通过理论与实践结合,可逐步熟练掌握数据库应用的核心概念与操作,为后端开发、数据分析等场景奠定基础

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一、数据库应用基本概念

(一)数据库核心概念
  1. 数据库(Database, DB)

    • 按一定规则组织、存储的相关数据集合,例如学生信息数据库存储学生档案、成绩等数据。
    • 特点:结构化存储、冗余度低、数据共享性高、独立性强(物理独立性和逻辑独立性)。
  2. 数据库管理系统(Database Management System, DBMS)

    • 管理数据库的软件系统,负责数据的存储、查询、更新、安全控制等,如MySQL、Oracle、SQL Server。
    • 核心功能:数据定义(DDL)、数据操作(DML)、数据控制(权限、事务管理等)。
  3. 数据库系统(Database System, DBS)

    • 由数据库、DBMS、应用程序、用户及硬件环境组成的整体,例如银行客户管理系统。
(二)数据模型与范式
  1. 数据模型

    • 描述数据结构、数据操作和数据约束的工具,常见模型:
      • 层次模型:树状结构(如早期的IMS系统)。
      • 网状模型:多对多关系(如DBTG系统)。
      • 关系模型:二维表结构(当前主流,如MySQL),基于关系代数理论。
  2. 关系模型关键概念

    • 关系(表):如“学生表”“课程表”。
    • 元组(行):表中的一条记录,如某学生的具体信息。
    • 属性(列):表中的字段,如“学号”“姓名”。
      • 主键:唯一标识元组的属性(如学号)。
      • 外键:关联其他表主键的属性(如课程表中的“教师编号”关联教师表主键)。
  3. 数据库范式(规范化)

    • 消除数据冗余、插入/更新/删除异常的规则,常见范式:
      • 1NF(第一范式):属性不可再分(如“地址”拆分为省、市、区)。
      • 2NF(第二范式):消除非主属性对主键的部分依赖(如订单表中,订单号+商品号为主键,商品价格需依赖整个主键,而非单独商品号)。
      • 3NF(第三范式):消除非主属性对主键的传递依赖(如学生表中,学号→班级→班主任,班主任信息应单独存班级表,学生表仅存班级ID)。
(三)数据库事务与并发控制
  1. 事务(Transaction)

    • 一组逻辑操作单元,要么全部执行成功,要么全部回滚,确保数据一致性。
    • ACID特性
      • 原子性(Atomicity):操作不可分割。
      • 一致性(Consistency):事务前后数据状态合法(如转账前后总额不变)。
      • 隔离性(Isolation):并发事务互不干扰。
      • 持久性(Durability):事务提交后数据永久保存。
  2. 并发控制

    • 解决多事务并发访问时的冲突(如脏读、不可重复读、幻读),手段包括:
      • 锁机制:共享锁(读锁)、排他锁(写锁)。
      • 事务隔离级别(由低到高):
        • 读未提交(Read Uncommitted)
        • 读已提交(Read Committed,Oracle默认)
        • 可重复读(Repeatable Read,MySQL默认)
        • 可串行化(Serializable)

二、数据库基本操作(以SQL为例)

(一)数据定义语言(DDL)

用于创建、修改、删除数据库对象(表、索引等)。

  1. 创建数据库

    CREATE DATABASE school; -- 创建数据库
    USE school; -- 切换数据库
    
  2. 创建表

    CREATE TABLE students (
        sid INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -- 主键,自增
        sname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- 非空字段
        age TINYINT,
        gender ENUM('男', '女') DEFAULT '男' -- 枚举类型,默认值
    );
    
  3. 修改表结构

    ALTER TABLE students ADD COLUMN address VARCHAR(200); -- 添加字段
    ALTER TABLE students MODIFY COLUMN age SMALLINT; -- 修改字段类型
    ALTER TABLE students DROP COLUMN address; -- 删除字段
    
  4. 删除表/数据库

    DROP TABLE students; -- 删除表
    DROP DATABASE school; -- 删除数据库(需谨慎!)
    
(二)数据操作语言(DML)

用于增、删、改数据。

  1. 插入数据

    INSERT INTO students (sname, age, gender) 
    VALUES ('张三', 18, '男'), ('李四', 19, '女'); -- 批量插入
    
  2. 更新数据

    UPDATE students SET age = 20 WHERE sid = 1; -- 更新单条记录
    UPDATE students SET gender = '女' WHERE age < 18; -- 批量更新
    
  3. 删除数据

    DELETE FROM students WHERE sid = 2; -- 删除单条记录
    DELETE FROM students; -- 清空表数据(保留表结构)
    
(三)数据查询语言(DQL)

核心操作,用于检索数据,支持复杂条件过滤、排序、分组等。

  1. 基础查询

    SELECT sname, age FROM students WHERE gender = '男' AND age > 18; -- 条件查询
    SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY age DESC; -- 按年龄降序排列
    SELECT DISTINCT gender FROM students; -- 去重查询
    
  2. 聚合函数与分组

    SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_students FROM students; -- 统计总数
    SELECT gender, AVG(age) AS avg_age FROM students GROUP BY gender; -- 按性别分组统计平均年龄
    SELECT gender, COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM students GROUP BY gender HAVING cnt > 5; -- 对分组结果过滤
    
  3. 表连接查询

    • 内连接(INNER JOIN):返回两表匹配的记录。
      SELECT s.sname, c.course_name
      FROM students s
      INNER JOIN scores sc ON s.sid = sc.sid
      INNER JOIN courses c ON sc.cid = c.cid;
      
    • 外连接(LEFT/RIGHT JOIN):保留左表或右表全部记录。
      SELECT s.sname, sc.score
      FROM students s
      LEFT JOIN scores sc ON s.sid = sc.sid; -- 显示所有学生及其成绩(无成绩则为NULL)
      
  4. 子查询

    SELECT sname FROM students WHERE sid IN (
        SELECT sid FROM scores WHERE score > 90
    ); -- 查询成绩>90分的学生姓名
    
(四)数据控制语言(DCL)

用于权限管理和事务控制。

  1. 用户管理

    CREATE USER 'user1'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; -- 创建用户
    GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON school.* TO 'user1'@'localhost'; -- 授予权限
    REVOKE INSERT ON school.* FROM 'user1'@'localhost'; -- 回收权限
    DROP USER 'user1'@'localhost'; -- 删除用户
    
  2. 事务控制

    START TRANSACTION; -- 开启事务
    UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = 1; -- 扣钱
    UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 2; -- 加钱
    COMMIT; -- 提交事务(永久生效)
    ROLLBACK; -- 回滚事务(撤销操作)
    

三、学习建议

  1. 掌握主流工具

    • 安装MySQL/PostgreSQL等数据库,通过命令行或图形化工具(如Navicat、DBeaver)练习操作。
    • 学习SQL标准语法,注意不同数据库的语法差异(如Oracle的PL/SQL、MySQL的存储过程)。
  2. 理解逻辑思维

    • 学会将现实问题抽象为数据库模型(ER图设计),练习范式设计避免数据冗余。
    • 通过实例练习复杂查询(如多表连接、子查询、窗口函数)。
  3. 实践项目

    • 尝试设计小型系统数据库(如博客、电商、图书馆管理系统),结合应用开发(如Java/PHP/Python连接数据库)。
  4. 扩展知识

    • 了解数据库优化(索引优化、查询计划分析)、分布式数据库(如MongoDB、Cassandra)、大数据技术(Hadoop生态)。

通过理论与实践结合,可逐步熟练掌握数据库应用的核心概念与操作,为后端开发、数据分析等场景奠定基础。
数据库应用是现代信息技术中非常重要的一个领域,熟练掌握其基本概念和操作对于从事计算机相关工作或进行数据处理的人来说至关重要。以下为你详细介绍:

基本概念

  1. 数据库(Database)
    • 数据库是长期存储在计算机内的、有组织的、可共享的数据集合。它以一定的组织方式存储数据,方便用户进行数据的查询、插入、更新和删除等操作。例如,一个学校的学生信息数据库,存储着学生的姓名、学号、性别、成绩等信息,这些信息按照一定的结构组织在一起,方便学校管理人员对学生信息进行管理。
  2. 数据库管理系统(DBMS)
    • 数据库管理系统是位于用户与操作系统之间的一层数据管理软件,用于科学地组织、存储和管理数据。常见的数据库管理系统有关系型数据库管理系统,如 MySQL、Oracle、SQL Server 等,还有非关系型数据库管理系统,如 MongoDB、Redis 等。以 MySQL 为例,它提供了创建数据库、创建表、数据查询、数据更新等一系列功能,用户可以通过 SQL 语句来操作数据库。
  3. 数据模型
    • 数据模型是数据库中数据特征的描述,是数据库系统的基础。常见的数据模型有层次模型、网状模型和关系模型。关系模型是最常用的一种,它将数据表示为二维表的形式,每个表称为一个关系。例如,一个学生选课的数据库,其中包含学生表和课程表,学生表中包含学生编号、姓名、年龄等属性,课程表中包含课程编号、课程名称、学分等属性,通过学生编号和课程编号之间的关系来表示学生选课的情况。
  4. 数据库语言
    • 数据库语言是用于定义和操作数据库的语言。对于关系型数据库,最常用的是 SQL(Structured Query Language,结构化查询语言)。SQL 语言功能强大,它包括数据定义语言(DDL)、数据操纵语言(DML)和数据控制语言(DCL)。DDL 用于定义数据库的结构,如创建数据库、创建表等;DML 用于对数据库中的数据进行操作,如插入、查询、更新、删除数据等;DCL 用于控制用户对数据库的访问权限,如授权、撤销权限等。

基本操作

  1. 数据库的创建和删除
    • 创建数据库:在 MySQL 中,使用 CREATE DATABASE 语句创建数据库。例如,CREATE DATABASE school; 就会创建一个名为 “school” 的数据库。
    • 删除数据库:使用 DROP DATABASE 语句删除数据库。例如,DROP DATABASE school; 会删除名为 “school” 的数据库。
  2. 表的创建、修改和删除
    • 创建表:使用 CREATE TABLE 语句创建表。例如,创建一个学生表:
      CREATE TABLE student (
          id INT PRIMARY KEY,
          name VARCHAR(50),
          age INT,
          gender CHAR(1)
      );
      
      这里定义了一个学生表,包含学生编号(id)、姓名(name)、年龄(age)和性别(gender)四个字段。
    • 修改表:可以使用 ALTER TABLE 语句对表进行修改,如添加字段、删除字段、修改字段类型等。例如,给学生表添加一个成绩字段:
      ALTER TABLE student ADD COLUMN score INT;
      
    • 删除表:使用 DROP TABLE 语句删除表。例如,DROP TABLE student; 会删除学生表。
  3. 数据的插入、查询、更新和删除
    • 插入数据:使用 INSERT INTO 语句向表中插入数据。例如,向学生表中插入一条数据:
      INSERT INTO student (id, name, age, gender, score) VALUES (1, '张三', 20, '男', 85);
      
    • 查询数据:使用 SELECT 语句查询表中的数据。例如,查询学生表中所有学生的姓名和成绩:
      SELECT name, score FROM student;
      
      可以使用 WHERE 子句进行条件查询,如查询成绩大于 80 的学生:
      SELECT * FROM student WHERE score > 80;
      
    • 更新数据:使用 UPDATE 语句更新表中的数据。例如,将学生表中编号为 1 的学生的成绩更新为 90:
      UPDATE student SET score = 90 WHERE id = 1;
      
    • 删除数据:使用 DELETE 语句删除表中的数据。例如,删除学生表中编号为 1 的学生:
      DELETE FROM student WHERE id = 1;
      
  4. 数据完整性约束
    • 数据完整性约束是保证数据库中数据正确性、有效性和一致性的重要手段。常见的完整性约束包括主键约束(PRIMARY KEY)、外键约束(FOREIGN KEY)、唯一约束(UNIQUE)、非空约束(NOT NULL)等。
    • 例如,在创建学生表时,将学生编号设置为主键:
      CREATE TABLE student (
          id INT PRIMARY KEY,
          name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
          age INT,
          gender CHAR(1)
      );
      
      这样就保证了学生编号的唯一性和非空性。如果表之间存在关联关系,还可以使用外键约束来维护表之间的关系。例如,创建一个课程表和学生选课表,学生选课表通过外键关联学生表和课程表:
      CREATE TABLE course (
          id INT PRIMARY KEY,
          name VARCHAR(50),
          credit INT
      );
      CREATE TABLE student_course (
          student_id INT,
          course_id INT,
          PRIMARY KEY (student_id, course_id),
          FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES student(id),
          FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES course(id)
      );
      

熟练掌握这些基本概念和操作后,就可以进行简单的数据库应用开发和数据管理了。在实际应用中,还需要进一步学习数据库的高级功能,如存储过程、视图、索引等,以提高数据库的性能和功能。
Oracle Platinum Services 是 Oracle 提供的一项增强支持服务,专为 Oracle Engineered Systems 设计,旨在帮助用户最大化系统可用性和性能,且无需额外费用。以下是对其的详细解析:

服务内容

  • 24/7 远程故障监控:通过 Oracle 的远程监控技术,持续监控系统硬件和(可选的)软件状态。
  • 快速响应和恢复
    • 故障通知时间:5 分钟内通知用户。
    • 恢复或升级时间:15 分钟内恢复或升级至开发团队。
    • 联合调试时间:30 分钟内与开发团队进行联合调试。
  • 远程补丁部署:每年最多四次的远程补丁部署服务,帮助用户减少维护和升级的复杂性。

服务优势

  • 最大化可用性和性能:通过预防关键问题和快速解决问题,帮助用户实现 Oracle Engineered System 的完整性能潜力。
  • 减少 IT 资源需求:通过减少风险和管理任务,使用户能够专注于创新和新项目,而不是维护和支持。
  • 降低复杂性:提供单一供应商的完整 Oracle 堆栈支持和工程专业知识。

适用条件

  • 用户需要运行 Oracle 认证的配置(Platinum Certified Configuration),并保持与 Oracle 的双向通信。
  • 用户需要安装 Oracle 高级支持网关(Oracle Advanced Support Gateway)软件,以启用远程硬件和软件监控、恢复和补丁服务。

服务交付模型

  • 远程故障监控:通过 Oracle 的双向监控网关实现,支持硬件和软件监控(可选),并使用 Oracle 自主健康框架(Autonomous Health Framework)进行配置和诊断收集。
  • 快速响应和恢复时间:如果启用软件监控,故障发生后 5 分钟内通知用户并开始恢复工作。Oracle 的高级支持门户允许用户查看警报和服务请求的状态。
  • 远程补丁部署:Oracle 通过 Oracle 高级支持网关每年最多四次地为覆盖的系统应用补丁,与用户合作评估、分析、计划和部署更新和补丁,以降低风险和复杂性。

服务团队

这些服务由经过高度培训的 Oracle 支持专家提供,他们使用单一的全球知识库和支持工具集来快速诊断问题并开始恢复工作。Oracle Platinum Services 还包括一个明确的升级流程,以及专门的热线和升级经理,以提供全天候的专家支持。
Oracle Platinum Services即甲骨文白金服务,是甲骨文公司为客户提供的高级支持服务,旨在为关键任务型IT环境提供高可用性,帮助客户优化技术投资价值。以下是具体介绍:

  • 服务内容
    • 24×7远程故障监控:对涵盖的组件进行全天候远程故障监控,为Oracle技术栈提供单一责任点,确保及时发现潜在问题。
    • 快速响应:对于严重级别为1的问题,Oracle将在5分钟内响应,并在15分钟内恢复系统或将问题升级到产品开发团队,通过24×7升级流程和热线,确保客户能立即联系到专业产品专家。
    • 远程季度软件更新和补丁部署:Oracle每年将通过远程连接为客户产品应用四次软件更新,帮助客户快速获取改进和新功能,确保系统性能更优。
  • 相关技术架构:在Oracle最高可用性架构(MAA)中,铂金级是最高级别。它建立在黄金级基础上,为对中断或数据丢失零容忍的应用程序提供最高级别的高可用性和数据保护。铂金级可以总结为“备份+RAC+ADG+OGG”,至少有2个区域用于灾难恢复和故障转移,每个区域应至少有2个可用性域(AD)。
  • 面向对象与获取方式:该服务面向Exadata、Exalogic、Sparc Supercluster和Oracle Cloud等。符合条件的Oracle客户可将其作为标准高级支持合同的一部分免费使用,客户需安装一个专利安全监控网关,将Oracle支持云扩展到其环境中,以访问该服务。
  • 服务优势:Oracle白金支持服务将通过增强型支持帮助企业提升性能,随SaaS订阅提供,无需额外付费。它能提供全旅程支持,不仅将通过深入洞察帮助企业采取最佳行动,还能凭借专业工具助其取得最佳成效。

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O R A C L E D A T A S H E E T
Figure 1. Oracle Platinum Services Support Delivery Model
Faster Response and Restore Times: Oracle engineers in Platinum Services Centers
of Excellence are standing by 24 hours a day, seven days a week to rapidly respond to
fault alerts transmitted via the Oracle Advanced Support Gateway. Within 5 minutes of
a fault occurrence, notifications will be sent to designated customer contacts and
restoration efforts begin. Customers can view the status of alerts and service requests
via the Oracle Advanced Support Portal.
Senior support engineers at Oracle reference a single, global knowledgebase and
support toolset to quickly diagnose issues and begin restoration. To further ensure
that systems are restored to full performance as quickly as possible, Oracle Platinum
Services includes a defined escalation process, hotline and dedicated escalation
managers to provide expert support anytime, day or night.
After the opening of a Priority 1 service request, customers receive 15-minute
restoration or escalation to Development. If the issue is not resolved within
30 minutes of the opening of the service request, a joint debugging session is
held with Development to drive to a conclusion.
Remote Patch Deployment: Oracle Platinum Services also includes patching services
in which Oracle applies patches to covered systems four times per year via the Oracle
Advanced Support Gateway. We work collaboratively with customers to assess,
analyze, plan and deploy updates and patches to mitigate risks and complications.
Through this continuous improvement, customers can experience greater system
performance, availability, and security.
To view a list of Certified Platinum Configurations, the programs that will be patched,
and the scope of the remote patching deployment, please visit us online at
www.oracle.com/us/support/library/remote-quarterly-patching-scope-1652890.pdf3 | ORACLE PLATINUM SERVICES
O R A C L E D A T A S H E E T
Remove Complexity with Certified Configurations
To be eligible to receive Oracle Platinum Services, customers must be running a
Platinum Certified Configuration – a defined combination of certified components that
have been tested and certified by Oracle. By maintaining technology on a standard
configuration, we can further remove complexity from the supportability of the IT stack.
Figure 2. Unified Basis of Support for High Ability
As shown in Figure 2 above, Platinum Certified Configurations create a unified basis
that enable us to deliver a new level of high availability support for Oracle systems
within our standard support offering. Oracle runs these same certified configurations
in our service centers to enable fault replication and troubleshooting. Because we
are working with known configurations across our systems, as well as those of our
customers, we are able to leverage collective knowledge and a continuous cycle of
improvement to more effectively avoid faults and to respond to them much more rapidly
when they do occur. Everyone benefits from the knowledge captured and the updates
deployed as a result.
To view qualifying Platinum Certified Configurations, please visit us online at
www.oracle.com/goto/platinumservices
Oracle Platinum Services Readiness
To help ensure a new Oracle system has the proper installation and configuration for Oracle
Platinum Services, Oracle Advanced Customer Support (ACS) Services can quickly and
consistently install and configure these systems with the proper certified configurations and
monitoring setup. Or if a customer has an existing eligible system, Oracle ACS Services can
deliver Oracle Patch Review and Installation services to help ensure the system is updated to
meet certified configuration levels as well as setup monitoring.4 | ORACLE PLATINUM SERVICES
O R A C L E D A T A S H E E T
Oracle Platinum Services Extensions
Oracle ACS Services delivers extension services for Oracle Platinum Services to help
optimize this solution for maximum high availability:
Oracle Advanced Monitoring and Resolution for Oracle Platinum Services
With 275 additional monitoring metrics customizable to customer specific service level,
Oracle Advanced Monitoring and Resolution services provides proactive and predictive
monitoring to complement fault monitoring from Oracle Platinum Services. These
advanced monitoring services are also extended to non-Platinum Oracle environments.
Oracle’s End User Performance Monitoring for Oracle Platinum Services
With end user performance monitoring services, customers get the benefit of extending
monitoring capabilities into their applications. With this service provided by Oracle ACS
Services, customers can detect where end users are having issues through trend analysis.
Oracle Solution Support Center for Oracle Platinum Services
With the Oracle Solution Support Center, an Oracle Technical Account Manager and a
team of Oracle Advanced Support Engineers work closely with a customer, both onsite
and remotely, to provide 24/7 personalized support with a response time SLA. This
dedicated support team has intimate knowledge of a customer’s business and systems
to support their technology and operational needs.
To learn more about Oracle ACS Services, visit www.oracle.com/goto/acsplatinumservices
C O N T A C T U S
For more information about Oracle Platinum Services, visit oracle.com/goto/platinumservices or call
1.800.ORACLE1 to speak to an Oracle representative.
C O N N E C T W I T H U S
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Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only, and the
contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other
warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document, and no contractual obligations are
formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.
Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
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