably the Lydian goddess of the Μαίονες, Maeonians, which was the former name of the Lydians, mentioned by Homer. There is much to be learned from the ancient Etruscan texts.
Translation of the Zagreb Mummy, Script Z. A mummy of a woman found in Egypt was wrapped in linen... more Translation of the Zagreb Mummy, Script Z. A mummy of a woman found in Egypt was wrapped in linens that contain the longest Etruscan text.
It has been forty-one years since I presented my initial work on the Etruscan language to the cur... more It has been forty-one years since I presented my initial work on the Etruscan language to the curator of the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. It was about this time of the year and at the time I was thirtyeight years old. The curator kindly met with me but was not able to help me beyond suggesting meeting with some professors at the Sorbonne University. I was looking, of course, for the scholastic world s interest in the work and help in pursuing it in detail. I went to the Sorbonne without any positive result. I had been working then on the Etruscan language for about ten years, having been curious about Michael Ventris decipherment of Linear B, a writing system used in Crete by the Mycenaean civilization. Having spent some time on it and Linear B (which continues to be undeciphered, I switched to the examination of a curious Etruscan lead tablet called the Magliano Disk which had an inscription in the form of a spiral or meander. The Magliano Disk has been date to be around 500 B.C. Another document like the Magliano Disk is the Phaistos Disk which dates to 2,000 B.C. The Magliano Disk prompted me into searching out all of the Etruscan texts I could find, the results of which are provided on my Etruscan Phrases web pages. All written documents are intended to be understood and assume that the reader knows the value of the characters used to communicate the ideas expressed in a document. The Etruscan characters posed a unique problem, since they are almost the same as the Roman or Western alphabet and one is tempted to assign the values we know and understand to the Etruscan writings. But there is a problem with this, since the Etruscan writing often did not separate characters, phrases, or sentences, and separating distinct words in the texts is a challenge. Complicating the reading of the texts is the problem peculiar to Phoenician and later Hebrew texts where vowels are omitted. The omission of vowels in the Etruscan texts, however, did not appear to be systematic. The values of the Etruscan characters turn out to be not the same as our alphabet. The V, for instance, is not the Roman v but used as a u and o. The Etruscan F is interesting since it serves both as a consonant and a vowel. It is a v and a u, as in the word for Dionysus, Bacchus, L. Euias, Euan, which is Etruscan EFAIS, Euais. Euan is Etruscan EFAN. These and other similar relationships will be seen in the Copeland-English-Etruscan Dictionary (as well as the Etruscan Glossary A). In any event, it is now October 17, 2022 after preparing the Introduction to the Etruscan Language and further pursing the draft findings of this document, identifying specific declension and grammatical applications, another document has grown out of the work which is the Copeland-English-Etruscan Dictionary. It has been compiled using a worksheet at the end of this document called the Etruscan Glossary. Since the Etruscan Glossary is an excel spreadsheet, it could be used to organize refine and translate the Etruscan words of the Etruscan texts. Associated with preparation of the Etruscan Glossary is my Indo-European Table1 which is in 11 parts, available on academia.edu at: Introduction to the Etruscan language 2 https://www.academia.edu/35148685/Etruscan_Phrases_Indo_European_Table_1_Update_02_06_22_ The purpose and function of the table can be easily discerned by one s first look at the table and its succeeding 10 parts. Its 11 parts can also be easily accessed at: http://www.maravot.com/indo-european_Table.html. The Indo-European Table is not what I intended it to be, for it has grown into a table and worksheet on Eurasian languages. Each language represented in the Table reveals relationships that may be surprising. For instance, those who are interested in the origins of certain English words will see entries on origins (taken from The Concise American Heritage Dictionary, 1987 Houghton-Mifflin Company. Many of the English source or origin entries may not be correct, as will be seen in the Table. What does all this have to do with the Etruscans, who date from about 1,000 B.C. in Tuscany, Northern Italy? A good part of the English language derives from Latin, and Latin is very closely related to Etruscan (an older civilization that the Latin/Roman civilization). Civilizations influence on another, either by trade or conquest or both. We know the relationship of English-Latin, or French-Latin, etc. because of the Roman conquests. The Etruscan-Latin relationship is more perplexing, since the Etruscans had an established civilization long before, hundreds of years before, Rome came into existence. There were Latin-speaking tribes that were neighbors of the Etruscans but since the relationship between them and the Etruscans was before Rome came into existence we can t speak to the history of the Etruscans and Latin-speaking people. Could they understand one another? It s hard to say. We can assume that old Latin was closer to Etruscan than Roman Latin. The name of Hercules, for instance, in Etruscan is HERCLE, in old Latin it appears to be the same. In French the name of Hercules is Hercule. There is a possibility that we can write a history the Etruscan world from the Etruscan point of view and that is through the translation of the Etruscan texts. This leads you to the Copeland-English-Etruscan Dictionary, currently in preparation. There are 136 pages in the document and growing, as I convert the Etruscan Glossary A data into a working dictionary. The final Etruscan dictionary will be in excess of 300 pages, estimated to include about 3,000 words.
This is an unusual compilation of Eurasian words that correspond, including Indo-European, Sanskr... more This is an unusual compilation of Eurasian words that correspond, including Indo-European, Sanskrit, Georgian, Finnish-Uralic, Altaic, Traditional Chinese and dead languages, such as Akkadian, Hittite, Lycian, Luvian, Lydian, Avestan, Etruscan, etc. The correspondence among the lexemes is magnified through the presentation of the words in groups as they relate to particular applications, such as digging roots with a stick, plowing, making knives to dress animal kills, to cutlery and axes used in warfare, etc. One thing leads to another and concepts adapt to new purposes. The featured language correspondences involve an interchange of words, where a word for tin in Welsh may be the word for copper in another language. Their are many such interchanged words in this 177 page document.
Rootiing out his faith, a conversation with Wm. F. Buckley, 1996
A conversation with William F. Buckley Jr.-a compilation of the epistles without the book enclosu... more A conversation with William F. Buckley Jr.-a compilation of the epistles without the book enclosures. Contents: Introduction Appeal 1, Concerning our sinking Ship of State and the need to be honest with the people about remedies and consequences Appeal 2, That our titanic Ship of State is sinking and that the Watchman ought to warn the passengers Appeal 3, What to do-what was Jonah's special touch that when Nineveh heard his warning the people responded? Appeal 4, That those who trade in Wisdom have the greater burden to produce change Appeal 5, That the man who has seen and not declared it, be he accursed Appeal 6, That our government has been so prostituted by wealth and power there is no man to court the good virtues; therefore, be it accursed Appeal 7, That our people should never be left wondering in the breach, "What happened to the Captain?" Appeal 8, The consequences of the Watchman sleeping during the night Appeal 9, Giving credit where credit is due and the Song of the Pearl Appeal 10, That fishing for truth is after the manner of a fisherman, and our concern that our leaders may be contemplating the "down and dirty" rule, Appeal 11, How one must approach Truth, Appeal 12, That the poor man's Wisdom is despised and not heard, Appeal 13, On the Perfection of God and His Righteousness, Appeal 14, On the prophet: that he can never overstep God's Word, Appeal 15, On the Pearl, the Word, the Shepherd, and the King and how they are all one, Appeal 16, On the Commission of Christ, Appeal 17, On setting captives free, Appeal 18, On the comparison of Paul to Jesus Rooting out his Faith-a Conversation with William F. Buckley Jr.
Formally titled "Language Connections: Indo-European/Eurasian Words Linking Ancient Pastoralis... more Formally titled "Language Connections: Indo-European/Eurasian Words Linking Ancient Pastoralists." What is the original source of the Indo-European languages? This document/database shakes the concept of Proto-European.
Were they nomads from the Urals who mixed with the Altaic peoples, including Chinese and then moved as the winds blew as it were across the Eurasian world? They shared too many words (often intermixed) to list here. "I, Mine, Me,"are shocking. These are basic pronouns that could not have been "borrowed," and there are many examples in this document that add to the notion that there was a strong mixing of the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, Altaic peoples and Chinese.
This document is presenting a language of the Eurasian herdsmen (pastoralists), indirectly through a process of elimination, as one analyzes the individual entries in this work. There are a lot of "steppe" correlations with Indo-European lexemes that compel a reevaluation of the concept of the Indo-European language group and its origins. The links between the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz and Mongols across the steppes of Asia with European lexemes demand a review of our linguistic knowledge. Complicating this issue are the extensive links of the Akkadian lexemes with the Indo-European words. Many may be written off as words absorbed into the Hittite language and passed on to the Germanic tribes. But this does not explain the Finnish-Uralic connections. Were they involved with the Shintasta people Indo-Iranians?, that somehow communicated cultural building, mining, and fortification practices between the Urals and Mesopotamia?
In the transformation of languages, the words, milk, whey, and serum stand out in terms of potentially tracking the migration of pastoralist cultures. Note how pastoralist cultures should share the same terms interchangeably. Words included are from the Indo-European Table, including, in addition to the Indo-European, Finnish-Uralic, Baltic, Basque and Georgian languages, these Asian languages are included: Turkish, Gujarati, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Mongolian and Traditional Chinese.
The Finnish-Uralic linguistic connections with Persian have been explained through the Sintashta (Persian) fortified towns in the Urals. The Sintashta interchange with the Finns may have involved transmission of metals and products. The Sintashta are also believed from their burials to have been one of the earliest chariot horsemen.
The Finns have also many linguistic connections with Akkadian, the language of the Assyrians (in Iraq). They also have strong connections to Hittite.
Special Note: Out of 54 pages of the 560 page "Eurasian Linguistic Foundations" document, I have ... more Special Note: Out of 54 pages of the 560 page "Eurasian Linguistic Foundations" document, I have extracted data that is reaching 40 pages! I thought there might be pattern(s) that would clarify the movement of Indo-Europeans and their interaction with other linguistic groups. While the data all look like chaos, it is surprising how much of an affect the extinct Akkadian language (last spoken ~3,000 years ago!) has had in our European and Asian linguistic foundations. Hittite, a dead language since 1150 B.C., also plays a big part in the formation of our modern European and Asian languages. Akkadian is one of the oldest Semitic languages and Hittite is considered to be the oldest Indo-European language. It is clear that the patterns shown on Akkadain and Hittite will continue to dominate our search.
Hoping to see patterns involving Georgian, Basque and Armenian, I broke them into separate linguistic "correspondences." As will be seen in Part I, "Eurasian Linguistic Foundations," Basque is highly influenced by Latin and corresponds with Slavic, English, et. al. Armenian is not as associated with Greek as linguists would have us believe and Georgian corresponds with Eurasian languages more than expected. However:
This discussion, Part II of "Eurasian Linguistic Foundations," attempts to make sense out of the data base of linguistic patterns in Part I. Part II is a work in progress and will be updated and is expected to exceed 200 pages. Part I of this document consists of a data base showing correspondences among Indo-European, Akkadian, Basque, Georgian, Finnish-Uralic, Altaic, and Traditional Chinese, languages. We also include extinct languages, such as Etruscan, Lycian, Milyan (Mylian), Luvian, Tocharian and Hittite. The corresponding words in Part I did not emerge as I expected, and there are many anomalies that need to be addressed which will be presented in Part II of this work. The greatest anomaly involves Akkadian, an extinct and the oldest Semetic language. It is named after Akkad, a major center of the Mesopotamian civilization(s). It was spoken from the 3 rd millennium B.C. until its replacement by Old Aramic by the 8 th century B.C. The language was the lingua Franca of much of the Ancient Near East until the Bronze Age Collapse ~1180-1150 B.C., when major capitals were destroyed, such as Troy, and the Hittite capital, Hatussa. By the Hellenic period the Akkadian language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. The last known cuneiform text in Akkadian dates from the 1 st century B.C. (See Wikipedia.org). Because of its central position, such as during the Assyrian Empire (2025-1522 B.C.), traders were no doubt coming from afar to exchange goods with the civilizations of the Near East. Some of the curious affiliations that need to be explained include the Basques (who are located in Iberia (Spain) and southwestern France). They were known as the Vascones by Rome. While the Basque language generally corresponds with Latin-based languages, that we color "red" in Part I, there are many peculiar correspondences with Akkadian. Another language, Finnish-Uralic, displays similar anomalous features relating to Akkadian. Any connection that these or other languages may have to Akkadian would have to be well before the 8 th century B.C. I recommend that an informative application of this data base Eurasian Linguistic Foundations-Discussion on anomalous patterns of cultural exchange.
This document includes the complete Indo-European Table, Parts 1-11 with Alphabetical Index (Iss... more This document includes the complete Indo-European Table, Parts 1-11 with Alphabetical Index (Issue 8.21.19). This obviates the need to download the indvidual parts to this volume. This table of course includes other languages, comparing strings of corresponding cognates among the selected languages.
In 2003 I downloaded a file by Valentyne Stetsyuk that relates to my own work involving the Etrus... more In 2003 I downloaded a file by Valentyne Stetsyuk that relates to my own work involving the Etruscan Phrases Indo-European Table 1. Etruscan Phrases Indo-European Table 1 did not contain German roots because of space limitations in the spreadsheet. We include here Stetsyuks German and Iranian Tables, as they were presented on the internet in 2003. We begin with his work, Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia. Just as Eastern Europe (particularly the Balkans) has been at the center of current migrations by refugees from the Middle East, so too has the area accommodated countless migrations through its territory for millennia. Stetsyuk provides more data as to what happened in the interaction of Asians, such as the Bulgars and Turks, in Eastern Europe. Albanian is of special interest from my and Stetsyuk's point of view.
Hittite dictionary update includes Concordance. This work includes Hittite words gleaned from int... more Hittite dictionary update includes Concordance. This work includes Hittite words gleaned from internet sources, including the University of Texas but predominately from Lia Liberian (aka Pema), an undergraduate of VU University Amsterdam who uploaded her Hittite-English Dictionary to academia.edu on March 6, 2018. I, myself, have been building a table of Indo-European words that reconciles to Uralic, Baltic, Georgian, Hurrian, Akkadian and others that may show light on the development and migration of the Indo-European languages. To fold Liberian's work and other dictionaries into Indo-European Table1, it was essential to convert them into this English-Hittite Dictionary. Just as the Copeland-Akkadian-English Dictionary grew into a Concordance, so too has the Copeland-English-Hittite Dictionary. The Concordances were made possible through the works of Etruscan Phrases Indo-European Table 1.
The order of the synoptic matrix emphasizes differences among the gospels and refers to identical... more The order of the synoptic matrix emphasizes differences among the gospels and refers to identical verses merely by the notation of chapter and verse. Where you see a chapter and verse cited without the saying, etc., assume that it is identical to the verse in the left hand column which is mostly Matthew's Gospel.
Burning Cities Though we are switching metaphors, from a consumptive flood to a fire, bear with u... more Burning Cities Though we are switching metaphors, from a consumptive flood to a fire, bear with us, for no singular metaphor can account for the extent to which we have been savaged. For we complained that the Reagan-Bush Estate set fire to this nation on a scale far worse than the fire Nero set in Rome. The loss of jobs of middle-income home-owners and investors fired a consumption in the building trades, which in turn, fired a consumption in the financial sectors who held the bad paper on the bad real-estate and other chapter 11 proceedings, which fired a consumption of Federal aid to local communities. Remember Reagan's comment (so to reduce the scope of his planned deficit) of passing the cost of local community services back to the local communities? Reagan said, from now on, as it were, y'er on your own kid-which is what Newt Gingrich and the New Congress are singing again so to save their own skins from the raging inferno-and regardless of the theory that Reagan's buck-passing would reduce the cost of Federal government, what actually happened was an increase in Federal expenditures, to the detriment of the local communities who became burdened with higher taxes.
Hittite Treaties, Annals and other documents from Anatolia to Egypt, relating to Indo-European ... more Hittite Treaties, Annals and other documents from Anatolia to Egypt, relating to Indo-European rites, Hittite Treaties, Annals & Documents from Anatolia to Egypt. Ras Shamra Documents (~1,400 B.C.) Ras Shamra, located on the north Syrian coast, was the ancient Ugarit. The texts discovered in the site have attracted much interest from Biblical scholars, particularly from the standpoint of confirming the historical content of the Bible. The texts are informative from the aspect of giving us a deeper look into the soul of the people who worshiped the gods Baal and his pantheon. They date from about 1,400 B.C. The Legend of King Keret, Atherat in this story is the Asherah of the Old Testament. She is the principal female deity of the Phoenicians, called Ishtar by the Assyrians, and Astarte by the Greeks and Romans. She and her consort, Baal, became the central controversy in the region called Israel (Samaria), with the region of Judah being the kingdom to the south. Samaria was the buffer area between Assyria and Judah and a place more favorable to the Assyrian ways than Judah and its capital, Jerusalem, where the temple of YHVH was located.
You may line your hall with noble, waxen busts, but virtue, and virtue alone, remains the one tru... more You may line your hall with noble, waxen busts, but virtue, and virtue alone, remains the one true nobility. This comes from Juvenal, Satire VII, but it applies more so today to our leading men, because of so much artificiality in our land. Our wisemen of today behave like a bunch of yes men in Henry's court; and their ladies' demeanor shares much in common with the whores of the Coliseum in Rome, except the whores of Rome are, by comparison, more virtuous. Compared to even worse examples than in Rome, we might agree that our average men and women leading us would put Clytemnestra and Aegisthus to shame, whom we have already discussed. Agamemnon had it coming, you might say, for he had killed Clytemnestra's husband, Tantulus, and their baby and taken her for himself. Then he tried to sacrifice their first daughter, Iphigeneia, to blood-thirsty Artemis, before his expedition to Troy. Bearing such a hatred for Agamemnon for this, Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus killed Agamemnon in revenge and with him his concubine Cassandra. In retaliation for this the son of the murderous Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, whose name was Orestes, revenged his father's death and killed Clytemnestra and her lover, but as a consequence of this act Orestes was driven to madness. This is how the House of Atreus died.
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Were they nomads from the Urals who mixed with the Altaic peoples, including Chinese and then moved as the winds blew as it were across the Eurasian world? They shared too many words (often intermixed) to list here. "I, Mine, Me,"are shocking. These are basic pronouns that could not have been "borrowed," and there are many examples in this document that add to the notion that there was a strong mixing of the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, Altaic peoples and Chinese.
This document is presenting a language of the Eurasian herdsmen (pastoralists), indirectly through a process of elimination, as one analyzes the individual entries in this work. There are a lot of "steppe" correlations with Indo-European lexemes that compel a reevaluation of the concept of the Indo-European language group and its origins. The links between the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz and Mongols across the steppes of Asia with European lexemes demand a review of our linguistic knowledge. Complicating this issue are the extensive links of the Akkadian lexemes with the Indo-European words. Many may be written off as words absorbed into the Hittite language and passed on to the Germanic tribes. But this does not explain the Finnish-Uralic connections. Were they involved with the Shintasta people Indo-Iranians?, that somehow communicated cultural building, mining, and fortification practices between the Urals and Mesopotamia?
In the transformation of languages, the words, milk, whey, and serum stand out in terms of potentially tracking the migration of pastoralist cultures. Note how pastoralist cultures should share the same terms interchangeably. Words included are from the Indo-European Table, including, in addition to the Indo-European, Finnish-Uralic, Baltic, Basque and Georgian languages, these Asian languages are included: Turkish, Gujarati, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Mongolian and Traditional Chinese.
The Finnish-Uralic linguistic connections with Persian have been explained through the Sintashta (Persian) fortified towns in the Urals. The Sintashta interchange with the Finns may have involved transmission of metals and products. The Sintashta are also believed from their burials to have been one of the earliest chariot horsemen.
The Finns have also many linguistic connections with Akkadian, the language of the Assyrians (in Iraq). They also have strong connections to Hittite.
Hoping to see patterns involving Georgian, Basque and Armenian, I broke them into separate linguistic "correspondences." As will be seen in Part I, "Eurasian Linguistic Foundations," Basque is highly influenced by Latin and corresponds with Slavic, English, et. al. Armenian is not as associated with Greek as linguists would have us believe and Georgian corresponds with Eurasian languages more than expected. However:
This discussion, Part II of "Eurasian Linguistic Foundations," attempts to make sense out of the data base of linguistic patterns in Part I. Part II is a work in progress and will be updated and is expected to exceed 200 pages. Part I of this document consists of a data base showing correspondences among Indo-European, Akkadian, Basque, Georgian, Finnish-Uralic, Altaic, and Traditional Chinese, languages. We also include extinct languages, such as Etruscan, Lycian, Milyan (Mylian), Luvian, Tocharian and Hittite. The corresponding words in Part I did not emerge as I expected, and there are many anomalies that need to be addressed which will be presented in Part II of this work. The greatest anomaly involves Akkadian, an extinct and the oldest Semetic language. It is named after Akkad, a major center of the Mesopotamian civilization(s). It was spoken from the 3 rd millennium B.C. until its replacement by Old Aramic by the 8 th century B.C. The language was the lingua Franca of much of the Ancient Near East until the Bronze Age Collapse ~1180-1150 B.C., when major capitals were destroyed, such as Troy, and the Hittite capital, Hatussa. By the Hellenic period the Akkadian language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. The last known cuneiform text in Akkadian dates from the 1 st century B.C. (See Wikipedia.org). Because of its central position, such as during the Assyrian Empire (2025-1522 B.C.), traders were no doubt coming from afar to exchange goods with the civilizations of the Near East. Some of the curious affiliations that need to be explained include the Basques (who are located in Iberia (Spain) and southwestern France). They were known as the Vascones by Rome. While the Basque language generally corresponds with Latin-based languages, that we color "red" in Part I, there are many peculiar correspondences with Akkadian. Another language, Finnish-Uralic, displays similar anomalous features relating to Akkadian. Any connection that these or other languages may have to Akkadian would have to be well before the 8 th century B.C. I recommend that an informative application of this data base Eurasian Linguistic Foundations-Discussion on anomalous patterns of cultural exchange.
Phrases Indo-European Table 1. Etruscan Phrases Indo-European Table 1 did not contain German roots
because of space limitations in the spreadsheet. We include here Stetsyuks German and Iranian Tables,
as they were presented on the internet in 2003. We begin with his work, Introduction to the Study of
Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia. Just as Eastern Europe (particularly the
Balkans) has been at the center of current migrations by refugees from the Middle East, so too has the
area accommodated countless migrations through its territory for millennia. Stetsyuk provides more data
as to what happened in the interaction of Asians, such as the Bulgars and Turks, in Eastern Europe.
Albanian is of special interest from my and Stetsyuk's point of view.
Papers by Mel Copeland