目录
复合句型
复合句型,即:从句。在英语中,除了谓语之外的所有句子成分都可以使用从句来充当。
*主语从句
主语从句:充当主语的句子。
- 通常位于谓语之前;
- 不常见的也有主语后置的情况。
常规句型
从句引导词 | 在从句中作不作成分? | 有无翻译意义? | 举例 |
---|---|---|---|
that(不可以省略) | x | x | That we take care of high availability in the client’s production environment is necessary. 用于表达一件复杂的事情的性质或状态。 |
when 时间 | √(状) | √ | When we learn is important. |
where 地点 | √(状) | √ | Where we learn is important. |
who 人物 | √(主、宾、表) | √ | Who learns English is important. 其中 who 作主语 |
why 为什么 | √(状) | √ | Why we learn is important. |
what 是什么 | √(主、宾、表) | √ | What we learn is important. 其中 what 作宾语 |
how 怎么样 | √(状) | √ | How we learn is important. |
which+n 哪一个 | √(主、宾、表) | √ | Which language we learn is important. 其中 which 作宾语 |
whether 是不是 | x | √ | Whether we learn English is important. |
主语后置句型
使用代词 It 将冗长的主语代替并前置,真正的主语被后置。结构如:It is + adj./v-ed/n./介短 + that 主从/to do. 例如:
- It is obvious that …
- It is suggested that …
- It is a fact that…
It is not obvious that how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer difficult questions.
*宾语从句
宾语从句:充当宾语的句子。
- 通常位于谓语之后;
- 也可以位于介词之后(介宾);
- 还可以位于形容词之后(形宾)。
从句引导词 | 在从句中作不作成分? | 有无翻译意义? | 举例 |
---|---|---|---|
that(可能被省略) | x | x | She said (that) she was tired. (她说她累了。) |
whether | x | √ | I wonder whether he will come. (我想知道他是否会来。) |
who | √(主、宾、表) | √ | They asked who broke the window. (他们问是谁打破了窗户。)who 做主语 |
what | √(主、宾、表) | √ | He explained what caused the delay. (他解释了导致延误的原因。)what 做主语 |
which+n | √(主、宾、表) | √ | Choose which book you prefer. (选择你更喜欢的书。) which 做主语 |
when | √(状) | √ | Tell me when you need the report. (告诉我你需要报告的时间。) |
where | √(状) | √ | She asked where we should meet. (她问我们应该在哪里见面。) |
why | √(状) | √ | He didn’t explain why he left early. (他没解释为什么早退。) |
how | √(状) | √ | Show me how you solved the problem. (展示你是如何解决这个问题的。) |
*表语从句
表语从句:充当表语的句子。
- 通常位于系动词之后。
从句引导词 | 在从句中作成分? | 有翻译意义? | 举例 |
---|---|---|---|
that(不可以省略) | x | x | The problem is that we don’t have enough time. (问题是时间不够。) |
whether | x | √ | |
who | √(主、宾、表) | √ | The key is who wants the prize most. (关键是谁最想要这个奖。)who 做主语 |
what | √(主、宾、表) | √ | The mystery remains what caused the explosion. (谜团仍是爆炸的原因。)what 做主语 |
which+n | √(主、宾、表) | √ | The choice is which option we should take. (选择是我们该采取哪个方案。) |
when | √(状) | √ | The challenge is when to start the project. (挑战是何时启动项目。) |
where | √(状) | √ | The conflict lies in where to draw the boundary. (矛盾在于边界划在哪里。) |
why | √(状) | √ | The reason is why he refused the offer. (原因是他为何拒绝提议。) |
how | √(状) | √ | The solution depends on how we approach the problem. (解决方案取决于我们如何处理问题。) |
定语从句
定语从句:在句子中往往充当 “后置定语(区别于常规的前置定语)”。
定语从句的 3 要素包括:先行词 + 定从引导词 + 从句结束位置。
先行词,即:被定语从句修饰的名词,所以先行词的类型包括:
- 名词
- 名词性短语
- 句子
定从引导词:
从句引导词 | 句式 | 举例 |
---|---|---|
that(可能被省略) | n + that | It is a fact that he is a man. |
which | n + which | |
介词 + which | n + at / in / for … + which | Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. |
who | n(人) + who | Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. |
whose | n + whose | |
when | n(时间) + when | She died in 2008 when the economic crisis struck. |
where | n(地点)+ where | |
why | n(reason)+ why | That is one reason why we have launched Arc. |
定从句结束的位置 是需要特别留意的,否则很难做好断句,通常有以下几种情况:
- 标点符号
- 从句引导词后的第二个谓语(主干谓语)前
- 固定搭配
- 从句嵌套
状语从句
状语从句:在句子中作状语成分,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。
在状语从句中,即使是未来发生的事情,也是要一般现在时,而不是将来时。因为状语成分表示执行动作时的状态。
类型 | 从属连词 | 特殊连词 / 短语 | 例子 |
---|---|---|---|
地点状语从句 | where | ||
时间状语从句 | when、before、after、since、while、as、until | ||
原因状语从句 | because、since、as、for | in that、now that、considering、because of、due to、owing to、given | |
结果状语从句 | so…that…、such…that… | to the extent that…、to such a degree that… | |
目的状语从句 | so that、lest(以免)、in case that、for fear that | in order to、so as to、for fear of、in case of | |
条件状语从句 | if、unless | so、as long as、if only、only if、provided(假如) | |
让步状语从句 | though、although、even if、even though、while | as、no matter + what / who / how、whatever、whoever、however | |
方式状语从句 | as | in the way、in the manner、by doing、by the means、with + n | |
比较状语从句 | than | than + n、compared to、compared with |
使用 while(当…时候)作为时间状语从句时,如果主句和从句的主语一致,且从句谓语是 be 时,可省略从句的主语和 be 动词。
- While (you are) asked to answer questions, please speak louder.
- He caught a cold while (he was) on vacation.
同位语从句
同位语从句的句式比较简单,为:抽象名词 + that。其中常见的抽象名词有:news、idea、promise、question、doubt、thought、hope、message、suggestion、possibility、order、truth、proposal、belief 等。
此外还有以下引入同位语的词组:
类型 | 关键字 | 例子 |
---|---|---|
等同关系的词组 | that is、in other words | |
列举关系的词组 | for example、for instance、such as、including、like、say | |
比较关系的词组 | especially、particularly、notably(尤其) |