Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

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Analysis of Operational Performance of Leading

Provincial City Transport Routes (AKDP) in
Gorontalo Province
Putri Windasari1 Anton Kaharu2
Final-year students Departement of Civil Engineering Associate Professor Departement of Civil Engineering
State University of Gorontalo State University of Gorontalo
Gorontalo, Indonesia Gorontalo, Indonesia

Yuliyanti Kadir3
Associate Professor Departement of Civil Engineering
State University of Gorontalo
Gorontalo, Indonesia

Abstract:- Consumer interest in using intra-provincial city in traffic jams. These traffic problems cause significant losses
transportation (AKDP) is decreasing. The cause is due to to road users, especially in wastage of materials fuel
the increase in people's purchasing power so that to meet consumption, time efficiency, and low levels of comfort, safety
their transportation needs, people tend to choose to buy and security in transportation.
private vehicles rather than use public transportation. On
the other hand, the operational performance of public Gorontalo, as one of the 32nd youngest provinces in
transit, both from technical aspects, management and Indonesia with a population that will reach 1.2 million people
operational policies, is different from applicable quality by 2024, is also open to problems and challenges in the
standards. This research aims to identify superior AKDP transportation aspect. Based on survey results primary and
routes in Gorontalo Province based on their secondary obtained, the movement of passengers from origin
characteristics and operational performance and to destination in 2023, which was facilitated by various modes
formulate strategies to improve the performance of these of transportation in Gorontalo Province, reached a movement
superior routes through survey, observation and growth rate above the Average of 4-6% (Gorontalo et al., 2023)
documentation approaches. The data analysis method uses or the equivalent of 4264–4520 people/hour/day. This means
qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis by that in 2025, passenger movements could reach 5372–5694
identifying the operational characteristics of services, then people/hour/day, and in 2030 it could reach 6511–6901
assessing their suitability based on public transport service people/hour/day.
standards according to A World Bank Study 1986
standards, Decree of the Director General of On the other hand, there is a decline in public interest in
Transportation Land Number SK.687/AJ.206/ DRJD/2002 public transportation in Indonesia; from year to year, the
and Minister of Transportation Regulation R. I. No. 10 of number of public transport operating is decreasing. Based on
2012. The research results show that the operational data from the Central Statistical Agency of the Republic of
performance of AKDP transport services in Gorontalo Indonesia, large and small cities in Indonesia, including
Province is quite good; this is indicated by the fulfilment of Gorontalo Province, are experiencing a decline in the number
minimum performance quality standards in terms of of public transportation. A number of public transport In
travel speed (37.85 km/hour) and travel time (1.68 Gorontalo Province, in 2022, the AKDP type of transport was
minutes/km). Meanwhile, those that do not comply with recorded at only 846 units, while in 2023, the number of AKDP
performance quality standards, namely, load factor 62%; transport fell to 804 units, meaning a decrease of 42 units
headway 44.57 minutes; waiting time 22.29 minutes and (4.5%). Meanwhile, a decline also occurred in The city of
frequency only 2 (two) vehicles/hour. Bandung in 2020, recorded at 13,610 units and in 2020 2021,
the number of public transportation will fall to 11,812 units,
Keywords:- AKDP; Gorontalo Province; Leading; down 1798 units (13.21%). According to BPS P data, Jakarta's
Operational Performance. number of passengers to Trans Jakarta in 2020 was as many as
695,000 people. In 2021, The number of Trans Jakarta
I. INTRODUCTION passengers also fell to 541,800 people, meaning a decrease of
22.04%. Phenomenon This, of course, needs to be a severe
City transportation problems lie in the issues of traffic concern for the government because it can hurt people's lives
congestion and the public transportation system, both of which and the environment.
affect population mobility. Service operational performance
that does not meet performance quality standards in public
transportation can impair accessibility and mobility, resulting

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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The need for transportation in general now and in the District (CBD) of cities in Gorontalo Province. This area
future is still essential in urban areas in Indonesia. This is contains many offices, schools, business centres, shopping
because resident Urban areas are generally very dense, so they centres, and government centres. Private vehicles are among
have high mobility in daily activities. Usage of vehicle the dominant vehicles that pass through this traffic jam route.
transport: In general, passengers generally want a service The mobility of the population does not use existing public
performance that meets quality standards, including guaranteed transportation, and prefers to use private vehicles. This problem
travel time, waiting time, security, comfort and safety during drives the need to know how effective and efficient the
the trip. performance of inner-city transportation is within the province
(AKDP) so that more people choose to use private vehicles
The condition of the public transport service system, rather than city vehicles within the province (AKDP).
including intra-provincial city transport (AKDP) in Gorontalo
Province, generally still needs to improve its operational II. RESEARCH METHOD
performance. Many Gorontalo people already use private
transportation, both two-wheeled and four-wheeled. Every A. Research Location and Time
month, the increase in motorized vehicles in Gorontalo Research was conducted in the administrative area of
Province is above 1100 units. On average, motorbikes increase Gorontalo Province, which consists of five districts and one
yearly by 579 units, and motorized rickshaws (Bentor) increase city, including Gorontalo City, Gorontalo Regency, Boalemo
by 120 units in Gorontalo Province. Four or more wheeled Regency, Bone Bolango Regency, Pohuwato Regency and
vehicles also increase every month on Average. North Gorontalo Regency. The research period was carried out
for 3 (three) weeks, from 08.00-17.00 WITA, with the busy
Increasing private vehicle users in Gorontalo will cause activities of the people of Gorontalo who used public
transportation problems, including traffic jams. Congestion transportation within the Province (AKDP) from morning to
points are almost spread throughout the Central Business evening.

Fig 1 Gorontalo Province AKDP Transport Model

Fig 2 Administrative Map of Gorontalo Province

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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B. Research Sample N
n=
A sample is a part taken from the entire object being 1 + e2
studied and is considered to represent the entire population.
This research is a sample of areas within regional  Information:
administrative zone units. Determination of zone units is
carried out by considering the results to be achieved, namely  n = minimum sample
the zone units passed or crossed as city transport routes within  N = population sample
the province (AKDP). The public transport sampling technique  e = percentage of tolerance limit ( margin of error ) = 30%
used is the Slovin equation as follows (Sugiono, 2003).

Table 1 Result of Calculation of Sample Number of AKDP Transport Vehicles

Population Minimum Sample
No. Route Origin Destination
(Vehicles) Number (Vehicles)
1. Regency Gorontalo / ( AB- 05 ) Dungingi Terminal- Isimu Terminal 18 7
2. AA - 02 ) Gorontalo City Center Terminal- Terminal Telaga-Tml. Limboto 22 7
3. North Gorontalo Regency/(AB-01) Dungingi - Kwandang Terminal 16 6
4. Boalemo Regency/(AB-02) Dungingi - Tilamuta Terminal 21 7
5. Pohuwato Regency/(AB- 06 ) Dungingi - Marisa Terminal 19 7
6. Bone Bolango Regency/(AC-01) T er m ina l Leato-Bone Pantai-Taludaa 2 2
Total number 98 36
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Fig 3 AKDP Transport Route Network Map for Gorontalo Province

C. Data Analysis SK.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002, and Minister of Transportation

Primary and secondary survey data were analyzed Regulation R. I. No. 10, in 2012, which has been summarized
qualitatively and quantitatively based on the standards in table 2 below.
provided by A World Bank Study 1986,

Table 2. AKDP Transport Service Operational Performance Standards

No Operational Performance Parameters Standard Reference
1 Load factor, minimum 70 % 1, 2
2 Speed Travel, peak - non-peak times 30 – 50 km/hour 3
3 Headway, Maximum 1 0 – 12 minutes 1
4 Waiting time 5 – 10 minutes 2

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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a. Average 10 – 20 minutes
b. Maximum
Travel time
5 a. Average 1 – 1.5 hours 2
b. Maximum 2 – 3 hours
6 Service Frequency 3 – 6 vehicle/hour 1
Sources: 1. A World Bank Study 1986, 2. SK.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002,
3. Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 10. 2012

Comparative analysis of operational performance  Travel Time Analysis

standards between the standards given in Table 1 and the results The Directorate General of Land Transportation (2002),
of calculations of AKDP transport operational performance in defines travel time is when public transportation takes from
Gorontalo Province, using several equations as follows: one place of origin to the destination.

 Load Factor Analysis traveling Time

The load factor calculation is intended to measure Travel Time =
distancs
passenger capacity for each trip so that from the load factor
data, it can be seen whether each vehicle on each route can  Waiting Time Analysis
carry passengers at maximum capacity. The Directorate Waiting time is the time of public vehicles at the initial
General of Land Transportation (2002) defines load factor as and destination terminals. Based on World Bank Study (1986)
the ratio of sold capacity to available capacity for a single standards, urban transportation waiting times classified as good
journey, typically stated as a percentage (%). are an average of 5 - 10 minutes and a maximum of 10 - 20
minutes.
sold capacity
Load factor = 𝑥 100% 1
available capacity Travel Time = Headway
2
 Travel Speed Analysis
The speed recorded when public transport passes through  Frequency Analysis
each predetermined section is obtained from the length of the World Bank Study (1986), defines the frequency of
route and the travel time of each route. The Minister of transportation services is the number of public vehicles per unit
Transportation Regulation R.I. No. 10 (2012) trip speed is the of time.
quotient of the distance travelled divided by the trip time,
typically measured in kilometres per hour (km/h). 60
Frequency =
headway
distance
Travel Speed = III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
travel time

 Headway Analysis A. AKDP Transport Operational Performance in Gorontalo

Headway is a measure that states the distance or time Province
when the front of successive vehicles passes an observation Based on the results of the analysis of the operational
point on a road section. The A World Bank Study (1986) performance of AKDP transport from the perspective of load
headway time difference between the leading bus and the bus factors, travel speed, intermediary time, waiting time, travel
immediately behind it. time and vehicle frequency, the following results were obtained
quantitatively and curatively:
60
Headway =  Load Factor Analysis
Number of vehicles in 1 hour

Table 3 Public Transport Performance Standards for Load Factor

Assessment Standards
Average Load
Route Area Low Standard Tall Information
Factor (%)
( <70% ) (70 % ) ( > 70 % )
Gorontalo Regency 15 low - - It is not by
Gorontalo City 57.14 low - - It is not by
North Gorontalo Regency 86.7 - - tall In accordance
Boalemo Regency 91.11 - - tall In accordance
Pohuwato Regency 92.6 - - tall In accordance
Bone Bolango Regency 27.78 low - - It is not by
Average Amount 62% low - - It is not by
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Based on existing standards, the analysis results in Table Overall, the average load factor for AKDP transport on the
3 show that the highest factor load according to the standards Gorontalo Province scale does not meet the minimum standard
is located in the Pohuwato Regency route area ( 92.6%), of 70% because it only ranges from 62% (not according to the
followed by Boalemo Regency (91.11%) and North Gorontalo standard)
Regency (86.70%), Meanwhile, the lowest factor loads and not
according to standards are Gorontalo Regency (15%), Bone  Travel Speed Analysis.
Bolango Regency (27.78%), and Gorontalo City (57.14 %).

Table 4 Public Transport Performance Standards for Travel Speed

Assessment Standards
Average Travel
Route Area Low Standard Tall Information
Speed (Km/Hr)
(< 30 ) ( 30 – 50 ) ( >50 )
Gorontalo Regency 34 - Standard - In accordance
Gorontalo City 22.5 Low - - It is not by
North Gorontalo Regency 41.2 - Standard - In accordance
Boalemo Regency 44.7 - Standard - In accordance
Pohuwato Regency 46.02 - Standard - In accordance
Bone Bolango Regency 38.7 - Standard - In accordance
Average Amount 34 - Standard - In accordance
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Based on existing standards, the analysis results in Table to standards, is located in the Gorontalo City route area (22.5
4 show that the highest travel speed according to the minimum km/hour). Overall, the average travel speed of AKDP transport
standard is 30-50 km/hour, located in the Pohuwato Regency on a Gorontalo Province scale meets the minimum standard of
route area (46.20 km/hour), followed by Boalemo Regency 30-50 km/hour, which is around 34 km/hour (according to the
(44.70%), North Gorontalo Regency (41.20 km/hour), Bone standard).
Bolango Regency (38.70 km/hour) and Gorontalao Regency
(34 km/hour), while the lowest travel speed and not according  Headway Analysis

Table 5 Public Transport Performance Standards for Headway

Average Assessment Standards
Route Area Headway Low Standard Tall Information
(Minutes) (> 12 ) ( 10 – 12 ) (< 5 )
Gorontalo Regency 25.71 Low - - It is not by
Gorontalo City 25.71 Low - - It is not by
North Gorontalo Regency 48 Low - - It is not by
Boalemo Regency 48 Low - - It is not by
Pohuwato Regency 60 Low - - It is not by
Bone Bolango Regency 60 Low - - It is not by
Average Amount 44.57 Low - - It is not by
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Based on existing standards, the analysis results in Table minutes). Overall, the average Headway for AKDP transport
5 show that the Headway for the entire route area is Pohuwato does not meet standards on a provincial scale because it has
Regency (60 minutes) and Bone Bolango Regency (60 exceeded the maximum of 10-12 minutes, which is already
minutes), Boalemo Regency (48 minutes) and North Gorontalo around 44.57 minutes (not according to standards).
Regency (48 minutes), respectively she was followed by
Gorontalo Regency (25.71 minutes) and Gorontalo City (25.71  Travel Time Analysis

Table 6 Public Transport Performance Standards for Travel Time

Travel time Assessment Standards
Route Area Average Low Standard Tall Information
(Minutes/Km) (>12) (6 – 12) (< 6)
Gorontalo Regency 1.76 - - Tall In accordance
Gorontalo City 2.67 - - Tall In accordance
North Gorontalo Regency 1.46 - - Tall In accordance
Boalemo Regency 1.34 - - Tall In accordance
Pohuwato Regency 1.3 0 - - Tall In accordance

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Travel time Assessment Standards

Route Area Average Low Standard Tall Information
(Minutes/Km) (>12) (6 – 12) (< 6)
Bone Bolango Regency 1.55 - - Tall In accordance
Average Amount 1.68 - - Tall In accordance
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Based on existing standards, the results of the analysis in minutes/km). Overall, the average travel time for AKDP
Table 6 show that the highest travel time and according to transport on the Gorontalo Province scale meets the minimum
minimum standards is located in the Pohuwato Regency route standard of 6-12 minutes/km, which is around 1.68 minutes/km
area (1.30 minutes/km), followed by Boalemo Regency (1.34 (according to the standard)
minutes/km), North Gorontalo Regency (1.46 minutes/km),
Bone Bolango Regency (1.55 minutes/km), Gorontalo  Waiting Time Analysis
Regency (1.76 minutes/km) and Gorontalo City (2.67

Table 7 Public Transport Performance Standards for Lay Over Time

Assessment Standards
Average Wait
Route Area Low Standard Tall Information
Time (Minutes)
(> 2 0) ( 5 – 20 ) ( <5 )
Gorontalo Regency 12.86 - Standard - In accordance
Gorontalo City 12.86 - Standard - In accordance
North Gorontalo Regency 24 Low - - It is not by
Boalemo Regency 24 Low - - It is not by
Pohuwato Regency 30 Low - - It is not by
Bone Bolango Regency 30 Low - - It is not by
Average Amount 22.29 Low - - It is not by
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Based on existing standards, the results of the analysis in (24 minutes). Overall, the average waiting time for AKDP
Table 7 show that the highest waiting time according to the transport on a Gorontalo Province scale is not up to standard
minimum standards is located in the Gorontalo Regency route because it has exceeded the standard minimum of 5-20
area (12.86 minutes) and Gorontalo City (12.86 minutes), minutes, namely around 22.29 minutes (not according to
while the waiting time lowest and not by minimum standards, standard)
respectively in the Pohuwato Regency route area (30 minutes)
and Bone Regency Bolango (30 minutes), followed by  Frequency Analysis
Boalemo Regency (24 minutes) and North Gorontalo Regency

Table 8 Public Transport Performance Standards for Frequency

Average Assessment Standards
Route Area Frequency Low Standard Tall Information
(Kend . /Hour) ( <4 ) (4–6) ( >6 )
Gorontalo Regency 3.43 Low - - It is not by
Gorontalo City 2.71 Low - - It is not by
North Gorontalo Regency 1.4 Low - - It is not by
Boalemo Regency 1.4 Low - - It is not by
Pohuwato Regency 1 Low - - It is not by
Bone Bolango Regency 1 Low - - It is not by
Average Amount 1.82 Low - - It is not by
Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Based on existing standards, the analysis results in Table vehicles/hour). Overall, the average service frequency of
8 show that the AKDP service frequency still needs to meet the AKDP transport on a scale in Gorontalo Province is not up to
minimum standard of 4-6 vehicles/hour. The only route area standard because it is below the standard minimum of 4-6
that approaches service frequency performance standards is the vehicles/hour, which is around 1.82 vehicles/hour (not
Gorontalo Regency area (3.43 kind./hour). In contrast, AKDP according to standard).
service frequency The lowest that did not meet the standards
were Pohuwato Regency (1 kind./hour) and Bone Regency, B. Strategy for Improving the Performance of Leading AKDP
respectively Bolango (1 vehicle/hour), Boalemo Regency (1.4 Routes
vehicles/hour) and North Gorontalo Regency (1.4 After identifying superior AKDP routes, the next step is
vehicles/hour), followed by the Gorontalo City route area (2.71 to formulate a strategy to improve the performance of these

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superior routes. This strategy aims to improve the quality of  Digitalization, namely, using technology to improve
public transportation services and increase the role of superior efficiency and service qualityAcknowledgment.
AKDP routes in supporting reducing traffic congestion
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